Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields enhance chemically induced formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in A172 cells

References

• Adair R K. Effects of very weak magnetic fields on radical pair reformation. Bioelectromagnetics 1999; 20: 255–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlbom A, Day N, Feychting M, Roman E, Skinner J, Dockerty J, Linet M, McBride M, Michaelis J, Olsen J H, Tynes T, Verkasalo P K. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. British Journal of Cancer 2000; 83: 692–698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocklehurst B, McLauchlan K A. Free radical mechanism for the effects of environmental electromagnetic fields on biological systems. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1996; 69: 3–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocklehurst B. Magnetic fields and radical reactions: Recent developments and their role in nature. Chemical Society Reviews 2002; 31: 301–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croteau D L, Bohr V A. Repair of oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997; 272: 25409–25412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper G, Vincent T, Kroll M E, Swanson J. Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high voltage power lines in England and Wales: A case-control study. British Medical Journal 2005; 330: 1290–1294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveson R W, Timmel C R, Brocklehurst B, Hore P J, Mclauchlan K A. The effects of weak magnetic fields on radical combination reactions in micelles. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2000; 76: 1509–1522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatigoni C, Dominici L, Moretti M, Villarini M, Monarca S. Genotoxic effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) evaluated by the Tradescantia-micronucleus assay. Environmental Toxicology 2005; 20: 585–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland S, Sheppard A R, Kaune W T, Poole C, Kelsh M A. A pooled analysis of magnetic fields, wire codes, and childhood leukemia. Childhood Leukemia-EMF Study Group. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 624–634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirose H, Nakahara T, Miyakoshi J. Orientation of human glioblastoma cells embedded in type I collagen, caused by exposure to a 10 T static magnetic field. Neuroscience Letters 2003; 338: 88–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Non-ionizing radiation, part 1: Static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. LyonFrance 2002
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics Society 1998; 74: 494–522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivancsits S, Diem E, Jahn O, Rudiger H W. Intermittent extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields cause DNA damage in a dose-dependent way. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2003; 76: 431–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong J H, Kum C, Choi H J, Park E S, Sohn U D. Extremely low frequency magnetic field induces hyperalgesia in mice modulated by nitric oxide synthesis. Life Sciences 2006; 78: 1407–1412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juutilainen J, Kumlin T, Naarala J. Do extremely low frequency magnetic fields enhance the effects of environmental carcinogens? Ameta-analysis of experimental studies. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2006; 82: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabuto M, Nitta H, Yamamoto S, Yamaguchi N, Akiba S, Honda Y, Hagihara J, Isaka K, Saito T, Ojima T, Nakamura Y, Mizoue T, Iti S, Eboshida A, Yamazaki S, Sokejima S, Kurokawa Y, Kubo O. Childhood leukemia and magnetic fields in Japan: A case-control study of childhood leukemia and residential power-frequency magnetic fields in Japan. International Journal of Cancer 2006; 119: 643–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura Y, Ota T, Matsuoka Y, Tooyama I, Kimura H, Shimohama S, Nomura Y, Gebicke-Haerter P J, Taniguchi T. Hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis mediated by p53 protein in glial cells. Glia 1999; 25: 154–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama S, Nakahara T, Hirose H, Ding G-R, Takashima Y, Isozumi Y, Miyakoshi J. ELF electromagnetic fields increase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced mutations in pTN89 plasmids. Mutation Research 2004; 560: 27–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama S, Nakahara T, Salirai T, Komatsubara Y, Isozumi Y, Miyakoshi J. Combined exposure to ELF magnetic fields and X-rays increased mutant yields compared with X-rays alone in pTN89 plasmids. Journal of Radiation Research 2005; 46: 257–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S H, Chow K C. Magnetic field exposure induces DNA degradation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2001; 280: 1385–1388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 1993; 362: 709–715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupke M, Rollwitz J, Simko M. Cell activating capacity of 50 Hz magnetic fields to release reactive oxygen intermediates in human umbilical cord blood-derived monocytes and in Mono Mac 6 cells. Free Radical Research 2004; 38: 985–993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mairs R J, Hughes K, Fitzsimmons S, Prise K M, Livingstone A, Wilson L, Baig N, Clark A M, Timpson A, Patel G, Folkard M, Angerson W J, Boyd M. Microsatellite analysis for determination of the mutagenicity of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiation in vitro. Mutation Research 2007; 626: 34–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann J, Dietrich F, Rafferty C. The genotoxic potential of electric and magnetic fields: An update. Mutation Research 1998; 411: 45–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakoshi J, Koji Y, Wakasa T, Takebe H. Long-term exposure to a magnetic field (5 mT at 60 Hz) increases X-ray-induced mutations. Journal of Radiation Research 1999; 40: 13–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakoshi J, Ohtsu S, Shibata T, Takebe H. Exposure to magnetic field (5 mT at 60 Hz) does not affect cell growth and c-myc gene expression. Journal of Radiation Research 1996; 37: 185–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyakoshi J, Ohtsu S, Tatsumi-Miyajima J, Takebe H. A newly designed experimental system for exposure of mammalian cells to extremely low frequency magnetic fields. Journal of Radiation Research 1994; 35: 26–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretti M, Villarini M, Simonucci S, Fatigoni C, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Monarca S, Pasquini R, Angelucci M, Strappini M. Effects of co-exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields and benzene or benzene metabolites determined in vitro by the alkaline comet assay. Toxicology Letters 2005; 157: 119–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. NIEHS Report on Health Effects from Exposure to Power – Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: Prepared in Response to the 1992 Energy Policy Act. 1999, Research Triangle Park, NC, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. PL 102 – 486, Section 2118
   Google Scholar
• Rollwitz J, Lupke M, Simko M. Fifty-hertz magnetic fields induce free radical formation in mouse bone marrow-derived promonocytes and macrophages. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2004; 1674: 231–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Moretti M, Villarini M, Fatigoni C, Pasquini R. Evaluaton of genotoxic and/or co-genotoxic effects in cells exposed in vitro to extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields. Annali di Igiene 2004; 16: 321–340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timmel C R, Henbest K B. A study of spin chemistry in weak magnetic fields. 2004; A 362: 2573–2589, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
   Google Scholar
• Villarini M, Moretti M, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Boccioli B, Pasquini R. Effects of co-exposure to extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields and xenobiotics determined in vitro by the alkaline comet assay. Science of the Total Environment 2006; 361: 208–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walleczek J, Shiu E C, Hahn G M. Increase in radiation-induced HPRT gene mutation frequency after nonthermal exposure to nonionizing 60 Hz electromagnetic fields. Radiation Research 1999; 151: 489–497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Koyama S, Komatsubara Y, Suzuki T, Taki M, Miyakoshi J. Effects of a 2450 MHz high-frequency electromagnetic field with a wide range of SARs on the induction of heat-shock proteins in A172 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2006; 27: 479–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheimer N, Leeper E. Electrical wiring configurations and children cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology 1979; 109: 273–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf F I, Torsello A, Tedesco B, Fasanella S, Boninsegna A, D'Ascenzo M, Grassi C, Azzena G B, Cittadini A. 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2005; 1743: 120–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokus B, Cakir D U, Akdag M Z, Sert C, Mete N. Oxidative DNA damage in rats exposed to extremely low frequency electro magnetic fields. Free Radical Research 2005; 39: 317–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwirska-Korczala K, Jochem J, Adamczyk-Sowa M, Polaniak R, Birkner E, Latocha M, Pilc K, Suchanek R. Effect of extremely low frequency of electromagnetic fields on cell proliferation, antioxydative enzyme activities and lipid peroxydation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes – an in vitro study. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2005; 56: 101–108
   PubMedGoogle Scholar