Safety and efficacy of Pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis among Chinese infants: a sub-group analysis of a five-year open-label study

References

• Kowalska-Olędzka E, Czarnecka M, Baran A. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in Europe. J Drug Assess. 2019;8(1):1–7. doi: 10.1080/21556660.2019.1619570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bin L, Leung DY. Genetic and epigenetic studies of atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2016;12(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13223-016-0158-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Li P, Tang J, et al. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis in Chinese children aged 1-7 ys. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):29751. doi: 10.1038/srep29751.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HL, Sun J, Qian ZM, et al. Association between air pollution and atopic dermatitis in Guangzhou, China: modification by age and season. Br J Dermatol. 2021;184(6):1068–1076. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luk D, Hon KLE, Dizon MVC, et al. Practical recommendations for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis in South and East Asia. Dermatol Ther. 2021;11(1):275–291. doi: 10.1007/s13555-020-00467-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder JF, Aubert H, Anthoine E, et al. Topical corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis: international feasibility study of the TOPICOP score. Allergy. 2017;72(11):1713–1719. doi: 10.1111/all.13189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luger T, Augustin M, Lambert J, et al. Unmet medical needs in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants: an expert consensus on safety and efficacy of Pimecrolimus. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(3):414–424. doi: 10.1111/pai.13422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna S, Zip C, Shear NH. What is the risk of harm associated with topical calcineurin inhibitors? J Cutan Med Surg. 2019;23(4_suppl):19S–26S. doi: 10.1177/1203475419857688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devasenapathy N, Chu A, Wong M, et al. Cancer risk with topical calcineurin inhibitors, Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2023;7(1):13–25. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00283-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yao X, Song Z-Q, Li W, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in China (2020)#. Int J Dermatol Venereol. 2021;4(1):1–9. doi: 10.1097/JD9.0000000000000143.
   Google Scholar
• Sigurgeirsson B, Boznanski A, Todd G, et al. Safety and efficacy of Pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: a 5-year randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):597–606. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staab D, Pariser D, Gottlieb AB, et al. Low systemic absorption and good tolerability of Pimecrolimus, administered as 1% cream (Elidel) in infants with atopic dermatitis–a multicenter, 3-week, open-label study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(5):465–471. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.00128.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann R, Folster-Holst R, Hoger P, et al. Onset of action of Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of atopic eczema in infants. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(5):1183–1188. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho VC, Gupta A, Kaufmann R, et al. Safety and efficacy of nonsteroid Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. J Pediatr. 2003;142(2):155–162. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2003.65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapp A, Papp K, Bingham A, et al. Long-term management of atopic dermatitis in infants with topical Pimecrolimus, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(2):277–284. doi: 10.1067/mai.2002.126500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Werfel T, Folster-Holst R, et al. Long-term control of atopic dermatitis with Pimecrolimus cream 1% in infants and young children: a two-year study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2):240–246. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul C, Cork M, Rossi AB, et al. Safety and tolerability of 1% Pimecrolimus cream among infants: experience with 1133 patients treated for up to 2 years. Pediatrics. 2006;117(1):e118–e128. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-1188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Gao XH, Li W, et al. Experts’ consensus on the use of Pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis in China: a TCS-sparing practical approach. Dermatol Ther. 2022;12(4):933–947. doi: 10.1007/s13555-022-00696-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noda S, Suarez-Farinas M, Ungar B, et al. The Asian atopic dermatitis phenotype combines features of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis with increased TH17 polarization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(5):1254–1264. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TC, Sanyal RD, Pavel AB, et al. Atopic dermatitis in Chinese patients shows TH2/TH17 skewing with psoriasiform features. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(3):1013–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czarnowicki T, He H, Krueger JG, et al. Atopic dermatitis endotypes and implications for targeted therapeutics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CY, Yao TC, Shih IH, et al. Pimecrolimus for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants: an Asian perspective. Dermatol Ther. 2023;13(3):717–727. doi: 10.1007/s13555-022-00886-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour JL, Keswick BH, Hanifin JM, et al. Clinical effects of diaper types on the skin of normal infants and infants with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1987;17(6):988–997. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(87)70288-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardesca E, Farage M, Maibach H. Sensitive skin: an overview. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2013;35(1):2–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00754.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J, Wu JJ, Han G. Epidemiology and characterization of atopic dermatitis in East Asian populations: a systematic review. Dermatol Ther. 2021;11(3):707–717. doi: 10.1007/s13555-021-00516-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arana A, Pottegard A, Kuiper JG, et al. Long-term risk of skin cancer and lymphoma in users of topical tacrolimus and Pimecrolimus: final results from the extension of the cohort study Protopic Joint European Longitudinal Lymphoma and Skin Cancer Evaluation (JOELLE). Clin Epidemiol. 2021;13:1141–1153. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S331287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paller AS, Folster-Holst R, Chen SC, et al. No evidence of increased cancer incidence in children using topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(2):375–381. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai SC, Li W, Tian EA, et al. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in eczema and cancer association: a cohort study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2016;27(6):531–537. doi: 10.3109/09546634.2016.1163317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar