204
Views
61
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Comparison of the risks of cancer incidence and mortality following radiation therapy for benign and malignant disease with the cancer risks observed in the Japanese A-bomb survivors

Pages 431-464 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

  • ANDERSSON, M. and STORM H. H., 1992, Cancer incidence among Danish Thorotrast-exposed patients. Journal of the National Cancer Instante, 84, 1318-1325.
  • BAIRD, M. C., HENDRY, J. H. and TESTA, N. G., 1989, The radio-sensitivity of human haemopoietic progenitor cells. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 56, 617-621.
  • BHATIA, S., ROBISON, L. L., OBERLIN, O., GREENBERG, M., BUNIN, G., FOSSATI-BELLANI, F. and MEADOWS, A. T., 1996, Breast cancer and other second neoplasms after childhood Hodgkin's disease. New England Journal of Mediane, 334, 745-751.
  • BOICE, J. D., JR, 1992, Radiation and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer Research, 52, 5489s-5491s.
  • BOICE, J. D., JR, BLETTNER, M., KLEINERMAN, R. A., ENGHOLM, G., STOVALL, M., LISCO, H., AUSTIN, D. F., BOSCH, A., HARLAN, L., KREMENTZ, E. T., LATOURETTE, H. B., MERRILL, J. A., PETERS, L. J., SCHULZ, M. D., WACTAWSKI, J., STORM, H. H., BJÖRKHOLM, E., PETTERSSON, F., BELL, C. M. J., COLEMAN, M. P., FRASER, P., NEAL, F. E., PRIOR, P., CHOI, N. W., HISLOP, T. G., KOCH, M., KREIGER, N., ROBB, D., ROBSON, D., THOMSON, D. H., LOCHMULLER, H., FOURNIER, D. VON, FRISCHKORN, R., KJØRSTAD, K. E., RIMPELA, A., PEJOVIC, M.-H., POMPE KIRN, V., STANKUSOVA, H., PISANI, P., SIGURDSSON, K., HUTCHISON, G. B. and MACMAHON, B., 1989, Radiation dose and breast cancer risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix. International Journal of Cancer, 44, 7-16.
  • BOICE, J. D., JR, BLETTNER, M., KLEINERMAN, R. A., STOVALL, M., MOLONEY, W. C., ENGHOLM, G., ALBTIN, D. F., BOSCH, A., COOKFAIR, D. L., KREMENTZ, E. T., LATOURETTE, H. B., PETERS, L. J., SCHULZ, M. D., LUNDELL, M., PETTERSSON, F., STORM, H.H., BELL, C. M. J., COLEMAN, M. P., FRASER, P., PALMER, M., PRIOR, P., CHOI, N. W., HISLOP, T. G., KOCH, M., ROBB, D., ROBSON, D., SPENGLER, R. F., FOURNIER, D. VON, FRISCHKORN, R., LOCHMULLER, H., POMPE-KIRN, V., RIMPELA, A., KJBIRSTAD, K., PEJOVIC, M. H., SIGURDSSON, K., PISANI, P., KUCERA, H. and HUTCHISON, G. B., 1987, Radiation dose and leukemia risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 79, 1295-1311.
  • BOICE, J. D., JR, DAY, N. E., ANDERSEN, A., BRINTON, L. A., BROWN, R., CHOI, N. W., CLARKE, E. A., COLEMAN, M. P., CURTIS, R. E., FLANNERY, J. T., HAKAMA, M., HAKULINEN, T., HOWE, G. R., JENSEN, O. M., KLEINERMAN, R. A., MAGNIN, D., MAGNUS, K., MAKELA, K., MALKER, B., MILLER, A. B., NELSON, N., PATTERSON, C. C., PETTERSSON, F., POMPE-KIRN, V., PRIMIC-?AKELJ, M., PRIOR, P., RAVNIHAR, B., SKEET, R. G., SKJERVEN, J. E., SMITH, P. G., SOK, M., SPENGLER, R. F., STORM, H. H., STOVALL, M., TOMKINS, G. W. O. and WALL, C., 1985, Second cancers following radiation treatment for cervical cancer. An international collaboration among cancer registries. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 74, 955-975.
  • BOICE, J. D., JR, ENGHOLM, G., KLEINERMAN, R. A., BLETTNER, M., STOVALL, M., LISCO, H., MOLONEY, W. C., AUSTIN, D. F., BOSCH, A., COOKFAIR, D. L., KREMENTZ, E. T., LATOURETTE, H. B., MERRILL, J. A., PETERS, L. J., SCHULZ, M. D., STORM, H. H., BJÖRKHOLM, E., PETTERSSON, F., BELL, C. M. J., COLEMAN, M. P., FRASER, P., NEAL, F. E., PRIOR, P., CHOI, N. W., HISLOP, T. G., KOCH, M., KREIGER, N., ROBB, D., ROBSON, D., THOMSON, D. H., LOCHMÜLLER, H., FOURNIER, D. VON, FRISCHKORN, R., KJØRSTAD, K. E., RIMPELA, A., PEJOVIC, M.-H., POMPE KIRN, V., STANKUSOVA, H., BERRINO, F., SIGURDSSON, K., HUTCHISON, G. B. and MACMAHON, B., 1988, Radiation dose and second cancer risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix. Radiation Research, 116, 3-55.
  • BOICE, J. D., JR, HARVEY, E. B., BLETTNER, M., STOVALL, M. and FLANNERY, J. T., 1992, Cancer in the contralateral breast after radiotherapy for breast cancer. Nm England Journal of Medicine, 326, 781-785.
  • BOIVIN, J.-F., HUTCHISON, G. B., ZAUBER, A. G., BERNSTEIN, L., DAVIS, F. G., MICHEL, R. P., ZANKE, B., TAN, C. T. C., FULLER, L. M., MAUCH, P. and ULTMANN, J. E., 1995, Incidence of second cancers in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 732-741.
  • BRENNER, D. J. and HALL, E. J., 1990, The inverse dose-rate effect for oncogenic transformation by neutrons and charged particles: a plausible interpretation consistent with published data. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 58, 745-758.
  • BRENNER, D. J., HLATKY, L. R., HAHNFELDT, P. J., HUANG, Y. and SACHS, R. K., 1998, The linear-quadratic model and most other common radiobiological models result in similar predictions of time-dose relationships. Radiation Research, 150, 83-91.
  • COLOGNE, J. B., TOKUOKA, S., BEEBE, G. W., FUKUHARA, T. and MABUCHI, K., 1999, Effects of radiation on incidence of primary liver cancer among atomic bomb survivors. Radiation Research, 152, 364-373.
  • COX, D. R. and HlNKLEY, D. V., 1974, Theoretical Statistics (London: Chapman & Hall).
  • CUCTIS, R. E., BOICE, J. D., JR, KLEINERMAN, R. A., FLANNERY, J. T. and FRAUMENI, J. F., JR, 1985, Summary: multiple primary cancers in Connecticut, 1935-82. National Cancer Institute Monographs, 68, 219-242.
  • CURTIS, R. E., BOICE, J. D., JR, STOVALL, M., BERNSTEIN, L., GREENBERG, R. S., FLANNERY, J. T., SCHWARTZ, A. G., WEYER, P., MOLONEY, W. C. and HOOVER, R. N., 1992, Risk of leukemia after chemotherapy and radiation treatment for breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 1745-1751.
  • CURTIS, R. E., BOICE, J. D., JR, STOVALL, M., BERNSTEIN, L., HOLOWATY, E., KARJALAINEN, S., LANGMARK, F., NASCA, P. C., SCHWARTZ, A. G., SCHYMURA, M. J., STORM, H. H., TOOGOOD, P., WEYER, P. and MOLONEY, W. C., 1994. Relationship of leukemia risk to radiation dose following cancer of the uterine corpus. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86, 1315-1324.
  • DAMBER, L., LARSSON, L.-G., JOHANSSON, L. and NORIN, T., 1995. A cohort study with regard to the risk of haematological malignancies in patients treated with X-rays for benign lesions in the locomotor system. I. Epidemiological analyses. Acta Oncologica, 34, 713-719.
  • DARBY, S. C., REEVES, G., KEY, T., DOLL, R. and STOVALL, M., 1994, Mortality in a cohort of women given X-ray therapy for metropathia haemorrhagica. International Journal of Cancer, 56, 793-801.
  • DAVIS, F. G., BOICE, J. D., JR, HRUBEC, Z. and MONSON, R. R., 1989, Cancer mortality in a radiation-exposed cohort of Massachusetts tuberculosis patients. Cancer Research, 49, 6130-6136.
  • DESCHAVANNE, P. J. and FERTIL, B., 1996, A review of human cell radiosensitivity in vitro. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics, 34, 251-266.
  • DOODY, M. M., LONSTEIN, J. E., STOVALL, M., HACKER, D. G., LUCKYANOV, N. and LAND, C. E., 2000, Breast cancer mortality after diagnostic radiography. Findings from the U.S. scoliosis cohort study. Spine, 25, 2052-2063.
  • FJALLING, M., TISELL, L.-E., CARLSSON, S., HANSSON, G., LUNDBERG, L.-M. and ODEN, A., 1986, Benign and malignant thyroid nodules after neck irradiation. Cancer, 58, 1219-1224.
  • FÜRST, C. J., LUNDELL, M. and HOLM, L.-E., 1990, Tumors after radiotherapy for skin hemangioma in childhood. A casecontrol study. Acta Oncologica, 29, 557-562.
  • GILBERT, E. S., 1984, Some effects of random dose measurement errors on analyses of atomic bomb survivor data. Radiation Research, 98, 591-605.
  • GRIEM, M. L., KLEINERMAN, R. A., BOICE, J. D., JR, STOVALL, M., SHEFNER, D. and LUBIN, J. H., 1994, Cancer following radiotherapy for peptic ulcer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86, 842-849.
  • HALL, P., BOICE, J. D., JR, BERG, G., BJELKENGREN, G., ERICSSON, U.-B., HALLQUIST, A., LIDBERG, M., LUNDELL, G., MATTSSON, A., TENNVALL, J., WIKLUND, K. and HOLM, L.-E., 1992, Leukaemia incidence after iodine-131 exposure. Lancet, 340, 1-4.
  • HALL, P., MATTSSON, A. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1996, Thyroid cancer after diagnostic administration of iodine-131. Radiation Research, 145, 86-92.
  • HANCOCK, S. L., TUCKER, M. A. and HOPPE, R. T., 1993, Breast cancer after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85, 25-31.
  • HAWKINS, M. M., KINNIER WILSON, L. M., BURTON, H. S., POTOK, M. H. N., WINTER, D. L., MARSDEN, H. B. and STOVALL, M. A., 1996, Radiotherapy, alkylating agents, and risk of bone cancer after childhood cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88, 270-278.
  • HAWKINS, M. M., KINNIER WILSON, L. M., STOVALL, M. A., MARSDEN, H. B., POTOK, M. H. N., KINGSTON, J. E. and CHESSELLS, J. M., 1992, Epipodophyllotoxins, alkylating agents, and radiation and risk of secondary leukaemia after childhood cancer. British Medical Journal, 304, 951-958.
  • HILDRETH, N. G., SHORE, R. E. and DVORETSKY, P. M., 1989, The risk of breast cancer after irradiation of the thymus in infancy. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1281-1284.
  • HILDRETH, N. G., SHORE, R. E., HEMPELMANN, L. H. and ROSENSTEIN, M., 1985, Risk of extrathyroid tumors following radiation treatment in infancy for thymic enlargement. Radiation Research, 102, 378-391.
  • HUFFMAN, D. A., LONSTEIN, J. E., MORIN, M. M., VISSCHER, W., HARRIS, B. S. H., Ill and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1989, Breast cancer in women with scoliosis exposed to multiple diagnostic X rays. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 81, 1307-1312.
  • HOWE, G. R., 1995, Lung cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study and a comparison with lung cancer mortality in the atomic bomb survivors study. Radiation Research, 142, 295-304.
  • HOWE, G. R. and McLAUGHLlN, J., 1996, Breast cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study and a comparison with breast cancer mortality in the atomic bomb survivors study. Radiation Research, 145, 694-707.
  • INSKIP, P. D., KLEINERMAN, R. A., STOVALL, M., COOKFAIR, D. L., HADJIMICHAEL, O., MOLONEY, W. C., MONSON, R. R., THOMPSON, W. D., WACTAWSKI-WENDE, J., WAGONER, J. K. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1993, Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma after pelvic radiotherapy for benign disease. Radiation Research, 135, 108-124.
  • INSKIP, P. D., MONSON, R. R., WAGONER, J. K., STOVALL, M., DAVIS, F. G., KLEINERMAN, R. A. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1990, Cancer mortality following radium treatment for uterine bleeding. Radiation Research, 123, 331-344.
  • INSKIP, P. D., STOVALL, M. and FLANNERY, J. T., 1994, Lung cancer risk and radiation dose among women treated for breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86, 983-988.
  • INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION (ICRP), 1991, 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP, 21(1-3) (Oxford: Pergamon).
  • INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION (ICRP), 1992, The Biological Basis for Dose Limitation in the Skin. Annals of the ICRP, 22(2) (Oxford: Pergamon).
  • JABLON, S., 1971, Atomic Bomb Radiation Dose Estimation at ABCC. ABCC Technical Report 23-71 (Hiroshima: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission).
  • KALDOR, J. M., DAY, N. E., BELL, J., CLARKE, E. A., LANGMARK, F., KARJALAINEN, S., BAND, P., PEDERSEN, D., CHOI, W., BLAIR, V., HENRY-AMAR, M., PRIOR, P., ASSOULINE, D., POMPE-KIRN, V., CARTWRIGHT, R. A., KOCH, M., ARSLAN, A., FRASER, P., SUTCLIFFE, S. B., HOST, H., HAKAMA, M. and STOVALL, M., 1992, Lung cancer following Hodgkin's disease: a case-control study. International Journal of Cancer, 52, 677-681.
  • KALDOR, J. M., DAY, N. E., CLARKE, E. A., LEEUWEN, F. E. VAN, HENRY-AMAR, M., FIORENTINO, M. V., BELL, J., PEDERSEN, D., BAND, P., ASSOULINE, D., KOCH, M., CHOI, W., PRIOR, P., BLAIR, V., LANGMARK, F., POMPE KIRN, V., NEAL, F., PETERS, D., PFEIFFER, R., KARJALAINEN, S., CUZICK, J., SUTCLIFFE, S. B., SOMERS, R., PELLAECOSSET, B., PAPPAGALLO, G. L., FRASER, P., STORM, H. and STOVALL, M., 1990, Leukemia following Hodgkin's disease. New England Journal of Mediane, 322, 7-13.
  • KARLSSON, P., HOLMBERG, E., LUNDELL, M., MATTSSON, A., HOLM, L.-E. and WALLGREN, A., 1998, Intracranial tumors after exposure to ionizing radiation during infancy: a pooled analysis of two Swedish cohorts of 28,008 infants with skin hemangioma. Radiation Research, 150, 357-364.
  • LAND, C. E., SAKU, T., HAYASHI, Y., TAKAHARA, O., MATSUURA, H., TOKUOKA, S., TOKUNAGA, M. and MABUCHI, K., 1996, Incidence of salivary gland tumors among atomic bomb survivors, 1950-1987. Evaluation of radiationrelated risk. Radiation Research, 146, 28-36.
  • LEEUWEN, F. E. VAN, KLOKMAN, W. J., STOVALL, M., HAGENBEEK, A., BELT-DUSEBOUT, A. W. VAN DEN, NOYON, R., BOICE, J. D., JR, BURGERS, J. M. V. and SOMERS, R., 1995, Roles of radiotherapy and smoking in lung cancer following Hodgkin's disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 1530-1537.
  • LINDBERG, S., KARLSSON, P., ARVIDSSON, B., HOLMBERG, E., LUNDBERG, L. M. and WALLGREN, A., 1995, Cancer incidence after radiotherapy for skin haemangioma during infancy. Acta Oncologica, 34, 735-740.
  • LITTLE, M. P. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1999, Comparison of breast cancer incidence in the Massachusetts tuberculosis fluoroscopy cohort and in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Radiation Research, 151, 218-224.
  • LITTLE, M. P. and CHARLES, M. W., 1997, The risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer incidence in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 71, 589-602.
  • LITTLE, M. P. and MUIRHEAD, C. R., 1996, Evidence for curvilinearity in the cancer incidence dose-response in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 70, 83-94.
  • LITTLE, M. P., MUIRHEAD, C. R., GOOSSENS, L. H. J., KRAAN, B. C. P., COOKE, R. M., HARPER, F. T. and HORA, S. C., 1997a, Probabilistic Accident Consequence Uncertainty Analysis. Late Health Effets Uncertainty Assessment. Volume 1 Main Report. NUREG/CR-6555 (EUR 16774; SAND 97-2322) (Washington, DC: US Nuclear Regulatory Commission).
  • LITTLE, M. P., MUIRHEAD, C. R., HAYLOCK, R. G. E. and THOMAS, J. M., 1999a, Relative risks of radiationassociated cancer: comparison of second cancer in therapeutically irradiated populations with the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 38, 267-283.
  • LITTLE, M. P., VATHAIRE, F. DE, CHARLES, M. W., HAWKINS, M. M. and MUIRHEAD, C. R., 1997b, Variations with time and age in the relative risks of solid cancer incidence after radiation exposure. Journal of Radiological Protection, 17, 159-177.
  • LITTLE, M. P., VATHAIRE, F. DE, SHAMSALDIN, A., OBERLIN, O., CAMPBELL, S., GRIMAUD, E., CHAVAUDRA, J., HAYLOCK, R. G. E. and MUIRHEAD, C. R., 1998, Risks of brain tumour following treatment for cancer in childhood: modification by genetic factors, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. International Journal of Cancer, 78, 269-275.
  • LITTLE, M. P., WEISS, H. A., BOICE, J. D., JR, DARBY, S. C., DAY, N. E. and MUIRHEAD, C. R., 1999b, Risks of leukemia in Japanese atomic bomb survivors, in women treated for cervical cancer, and in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis. Radiation Research, 152, 280-292.
  • LUNDELL, M. and HOLM, L.-E., 1995, Risk of solid tumors after irradiation in infancy. Acta Oncologica, 34, 727-734.
  • LUNDELL, M. and HOLM, L.-E., 1996, Mortality from leukemia after irradiation in infancy for skin hemangioma. Radiation Research, 145, 595-601.
  • LUNDELL, M., HAKULINEN, T. and HOLM, L.-E., 1994, Thyroid cancer after radiotherapy for skin hemangioma in infancy. Radiation Research, 140, 334-339.
  • LUNDELL, M., MATTSSON, A., KARLSSON, P., HOLMBERG, E., GUSTAFSSON, A. and HOLM, L.-E., 1999, Breast cancer risk after radiotherapy in infancy: a pooled analysis of two Swedish cohorts of 17,202 infants. Radiation Research, 151, 626-632.
  • MATTSSON, A., HALL, P., RUDEN, B. I. and RUTQVIST, L. E., 1997, Incidence of primary malignancies other than breast cancer among women treated with radiation therapy for benign breast disease. Radiation Research, 148, 152-160.
  • MATTSSON, A., RUDEN, B. I., PALMGREN, J. and RUTQVIST, L. E., 1995, Dose- and time-response for breast cancer risk after radiation therapy for benign breast disease. British Journal of Cancer, 72, 1054-1061.
  • MAXON, H. R., SAENGER, E. L., THOMAS, S. R., BUNCHER, C. R., KEREIAKES, J. G., SHAFER, M. L. and McLAUGHLIN, C. A., 1980, Clinically important radiation-associated thyroid disease. A controlled study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 244, 1802-1805.
  • McCULLAGH, P. and NELDER, J. A., 1989, Generalized Linear Models, 2nd edn (London: Chapman & Hall).
  • MODAN, B., CHETRIT, A., ALFANDARY, E. and KATZ, L., 1989, Increased risk of breast cancer after low-dose irradiation. Lancet, i, 629-631.
  • MUIRHEAD, C. R., COX, R., STATHER, J. W., MACGIBBON, B. H., EDWARDS, A. A. and HAYLOCK, R. G. E., 1993, Estimates of Late Radiation Risks to the UK Population. Documents of the MPB 4(4), 15-157 (Chilton: NRPB).
  • NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS (NCRP), 1980, Influence of Dose and its Distribution in Tone on Dose-Response Relationships for LowLET'Radiations. NCRP Report 64 (Bethesda, MD: NCRP).
  • NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENTS (NCRP), 1990, The Relative Biological Effectiveness of Radiations of Different Quality. NCRP Report 104 (Bethesda, MD: NCRP);
  • PARKIN, D. M., WHELAN, S. L., FERLAY, J., RAYMOND, L. and YOUNG, J., 1997, Cancer Incidence in Fine Continents Volume VII. IARC Scientific Publications No. 143 (Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer).
  • PIERCE, D. A., SHIMIZU, Y., PRESTON, D. L., VAETH, M. and MABUCHI, K., 1996, Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, part I. Cancer: 1950-1990. Radiation Research, 146, 1-27.
  • PIERCE, D. A., STRAM, D. O. and VAETH, M., 1990, Allowing for random errors in radiation dose estimates for the atomic bomb survivor data. Radiation Research, 123, 275-284.
  • POTTERN, L. M., KAPLAN, M. M., LARSEN, P. R., SILVA, J. E., KOENIG, R. J., LUBIN, J. H., STOVALL, M. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1990, Thyroid nodularity after childhood irradiation for lymphoid hyperplasia: a comparison of questionnaire and clinical findings. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43, 449-460.
  • PRESTON, D. L., KUSUMI, S., TOMONAGA, M., IZUMI, S., RON, E., KURAMOTO, A., KAMADA, N., DOHY, H., MATSUO, T., NONAKA, H., THOMPSON, D. E., SODA, M. and MABUCHI, K., 1994, Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part III: leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, 1950-1987. Radiation Research, 137, S68-S97.
  • PRESTON, D. L., LUBIN, J. H., PIERCE, D. A. and McCONNEY, M. E., 1998, Epicure Release 2.10 (Seattle: HiroSoft International).
  • PRESTON-MARTIN, S., THOMAS, D. C., WHITE, S. C. and COHEN, D., 1988, Prior exposure to medical and dental X-rays related to tumors of the parotid gland. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 80, 943-949.
  • ROESCH, W. C. (ed.), 1987, US-Japan Joint Reassessment of Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosmetiy in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Volume 1 (Hiroshima: Radiation Effects Research Foundation).
  • RON, E., LUBIN, J. H., SHORE, R. E., MABUCHI, K., MODAN, B., POTTERN, L. M., SCHNEIDER, A. B., TUCKER, M. A. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1995, Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiation Research, 141, 259-277.
  • RON, E., MODAN, B. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1988a, Mortality after radiotherapy for ringworm of the scalp. American Journal of Epidemiology, 127, 713-725.
  • RON, E., MODAN, B., BOICE, J. D., JR, ALFANDARY, E., STOVALL, M., CHETRIT, A. and KATZ, L., 1988b, Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 1033-1039.
  • RON, E., MODAN, B., PRESTON, D., ALFANDARY, E., STOVALL, M. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1989, Thyroid neoplasia following low-dose radiation in childhood. Radiation Research, 120, 516-531.
  • RON, E., MODAN, B., PRESTON, D., ALFANDARY, E., STOVALL, M. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1991, Radiation-induced skin carcinomas of the head and neck. Radiation Research, 125, 318-325.
  • RON, E., PRESTON, D. L., KISHIKAWA, M., KOBUKE, T., ISEKI, M., TOKUOKA, S., TOKUNAGA, M. and MABUCHI, K., 1998, Skin tumor risk among atomic-bomb survivors in Japan. Cancer Causes and Control, 9, 393-401.
  • RON, E., PRESTON, D. L., MABUCHI, K., THOMPSON, D. E. and SODA, M., 1994, Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part IV: comparison of cancer incidence and mortality. Radiation Research, 137, S98-S112.
  • ROWLAND, R. E., STEHNEY, A. F. and LUCAS, H. F., JR, 1978, Dose-response relationships for female radium dial workers. Radiation Research, 76, 368-383.
  • SACHS, R. K., HAHNFELD, P. and BRENNER, D. J., 1997, The link between low-LET dose-response relations and the underlying kinetics of damage production/repair/misrepair. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 72, 351-374.
  • SCHERVISH, M. J., 1995, Theory of Statistics (New York: Springer).
  • SCHNEIDER, A. B., LUBIN, J., RON, E., ABRAHAMS, C., STOVALL, M., GOEL, A., SHORE-FREEDMAN, E. and GIERLOWSKI, T. C., 1998, Salivary gland tumors after childhood radiation treatment for benign conditions of the head and neck: dose-response relationships. Radiation Research, 149, 625-630.
  • SCHNEIDER, A. B., RON, E., LUBIN, J., STOVALL, M. and GIERLOWSKI, T. C., 1993, Dose-response relationships for radiation-induced thyroid cancer and thyroid nodules: evidence for the prolonged effects of radiation on the thyroid. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 77, 362-369.
  • SHORE, R. E., ALBERT, R. E., REED, M., HARLEY, N. and PASTERNACK, B. S., 1984, Skin cancer incidence among children irradiated for ringworm of the scalp. Radiation Research, 100, 192-204.
  • SHORE, R. E., HILDRETH, N., DVORETSKY, P., ANDRESEN, E., MOSESON, M. and PASTERNACK, B., 1993, Thyroid cancer among persons given X-ray treatment in infancy for an enlarged thymus gland. American Journal of Epidemiology, 137, 1068-1080.
  • SHORE, R. E., HILDRETH, N., WOODARD, E., DVORETSKY, P., HEMPELMANN, L. and PASTERNACK, B., 1986, Breast cancer among women given X-ray therapy for acute postpartum mastitis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 77, 689-696.
  • SHORE-FREEDMAN, E., ABRAHAMS, C., RECANT, W. and SCHNEIDER, A. B., 1983, Neurilemomas and salivary gland tumors of the head and neck following childhood irradiation. Cancer, 51, 2159-2163.
  • SMITH, P. G., DOLL, R. and RADFORD, E. P., 1977, Cancer mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis not given X-ray therapy. British Journal of Radiology, 50, 728-734.
  • SOBOLEV, B., HEIDENREICH, W. F., KAIRO, I., JACOB, P., GOULKO, G. and LIKHTAREV, I., 1997, Thyroid cancer incidence in the Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident: comparison with spontaneous incidences. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 36, 195-199.
  • STORM, H.H., ANDERSSON, M., BOICE, J. D., JR, BLETTNER, M., STOVALL, M., MOURIDSEN, H. T., DOMBERNOWSKY, P., ROSE, C., JACOBSEN, A. and PEDERSEN, M., 1992, Adjuvant radiotherapy and risk of contralateral breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 84, 1245-1250.
  • STORM, H.H., IVERSEN, E. and BOICE, J. D., JR, 1986, Breast cancer following multiple chest fluoroscopies among tuberculosis patients. A case-control study in Denmark. Acta Radiologica Oncology, 25, 233-238.
  • STOVALL, M., SMITH, S. A. and ROSENSTEIN, M., 1989, Tissue doses from radiotherapy of cancer of the uterine cervix. Medical Physics, 16, 726-733.
  • STRAUME, T., 1995, High-energy gamma rays in Hiroshima and Nagasaki: implications for risk and WR. Health Physics, 69, 954-956.
  • THOMAS, D. C., BLETTNER, M. and DAY, N. E., 1992, Use of external rates in nested case-control studies with application to the International Radiation Study of Cervical Cancer Patients. Biometrics, 48, 781-794.
  • THOMAS, R. G., 1994, The US radium luminisers: a case for a policy of 'below regulatory concern'. Journal of Radiological Protection, 14, 141-153.
  • THOMPSON, D. E., MABUCHI, K., RON, E., SODA, M., TOKUNAGA, M., OCHIKUBO, S., SUGIMOTO, S., IKEDA, T., TERASAKI, M., IZUMI, S. and PRESTON, D. L., 1994, Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: solid tumors, 1958-1987. Radiation Research, 137, S17-S67.
  • TRAVIS, L. B., ANDERSSON, M., GOSPODAROWICZ, M., LEEUWEN, F. E. VAN, BERGFELDT, K., LYNCH, C. F., CURTIS, R. E., KOHLER, B. A., WIKLUND, T., STORM, H., HOLOWATY, E., HALL, P., PUKKALA, E., SLEIJFER, D. T., CLARKE, E. A., BOICE, J. D., JR, STOVALL, M. and GILBERT, E., 2000, Treatment-associated leukemia following testicular cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92, 1165-1171.
  • TUCKER, M. A., D'ANGIO, G. J., BOICE, J. D., JR, STRONG, L. C., Li, F. P., STOVALL, M., STONE, B. J., GREEN, D. M., LOMBARDI, F., NEWTON, W., HOOVER, R. N. and FRAUMENI, J. F., JR, 1987a, Bone sarcomas linked to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in children. New England Journal of Mediane, 317, 588-593.
  • TUCKER, M. A., MEADOWS, A. T., BOICE, J. D., JR, STOVALL, M., OBERLIN, O., STONE, B. J., BIRCH, J., VOUTE, P. A., HOOVER, R. N. and FRAUMENI, J. F., JR, 1987b, Leukemia after therapy with alkylating agents for childhood cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 78, 459-464.
  • TUCKER, M. A., MORRIS JONES, P. H., BOICE, J. D., JR, ROBISON, L. L., STONE, B. J., STOVALL, M., JENKIN, R. D. T., LUBIN, J. H., BAUM, E. S., SIEGEL, S. E., MEADOWS, A. T., HOOVER, R. N. and FRAUMENI, J. F., JR, 1991, Therapeutic radiation at a young age is linked to secondary thyroid cancer. Cancer Research, 51, 2885-2888.
  • UNITED NATIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF ATOMIC RADIATION (UNSCEAR), 1994, Sources and Effets of Ionizing Radiation (New York: UN).
  • UNITED NATIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF ATOMIC RADIATION (UNSCEAR), 2000, Sources and Effets of Ionizing Radiation. Volume II: Effets (New York: UN).
  • US NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (USNAS) COMMITTEE ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATIONS, 1990, Health Effets of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR V) (Washington, DC: National Academy Press).
  • VLOTEN, W. A. VAN, HERMANS, J. and DAAL, W. A. J. VAN, 1987, Radiation-induced skin cancer and radio-dermatitis of the head and neck. Cancer, 59, 411-414.
  • WEISS, H. A., DARBY, S. C. and DOLL, R., 1994, Cancer mortality following X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. International Journal of Cancer, 59, 327-338.
  • WEISS, H. A., DARBY, S. C., FEARN, T. and DOLL, R., 1995, Leukemia mortality after X-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. Radiation Research, 142, 1-11.
  • WILLIAMS, D., PINCHERA, A., KARAOGLOU, A. and CHADWICK, K. H. (eds), 1993, Thyroid Cancer in Children Living near Chemobyl. Expert Panel Report on the Consequences of the Chemobyl Accident. Report EUR 15248 EN (Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities).
  • WILLIAMS, E. D., BECKER, D., DIMIDCHIK, E. P., NAGATAKI, S., PINCHERA, A. and TRONKO, N. D., 1996, Effects on the thyroid in populations exposed to radiation as a result of the Chemobyl accident. In One Decade After Chemobyl: Summing Up the Consequences of the Accident. Proceedings of an International Conference on One Decade After Chemobyl: Summing Up the Consequences of the Accident, Vienna, Austria, 8-12 April 1996 (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency), pp. 207-238.
  • WONG, F. L., BOICE, J. D., JR, ABRAMSON, D. H., TARONE, R. E., KLEINERMAN, R. A., STOVALL, M., GOLDMAN, M. B., SEDDON, J. M., TARBELL, N., FRAUMENI, J. F., JR and Ll, F. P., 1997, Cancer incidence after retinoblastoma. Radiation dose and sarcoma risk. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1262-1267.
  • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), 1989, World Health Statistics Annual 1989 (Geneva: WHO).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.