The landscape of vitiligo in Latin America: a call to action

References

• Chang WL, Lee WR, Kuo YC, et al. Vitiligo: an autoimmune skin disease and its immunomodulatory therapeutic intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:797026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotti T, D'Erme AM. Vitiligo as a systemic disease. Clin Dermatol. 2014;32(3):430–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahir AM, Thomsen SF. Comorbidities in vitiligo: comprehensive review. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(10):1157–1164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Resende Silva CM, Baptista Pereira L, Gontijo B, et al. Childhood vitiligo: clinical and epidemiological characteristics. An Brasil Dermatol. 2022;82(1):47–51.
   Google Scholar
• Ezzedine K, Grimes PE, Meurant JM, et al. Living with vitiligo: results from a national survey indicate differences between skin phototypes. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(2):607–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellatorre G, Antelo DAP, Bedrikow RB, et al. Consensus on the treatment of vitiligo – Brazilian society of dermatology. An Bras Dermatol. 2020;95 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):70–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ezzedine K, Lim HW, Suzuki T, et al. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the vitiligo global issues consensus conference. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25(3):E1–E13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: a review. Dermatology. 2020;236(6):571–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eleftheriadou V, Atkar R, Batchelor J, et al. British association of dermatologists guidelines for the management of people with vitiligo 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2022;186(1):18–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi K, Ezzedine K, Anastassopoulos KP, et al. Prevalence of vitiligo among adults in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2022;158(1):43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alikhan A, Felsten LM, Daly M, et al. Vitiligo: a comprehensive overview part I. Introduction, epidemiology, quality of life, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, associations, histopathology, etiology, and work-up. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(3):473–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krüger C, Schallreuter KU. A review of the worldwide prevalence of vitiligo in children/adolescents and adults. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51(10):1206–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Cai Y, Shi M, et al. The prevalence of vitiligo: a meta-analysis. PLOS One. 2016;11(9):e0163806.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estrada Castañón R, Torres Bibiano B, Alarcón Hernández H, et al. Epidemiología cutánea en dos sectores de atención médica en Guerrero, México. Dermatol Rev Mex. 1992;26:6.
   Google Scholar
• Martins C, Hertz A, Luzio P, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of childhood vitiligo: a study of 701 patients from Brazil. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(2):236–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbuluk N, Ezzedine K. Quality of life, burden of disease, co-morbidities, and systemic effects in vitiligo patients. Dermatol Clin. 2017;35(2):117–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Sánchez MA, Vargas-Salinas M, Peralta-Pedrero ML, et al. Impact of vitiligo on quality of life. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017;108(7):637–642.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spritz RA, Andersen GHL. Genetics of vitiligo. Dermatol Clin. 2017;35(2):245–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath SK, Majumder PP, Nordlund JJ. Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo: multilocus recessivity cross-validated. Am J Hum Genet. 1994;55(5):981–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan VK, Verma YR, Mehta KS, et al. Adults with a more extensive body involvement, moderate to extremely severe vitiligo and a prolonged clinical course have an early onset in childhood in addition to other prognostic factors as compared to individuals with later-onset vitiligo. Australas J Dermatol. 2021;62(1):e24–e28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barona MI, Arrunátegui A, Falabella R, et al. An epidemiologic case-control study in a population with vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;33(4):621–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma D, Hussain K, Namiq KS, et al. Vitiligo: the association with metabolic syndrome and the role of simvastatin as an immunomodulator. Cureus. 2021;13(3):e14029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzoni A, Weber MB, Nagatomi ARDS, et al. Assessing depression and anxiety in the caregivers of pediatric patients with chronic skin disorders. An Bras Dermatol. 2013;88(6):894–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzedine K, Eleftheriadou V, Jones H, et al. Psychosocial effects of vitiligo: a systematic literature review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(6):757–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter J, Beuf A, Nordlund JJ, et al. Personal responses of patients to vitiligo: the importance of the patient-physician interaction. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114(9):1384–1385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parsad D, Dogra S, Kanwar A. Quality of life in patients with vitiligo. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1(1):58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison B, Burden-Teh E, Batchelor JM, et al. Quality of life in people with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(6):e338–e339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MM, Chamlin SL, Smidt AC. Quality of life in pediatric dermatology. Dermatol Clin. 2013;31(2):211–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg JI, Silverberg NB. Quality of life impairment in children and adolescents with vitiligo. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(3):309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira LSC, Zancanaro PCQ, Azambuja RD. Vitiligo e emoções. An Bras Dermatol. 2009;84(1):41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukan M, Maner F. The problems in sexual functions of vitiligo and chronic urticaria patients. J Sex Marital Ther. 2007;33(1):55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg JI, Silverberg NB. Association between vitiligo extent and distribution and quality-of-life impairment. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(2):159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catucci Boza J, Giongo N, Machado P, et al. Quality of life impairment in children and adults with vitiligo: a cross-sectional study based on dermatology-specific and disease-specific quality of life instruments. Dermatology. 2016;232(5):619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laverde-Walter A, Maya-Rico AM, Londoño-Garcia AM, et al. Quality of life in a Colombian cohort of patients with vitiligo. Mex J Dermatol. 2020;64(3):7.
   Google Scholar
• Peralta-Pedrero ML, Morales-Sánchez MA, Jurado-Santa Cruz F, et al. Systematic review of clinimetric instruments to determine the severity of non-segmental vitiligo. Australas J Dermatol. 2019;60(3):e178–e185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basra MK, Sue-Ho R, Finlay AY. The family dermatology life quality index: measuring the secondary impact of skin disease. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(3):528–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basra MK, Edmunds O, Salek MS, et al. Measurement of family impact of skin disease: further validation of the family dermatology life quality index (FDLQI). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22(7):813–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD, Bank TW. Health at a glance: Latin America and the Caribbean 2020; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Singh H, Kumaran MS, Bains A, et al. A randomized comparative study of oral corticosteroid minipulse and low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of unstable vitiligo. Dermatology. 2015;231(3):286–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(5):1051–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzedine K, Whitton M, Pinart M. Interventions for vitiligo. Jama. 2016;316(16):1708–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalié M, Ezzedine K, Fontas E, et al. Maintenance therapy of adult vitiligo with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(4):970–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltes RF, Sendagorta E, Ramírez P, et al. Treatment during a year with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment in young patients with vitiligo. Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol Cir Dermatol. 2019;19(1):7.
   Google Scholar
• Njoo MD, Vodegel RM, Westerhof W. Depigmentation therapy in vitiligo universalis with topical 4-methoxyphenol and the Q-switched ruby laser. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42(5 Pt 1):760–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher DB, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB. Monobenzylether of hydroquinone. A retrospective study of treatment of 18 vitiligo patients and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 1977;97(6):669–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikh A, Rafique W, Owais R, et al. FDA approves ruxolitinib (opzelura) for vitiligo therapy: a breakthrough in the field of dermatology. Ann Med Surg. 2022;81:104499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radmanesh M, Saedi K. The efficacy of combined PUVA and low-dose azathioprine for early and enhanced repigmentation in vitiligo patients. J Dermatolog Treat. 2006;17(3):151–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta H, Kumar S, Parsad D, et al. Oral cyclosporine is effective in stabilizing active vitiligo: results of a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(5):e15033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElGhareeb MI, Metwalli M, AbdelMoneim N. Combination of oral methotrexate and oral mini-pulse dexamethasone vs either agent alone in vitiligo treatment with follow up by dermoscope. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(4):e13586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taneja AK, Vyas K, Khare AK, et al. Cyclosporine in treatment of progressive vitiligo: an open-label, single-arm interventional study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2019;85:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossert T, Blanchet N, Suzanne S, Bank I-AD, et al. Comparative review of health system integration in selected countries in Latin America. In: Social protection and health division. Inter-American Development Bank; 2014. Available from: https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/11898/comparative-review-health-system-integration-selected-countries-latin-america
   Google Scholar
• Brazzelli V, Antoninetti M, Palazzini S, et al. Critical evaluation of the variants influencing the clinical response of vitiligo: study of 60 cases treated with ultraviolet B narrow-band phototherapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21(10):1369–1374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vélez NG, Bohórquez L, Montes AM, et al. Phototherapy and other therapeutic alternatives for vitiligo treatment, ten years of experience in phototherapy service of the dermatology center of universidad CES. Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol Cir Dermatol. 2019;18(3):10.
   Google Scholar
• Horio T. Skin disorders that improve by exposure to sunlight. Clin Dermatol. 1998;16(1):59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boniface K, Taïeb A, Seneschal J. New insights into immune mechanisms of vitiligo. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2016;151(1):44–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valverde J. Vitiligo: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Folia Dermatol. 2007;18(1):5.
   Google Scholar
• Aguayo L. Sociedad Peruana de Dermatología editores. II Reunión de Sociedades Latinoamericanas de Dermatología y VII Congreso Peruano de Dermatología. Lima: Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Dermatología; 1998. (Association P, editor. Vitiligo).
   Google Scholar
• Borzutzky A, Larco JI, Luna PC, et al. Atopic dermatitis in Latin America: a roadmap to address data collection, knowledge gaps, and challenges. Dermatitis. 2022;33(6S):S83–S91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avellaneda CF, Seidel A, Londono A, et al. Social, economic, geographic and occupational characterization of dermatologists in Colombia. Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol Cir Dematol. 2012;20(2):129–133.
   Google Scholar
• Xu X, Zhang C, Jiang M, et al. Impact of treatment delays on vitiligo during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a retrospective study. Dermatol Ther. 2021;34(4):e15014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molé M, Coringrato M. Update on vitiligo. Argentina Dermatol. 2019;25(2):5.
   Google Scholar
• Porter J, Beuf AH, Lerner A, et al. Response to cosmetic disfigurement: patients with vitiligo. Cutis. 1987;39(6):493–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talsania N, Lamb B, Bewley A. Vitiligo is more than skin deep: a survey of members of the vitiligo society. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35(7):736–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read C, Wu KK, Young PM, et al. Vitiligo health education: a study of accuracy and engagement of online educational materials. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(6):623–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu H, Lee JW, Lee YI, et al. Delayed treatment of generalized morphea due to misdiagnosis as vitiligo at an oriental medical clinic. Ann Dermatol. 2017;29(5):649–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez J, Ale IS, Angles MV, et al. Healthcare disparities in atopic dermatitis in Latin America: a narrative review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022; 1–18. DOI:10.1007/s13555-022-00875-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar