Health effects of radon: A review of the literature

References

• Ackers J G, Denboer J F, Dejong P, Wolschrijn R A. Radioactivity and radon exhalation rates of building-materials in the Netherlands. Science of the Total Environment 1985; 45: 151–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavanja M CR, Lubin J H, Mahaffey J A, Brownson R C. Residential radon exposure and risk of lung cancer in Missouri. American Journal of Public Health 1999; 89: 1042–1048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton J D. Radon: Sources, health risks, and hazard mapping. Ambio 2007; 36: 85–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auvinen A, Makelainen I, Hakama M, Castren O, Pukkala E, Reisbacka H, Rytomaa T. Indoor radon exposure and risk of lung cancer: A nested case-control study in Finland. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1996; 88: 966–972
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auvinen A, Salonen L, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Kurttio P. Radon and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of stomach cancer: A case-cohort study in Finland. International Journal of Cancer 2005; 114: 109–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson O. Cancer risks from exposure to radon in homes. Environmental Health Perspectives 1995; 103: 37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åkerblom G. Natural radioactivity in Sweden. Radiological Protection in Transition, Exposure to internal radiation. Ra¨ttvikSweden 2005
   Google Scholar
• Baan R A, Grosse Y. Man-made mineral (vitreous) fibres: Evaluations of cancer hazards by the IARC Monographs Programme. Mutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 2004; 553: 43–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros-Dios J M, Barreiro M A, Ruano-Ravina A, Figueiras A. Exposure to residential radon and lung cancer in Spain: A population-based case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 156: 548–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauchinger M, Braselmann H, Kulka U, Huber R, Georgiadou Schumacher V. Quantification of FISH-painted chromosome aberrations after domestic radon exposure. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1996; 70: 657–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauchinger M, Schmid E, Braselmann H, Kulka U. Chromosome-aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes from occupants of houses with elevated indoor radon concentrations. Mutation Research – Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 1994; 310: 135–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baysson H, Tirmarche M, Tymen G, Gouva S, Caillaud D, Artus J C, Vergnenegre A, Ducloy F, Laurier D. Indoor radon and lung cancer in France. Epidemiology 2004; 15: 709–716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker APaLTM, III. Evaluation of waterborne radon impact on indoor air quality and assessment of control options. Envirodyne Engineers, Inc, St. Louis, MO 1984
   Google Scholar
• Blot W J, Xu Z Y, Boice J D, Zhao D Z, Stone B J, Sun J, Jing L B, Fraumeni J F. Indoor radon and lung-cancer in China. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1990; 82: 1025–1030
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bochicchio F, Forastiere F, Farchi S, Quarto M, Axelson O. Residential radon exposure, diet and lung cancer: A case-control study in a Mediterranean region. International Journal of Cancer 2005; 114: 983–991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boice J D, Mumma M T, Blot W J. Cancer and noncancer mortality in populations living near uranium and vanadium mining and milling operations in Montrose County, Colorado, 1950–2000. Radiation Research 2007; 167: 711–726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonotto D M, Mello C B. A combined method for evaluating radon and progeny in waters and its use at Guarani aquifer, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2006; 86: 337–353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bossew P, Lettner H. Investigations on indoor radon in Austria, Part 1: Seasonality of indoor radon concentration. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2007; 8: 329–345
   Google Scholar
• Bridges B A, Cole J, Arlett C F, Green M HL, Waugh A PW, Beare D, Henshaw D L, Last R D. Possible association between mutant frequency in peripheral lymphocytes and domestic radon concentrations. Lancet 1991; 337: 1187–1189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butland B K, Muirhead C R, Draper G J. Radon and leukemia. Lancet 1990; 335: 1338–1339
   Google Scholar
• Charles M W. Radon exposure of the skin: I. Biological effects. Journal of Radiological Protection 2007; 27(3)231–252
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen B L. A test of the linear-no threshold theory of radiation carcinogenesis. Environmental Research 1990; 53: 193–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole J, Green M HL, Bridges B A, Waugh A PW, Beare D M, Henshaw D, Last R, Liu Y F, Cortopassi G. Lack of evidence for an association between the frequency of mutants or translocations in circulating lymphocytes and exposure to radon gas in the home. Radiation Research 1996; 145: 61–69
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collier C G, Strong J C, Humphreys J A, Timpson N, Baker S T, Eldred T, Cobb L, Papworth D, Haylock R. Carcinogenicity of radon/radon decay product inhalation in rats – effect of dose, dose rate and unattached fraction. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2005; 81: 631–647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collman G W, Loomis D P, Sandler D P. Rn-222 concentration in groundwater and cancer mortality in North-Carolina. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 1988; 61: 13–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, Barros-Dios J M, Baysson H, Bochicchio F, Deo H, Falk R, Forastiere F, Hakama M, Heid I, Kreienbrock L, Kreuzer M, Lagarde F, Makelainen I, Muirhead C, Oberaigner W, Pershagen G, Ruano-Ravina A, Ruosteenoja E, Rosario A S, Tirmarche M, Tomasek L, Whitley E, Wichmann H E, Doll R. Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: Collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. British Medical Journal 2005; 330: 223–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darby S, Whitley E, Silcocks P, Thakrar B, Green M, Lomas P, Miles J, Reeves G, Fearn T, Doll R. Risk of lung cancer associated with residential radon exposure in south-west England: A case-control study. British Journal of Cancer 1998; 78: 394–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darby S C, Whitley E, Howe G R, Hutchings S J, Kusiak R A, Lubin J H, Morrison H I, Tirmarche M, Tomasek L, Radford E P, Roscoe R J, Samet J M, Yao S X. Radon and cancers other than lung-cancer in underground miners – a collaborative analysis of 11 studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1995; 87: 378–384
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jong P, van Dijk W, van der Graaf E R, de Groot T JH. National survey on the natural radioactivity and Rn-222 exhalation rate of building materials in the Netherlands. Health Physics 2006; 91: 200–210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eatough J P. Radon and leukemia risk in underground miners: Are working level months the most appropriate exposure parameter. Health Physics 2004; 86: 425–426
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eatough J P, Henshaw D L. Radon exposure and Myeloid-leukemia. International Journal of Epidemiology 1994; 23: 430–431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evrard A S, Hemon D, Billon S, Laurier D, Jougla E, Tirmarche M, Clavel J. Childhood leukemia incidence and exposure to indoor radon, terrestrial and cosmic gamma radiation. Health Physics 2006; 90: 569–579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field R W, Steck D J, Smith B J, Brus C P, Fisher E L, Neuberger J S, Platz C E, Robinson R A, Woolson R F, Lynch C F. Residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer – the Iowa radon lung cancer study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000; 151: 1091–1102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forastiere F, Quiercia A, Cavariani F, Miceli M, Perucci C A, Axelson O. Cancer risk and radon exposure. Lancet 1992; 339: 1115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forastiere F, Sperati A, Cherubini G, Miceli M, Biggeri A, Axelson O. Adult myeloid leukaemia, geology, and domestic exposure to radon and gamma radiation: A case control study in central Italy. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998; 55: 106–110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh P, Banerjee M, De Chaudhuri S, Das J K, Sarma N, Basu A, Giri A K. Increased chromosome aberration frequencies in the Bowen's patients compared to non-cancerous skin lesions individuals exposed to arsenic. Mutation Research – Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2007; 632: 104–110
   Google Scholar
• Grosche B, Kreuzer M, Kreisheimer M, Schnelzer M, Tschense A. Lung cancer risk among German male uranium miners: A cohort study, 1946–1998. British Journal of Cancer 2006; 95: 1280–1287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque A KMM, Kirk A E. Environmental radon and cancer risk. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1992; 45: 639–642
   Google Scholar
• Henshaw D L, Eatough J P, Richardson R B. Radon as a causative factor in induction of myeloid-leukemia and other cancers. Lancet 1990; 335: 1008–1012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung R W, Meinhardt T J. Quantitative risk assessment of lung-cancer in United States uranium miners. Health Physics 1987; 52: 417–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe G R, Nair R C, Newcombe H B, Miller A B, Abbatt J D. Lung-cancer mortality (1950–80) in relation to radon daughter exposure in a cohort of workers at the Eldorado Beaverlodge uranium-mine. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1986; 77: 357–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe G R, Nair R C, Newcombe H B, Miller A B, Burch J D, Abbatt J D. Lung-cancer mortality (1950–80) in relation to radon daughter exposure in a cohort of workers at the Eldorado Port Radium uranium-mine – possible modification of risk by exposure rate. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1987; 79: 1255–1260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussain S P, Kennedy C H, Amstad P, Lui H, Lechner J F, Harris C C. Radon and lung carcinogenesis: Mutability of p53 codons 249 and 250 to Pu-238 alpha-particles in human bronchial epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 121–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iakovleva V S, Karataev V D. The assessment of the impact of different radon sources into indoor air. Radiation Biology Radioecology 2001; 41: 427–430
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iakovleva V S, Karataev V D. Factors determining the formation of radon levels inside buildings. Radiation Biology Radioecology 2005; 45: 333–337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risksk to humans. Vol 78. Ionizing radiation. Part 2: Some internally deposited radionuclides. LyonFrance 2001
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection. Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides. Part 2: Ingestion dose coefficients. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1994
   Google Scholar
• Jostes R F. Genetic, cytogenetic, and carcinogenic effects of radon: A review. Mutation Research – Reviews in Genetic Toxicology 1996; 340: 125–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaletsch U, Kaatsch P, Meinert R, Schuz J, Czarwinski R, Michaelis J. Childhood cancer and residential radon exposure – results of a population-based case-control study in Lower Saxony (Germany). Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 1999; 38: 211–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall G M, Smith T J. Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. Journal of Radiological Protection 2002; 22: 389–406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kjellberg S, Wiseman J S. The relationship of radon to gastrointestinal malignancies. American Surgeon 1995; 61: 822–825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krewski D, Lubin J H, Zielinski J M, Alavanja M, Catalan V S, Field R W, Klotz J B, Letourneau E G, Lynch C F, Lyon J I, Sandler D P, Schoenberg J B, Steck D J, Stolwijk J A, Weinberg C, Wilcox H B. Residential radon and risk of lung cancer – a combined analysis of 7 North American case-control studies. Epidemiology 2005; 16: 137–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusiak R A, Ritchie A C, Muller J, Springer J. Mortality from lung-cancer in Ontario uranium miners. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1993; 50: 920–928
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lagarde F, Axelsson G, Damber L, Mellander H, Nyberg F, Pershagen G. Residential radon and lung cancer among never-smokers in Sweden. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 396–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurier D, Rogel A, Valenty M, Tirmarche M. Discussion on radon and leukemia risk in underground miners: Are working level months the most appropriate exposure parameter. Health Physics 2004a; 86: 427–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laurier D, Tirmarche M, Mitton N, Valenty M, Richard P, Poveda S, Gelas J M, Quesne B. An update of cancer mortality among the French cohort of uranium miners: Extended follow-up and new source of data for causes of death. European Journal of Epidemiology 2004b; 19: 139–146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Law G R, Kane E V, Roman E, Smith A, Cartwright R. Residential radon exposure and adult acute leukaemia. Lancet 2000; 355: 1888
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Letourneau E G, Krewski D, Choi N W, Goddard M J, Mcgregor R G, Zielinski J M, Du J. Case-control study of residential radon and lung-cancer in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. American Journal of Epidemiology 1994; 140: 310–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J X, Fu C L, Chen R, Sun J, Nie J H, Tong J. Screening of differential expression genes in bone marrow cells of radon-exposed mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A 2007; 70: 964–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindholm C, Makelainen I, Paile W, Koivistoinen A, Salomaa S. Domestic radon exposure and the frequency of stable or unstable chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1999; 75: 921–928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loken M K, Feinendegen L E. Radiation hormesis. Its emerging significance in medical practice. Investigative Radiobiology 1993; 28: 446–450
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubin J H, Boice J D, Edling C, Hornung R W, Howe G R, Kunz E, Kusiak R A, Morrison H I, Radford E P, Samet J M, Tirmarche M, Woodward A, Yao S X, Pierce D A. Lung-cancer in radon-exposed miners and estimation of risk from indoor exposure. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1995; 87: 817–827
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubin J H, Linet M S, Boie J D, Buckley J, Conrath S M, Hatch E E, Kleinerman R A, Tarone R E, Wacholder S, Robison L L. Case-control study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and residential radon exposure. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998; 90: 294–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucie N P. Radon exposure and leukemia. Lancet 1989; 2: 99–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutze L H, Winegar R A, Jostes R, Cross F T, Cleaver J E. Radon-induced deletions in human-cells – role of nonhomologous strand rejoining. Cancer Research 1992; 52: 5126–5129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Man C K, Yeung H S. Radioactivity contents in building materials used in Hong Kong. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 1998; 232: 219–222
   Google Scholar
• Matanoski G M, Sternberg A, Elliott E A. Does radiation exposure produce a protective effect among radiologists. Health Physics 1987; 52: 637–643
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald J W, Taylor J A, Watson M A, Saccomanno G, Devereux T R. P53 and K-Ras in Radon-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 1995; 4: 791–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meszaros G, Bognar G, Koteles G J. Long-term persistence of chromosome aberrations in uranium miners. Journal of Occupational Health 2004; 46: 310–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnich Z, Karpinska M, Kapala J, Kozak K, Mazur J, Birula A, Antonowicz K. Radon concentration in hospital buildings erected during the last 40 years in Bialystok, Poland. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2004; 75: 225–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohner M, Lindtner M, Otten H, Gille H G. Leukemia and exposure to ionizing radiation among German uranium miners. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2006; 49: 238–248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Momcilovic B, Lykken G I. Seasonality of Bi-214 activity in the human body and of Rn-222 concentration in home ambient air. Health Physics 2007; 92: 484–487
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison H I, Semenciw R M, Mao Y, Wigle D T. Cancer mortality among a group of fluorspar miners exposed to radon progeny. American Journal of Epidemiology 1988; 128: 1266–1275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mose D G, Mushrush G W, Simoni F V. Variations of well water radon in Virginia and Maryland. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 2001; 36(9)1647–1660
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muikku M, Heikkinen T, Puhakainen M, Rahola T, Salonen L. Assessment of occupational exposure to uranium by indirect methods needs information on natural background variations. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 2007; 125: 492–495
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mustonen R. Natural radioactivity in and radon exhalation from Finnish building-materials. Health Physics 1984; 46: 1195–1203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). Health effects of exposure to radon. Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1999a
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). Risk assessment of radon in drinking water. National Academy Press, Washington DC 1999b
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill P, Nicklas J, Hirsch B, Jostes R, Hunter T, Sullivan L, Albertini R. In vitro studies of the genotoxicity of ionizing radiation in human G(0) T lymphocytes. Environ Mol Mutagen 2005; 46: 207–220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oberaigner W. Radon und Lungenkrebs im Bezirk Imst/Österreich. Fortschritte in der mweltmedizin. Landsberg am Lech: Ecomed Verlagsgesellschaft. 2002
   Google Scholar
• Pachocki K A, Gorzkowski B, Rózycki Z, Wieprzowski K, Wilejczyk E, Smoter J. Radon 222Rn in drinking water of Izera Plateau. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny 2002; 53(4)371–376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pershagen G, Åkerblom G, Axelson O, Clavensjo B, Damber L, Desai G, Enflo A, Lagarde F, Mellander H, Svartengren M, Swedjemark G A. Residential radon exposure and lung-cancer in Sweden. New England Journal of Medicine 1994; 330: 159–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pershagen G, Liang Z H, Hrubec Z, Svensson C, Boice J D. Residential radon exposure and lung-cancer in Swedish Women. Health Physics 1992; 63: 179–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp W, Plappert U, Muller W U, Rehn B, Schneider J, Braun A, Bauer P C, Vahrenholz C, Prasek P, Brauksiepe A, Enderle G, Wust T, Bruch J, Fliedner T M, Konietzko N, Streffer C, Woitowitz H J, Norpoth K. Biomarkers of genetic damage and inflammation in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid among former German uranium miners: A pilot study. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 2000; 39: 275–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puskin J S. Smoking as a confounder in ecologic correlations of cancer mortality rates with average county radon levels. Health Physics 2003; 84: 526–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford E P, Renard K GS. Lung-cancer in Swedish iron miners exposed to low-doses of radon daughters. New England Journal of Medicine 1984; 310: 1485–1494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rericha V, Kulich M, Rericha R, Shore D L, Sandler D P. Incidence of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma in Czech uranium miners: A case-cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006; 114: 818–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson R B, Eatough J P, Henshaw D L. Dose to red bone-marrow from natural radon and thoron exposure. British Journal of Radiology 1991; 64: 608–624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruosteenoja E, Makelainen I, Rytomaa T, Hakulinen T, Hakama M. Radon and lung cancer in Finland. Health Physics 1996; 71: 185–189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sainz C, Quindos L S, Fernandez P L, Gomez J, Fuente I, Quindos L, Matarranz J L. High background radiation areas: The case of Villar de la Yegua Village (Spain). Radiation Protection Dosimetry 2007; 125: 565–567
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samet J M, Pathak D R, Morgan M V, Key C R, Valdivia A A, Lubin J H. Lung-cancer mortality and exposure to radon progeny in a cohort of New-Mexico underground uranium miners. Health Physics 1991; 61: 745–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler D P, Weinberg C R, Shore D L, Archer V E, Stone M B, Lyon J, Rothney-Kozlak L, Shepherd M, Stolwijk J AJ. Indoor radon and lung cancer risk in Connecticut and Utah. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A: Current Issues 2006; 69: 633–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenberg J B. A case-control study of radon and lung cancer among New Jersey women. 29th Hanford Symposium on Health and the Environment. Indoor radon and lung cancer: Reality or myth? Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington. Battelle Press, Columbus 1992; 905–918
   Google Scholar
• Seftelis I, Nicolaou G, Trassanidis S, Tsagas F N. Diurnal variation of radon progeny. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2007; 97: 116–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segovia N, Gaso M I, Armienta M A. Environmental radon studies in Mexico. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2007; 29: 143–153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma N, Hess C T, Thrall K D. A compartmental model of water radon contamination in the human body. Health Physics 1997; 72: 261–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith B J, Zhang L X, Field R W. Iowa radon leukaemia study: A hierarchical population risk model for spatially correlated exposure measured with error. Statistics in Medicine 2007; 26: 4619–4642
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinbuch M, Weinberg C R, Buckley J D, Robison L L, Sandler D P. Indoor residential radon exposure and risk of childhood acute myeloid leukaemia. British Journal of Cancer 1999; 81: 900–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor J A, Watson M A, Devereux T R, Michels R Y, Saccomanno G, Anderson M. P53 mutation hotspot in radon-associated lung-cancer. Lancet 1994; 343: 86–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne R, Foreman N K, Mott M G. Radon in Devon and Cornwall and paediatric malignancies. European Journal of Cancer 1996; 32A: 282–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirmarche M, Raphalen A, Allin F, Chameaud J, Bredon P. Mortality of a cohort of French uranium miners exposed to relatively low radon concentrations. British Journal of Cancer 1993; 67: 1090–1097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasek L. Czech miner studies of lung cancer risk from radon. Journal of Radiological Protection 2002; 22: A107–A112
   Google Scholar
• Tomasek L, Darby S C, Fearn T, Swerdlow A J, Placek V, Kunz E. Patterns of lung-cancer mortality among uranium miners in West Bohemia with varying rates of exposure to radon and its progeny. Radiation Research 1994; 137: 251–261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomasek L, Darby S C, Swerdlow A J, Placek V, Kunz E. Radon exposure and cancers other than lung-cancer among uranium miners in West-Bohemia. Lancet 1993; 341: 919–923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasek L, Muller T, Kunz E, Heribanova A, Matzner J, Placek V, Burian I, Holecek J. Study of lung cancer and residential radon in the Czech Republic. Cent. European Journal of Public Health 2001; 9: 150–153
   Google Scholar
• Toti S, Biggeri A, Forastiere F. Adult myeloid leukaemia and radon exposure: A Bayesian model for a case-control study with error in covariates. Statistics in Medicine 2005; 24: 1849–1864
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR Report to the General Assemby, with Scientific Annexes. United Nations. 2000
   Google Scholar
• Vahakangas K H, Samet J M, Metcalf R A, Welsh J A, Bennett W P, Lane D P, Harris C C. Mutations of P53 and Ras Genes in radon-associated lung-cancer from uranium miners. Lancet 1992; 339: 576–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viel J F. Radon exposure and leukemia in adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology 1993; 22: 627–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalba L, Colmenero Sujo L, Montero Cabrera M E, Cano Jiménez A, Rentería Villalobos M, Delgado Mendoza C J, Jurado Tenorio L A, Dávila Rangel I, Herrera Peraza E F. Radon concentrations in ground and drinking water in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2005; 80(2)139–151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villeneuve P J, Morrison H I, Lane R. Radon and lung cancer risk: An extension of the mortality follow-up of the Newfoundland fluorspar cohort. Health Physics 2007; 92: 157–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z Y, Lubin J H, Wang L D, Zhang S Z, Boice J D, Cui H X, Zhang S R, Conrath S, Xia Y, Shang B, Brenner A, Lei S W, Metayer C, Cao J S, Chen K W, Lei S J, Kleinerman R A. Residential radon and lung cancer risk in a high-exposure area of Gansu Province, China. American Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 155: 554–564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver D A, Hei T K, Hukku B, McRaven J A, Willey J C. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells induced by radon alpha particles. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 1251–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichmann H E, Rosario A S, Heid I M, Kreuzer M, Heinrich J, Kreienbrock L. Increased lung cancer risk due to residential radon in a pooled and extended analysis of studies in Germany. Health Physics 2005; 88: 71–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox H B, Al Zoughool M, Garner M J, Jiang H, Klotz J B, Krewski D, Nicholson W J, Schoenberg J B, Villeneuve P J, Zielinski J M. Case-control study of radon and lung cancer in New Jersey. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 2008; 128: 169–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson G S. Gastric-cancer in New-Mexico counties with significant deposits of uranium. Archives of Environmental Health 1985; 40: 307–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward A, Roder D, Mcmichael A J, Crouch P, Mylvaganam A. Radon daughter exposures at the radium hill uranium-mine and lung-cancer rates among former workers, 1952–87. Cancer Causes and Control 1991; 2: 213–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xuan X Z, Lubin J H, Li J Y, Yang L F, Luo Q S, Yang L, Wang J Z, Blot W J. A cohort study in Southern China of tin miners exposed to radon and radon decay products. Health Physics 1993; 64: 120–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ye W M, Sobue T, Lee V S, Tanooka H, Mifune M, Suyama A, Koga T, Morishima H, Kondo S. Mortality and cancer incidence in Misasa, Japan, a spa area with elevated radon levels. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 1998; 89: 789–796
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zielinski J, Kodell R, Krewski D. Interaction between two carcinogens in the two-stage clonal expansion model of carcinogenesis. Journal of Epidemiology and Biostatistics 2001; 6: 219–228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar