Advances in the biophysical and molecular bases of radiation cytogenetics

References

• Aghamohammadi S Z, Goodhead D T, Savage J RK. Production of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, and sister-chromatid exchanges by 24-keV epithermal neutrons in human G0 lymphocytes. Mutation Research 1989; 211: 225–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki M, Furusawa Y, Yamada T. LET dependency of heavy-ion induced apoptosis in V79 cells. Journal of Radiation Research 2000; 41: 163–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson R M, Marsden S J, Wright E G, Kadhim M A, Goodhead D T, Griffin C S. Complex chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a potential biomarker of exposure to high-LET α-particles. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2000; 76: 31–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aten J A, Stap J, Krawczyk P M, van Oven C H, Hoebe R A, Essers J, Kanaar R. Dynamics of DNA double-strand breaks revealed by clustering of damaged chromosome domains. Science 2004; 303: 92–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey S M, Bedford J S. Studies on chromosome aberration induction: What can they tell us about DNA repair. DNA Repair 2006; 5: 1171–1181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakkenist C J, Kastan M B. DNA damage activates ATM through intercellular autophosphorylation and dimer dissociation. Nature 2003; 421: 499–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barendsen G W, Walter H MD, Fowler J R, Bewley D K. Effects of different ionizing radiations on human cells in tissue culture. III. Experiments with cyclotron-accelerated particles and deutrons. Radiation Research 1963; 18: 106–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassing C H, Alt F W. H2AX may function as an anchor to hold broken chromosomal DNA ends in close proximity. Cell Cycle 2004; 3: 149–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauchinger M, Koester L, Schmid E, Dresp J, Streng S. Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes induced by fission neutrons. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1984; 45: 449–457
   Google Scholar
• Bauchinger M, Schmid E, Dresp J. Calculation of the dose-rate dependence of the dicentric yield after Co γ-irradiation of human lymphocytes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1979; 35: 229–233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauchinger M, Schmid E, Rimple G, Kühm H. Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes after irradiation with 15 MeV neutrons in vitro. I. Dose-response relation and RBE. Mutation Research 1975; 27: 103–109
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauchinger M, Schmid E, Streng S, Dresp J. Quantitative analysis of the chromosome damage at first division of human lymphocytes after 60Co γ-irradiation. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 1983; 22: 225–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender M A. Human radiation cytogenetics. Advances in radiation biology. Academic Press, New York 1969; 3: 215–275
   Google Scholar
• Bender M A, Griggs H G, Bedford J S. Mechanisms of chromosomal aberration production. III. Chemical and ionizing radiation. Mutation Research 1974; 23: 197–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkhaled L, Xunclà M, Caballín M R, Barrios L, Barquinero J F. Induction of complete and incomplete chromosome aberrations by bleomycin in human lymphocytes. Mutation Research 2008; 637: 134–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettega D, Dubini S, Conti A MF, Pelucchi T, Lombardi L T. Chromosome aberrations induced by protons up to 31 MeV in cultured human cells. Radiation Environmental Biophysics 1981; 19: 91–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borek C, Hall E J, Zaider M. X-rays may be twice as potent as γ rays for malignant transformation at low doses. Nature 1983; 301: 156–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley M O, Taylor V I. Repair-induced DNA double strand breaks after ultraviolet-light and aphidicolin or 1-β-D-arabinofuransylcytosine/hydroxyurea. Carcinogenesis 1983; 4: 1513–1517
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryant P E. Enzymatic restriction of in situ mammalian cell DNA using PvuII and BanH1: Evidence for the double strand break origin of chromosomal aberrations. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1984; 46: 57–65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant P E. The signal model: A possible explanation for the conversion of DNA double-strand breaks into chromatid breaks. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1998; 73: 243–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant P E. Repair and chromosomal damage. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2004; 72: 251–256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryant P E, Gray L J, Peresse N. Progress towards understanding the nature of chromatid breakage. Cytogenetics and Genome Research 2004; 104: 65–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant P E, Jones C, Armstrong G, Frankenberg-Schwager M, Frankenberg D. Induction of chromatid breaks by carbon K-shell ultrasoft X rays. Radiation Research 2003; 159: 247–250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chadwick K H, Leenhouts H P. A molecular theory of cell survival. Physics in Medicine and Biology 1973; 18: 78–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick K H, Leenhouts H P. The rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks and a model for the formation of chromosomal rearrangements. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1978; 33: 517–529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen A M, Lucas J M, Hill F S, Brenner D J, Sachs R K. Proximity effects for chromosome aberrations measured by FISH. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1996; 69: 411–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang C-H, Carpenter A E, Fuchsova B, Johnson T, de Lanerolle P, Belmont A S. Long-range directional movement of an interphase chromosome site. Current Biology 2006; 16: 25–831
   Google Scholar
• Conger A D, Johnston A H. Polyploidy and radiosensitivity. Nature 1956; 178: 271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth M N. On the nature of interactions leading to tradiation-induced chromosomal exchange. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1989; 56: 635–643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth M N. Testing the notion of the one-hit exchange. Radiation Research 1990; 121: 21–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth M N. Perspectives on the formation of radiation-induced exchange aberrations. DNA Repair 2006; 5: 1182–1191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth M N, Bailey S M, Doodwin E H. Dose responses for chromosome aberrations produced in noncycling primary human fibroblasts by alpha particles, and gamma rays delivered at sublimiting low dose rates. Radiation Research 2002; 158: 43–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornforth M N, Meyne J, Littlefield L G, Bailey S M, Mayzis R K. Telomere staining of human chromosomes and the mechanism of radiation-induced dicentric formation. Radiation Research 1989; 120: 205–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costes S V, Boissière A, Ravani S, Romano R, Parvin B, Barcellos-Hoff M H. Imaging features that discriminate between foci induced by high- and low-LET radiation in human fibroblasts. Radiation Research 2006; 165: 505–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucinotta F A, Nikjoo H, O'Neill P, Goodhead D T. Kinetics of DSB rejoining and formation of simple chromosome exchange aberrations. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2000; 76: 1463–1474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jager M, van Noort J, van Gent D C, Dekker C, Kannar R, Wyman C. Human Rad50/Mre11 is flexible complex that can tether DNA ends. Molecular Cell 2001; 8: 1129–1135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson R L, Straume T, Carrano A V, Minkler J L, Deaven L L, Littlefield L G, Awa A A. Biological effectiveness of neutrons from Hiroshima bomb replica: Results of a collaborative cytogenetic study. Radiation Research 1991; 128: 143–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresp J, Schmid E, Bauchinger M. The cytogenetic effect of bleomycin on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Mutation Research 1978; 56: 341–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPraw E J. DNA and cromosomes. Holt. Rinehart and Winston, New York 1970
   Google Scholar
• Durante M, Grossi G F, Gialanella G, Pugliese M, Nappo M, Yang T C. Effects of α-particles on survival and chromosomal aberrations in human mammary epithelial cells. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 1995; 34: 195–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards A A. Modeling radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2002; 78: 551–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards A A, Hone P A, Moquet J E, Lloyd D C. Simple chromosome exchanges are not linear with dose. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1999; 75: 1113–1117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards A A, Lloyd D C. On the prediction of dose-rate effects for dicentric production in human lymphocytes by X- and γ-rays. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1980; 37: 89–92
   Google Scholar
• Edwards A A, Lloyd D C, Prosser J S, Finnon P, Moquest J E. Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by 8.7 MeV protons and 23.5 MeV helium-3 ions. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1986; 50: 137–145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards A A, Moiseenko V V, Nikjoo H. On the mechanism of the formation of chromosomal aberrations by ionizing radiation. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 1996; 35: 25–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards A A, Purrott R J, Prosser J S, Lloyd D C. The induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by alpha-radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1980; 38: 83–91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards A A, Savage J RK. Is there a simple answer to the origin of complex chromosome exchanges. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1999; 75: 19–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ejima Y, Sasaki M S. Enhanced expression of X-ray- and UV-induced chromosome aberrations by cytosine arabinoside in ataxia telangiectasia cells. Mutation Research 1986; 159: 117–123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo S, Hoshi M, Takada J, Takatsuji T, Ejima Y, Saigusa S, Tachibana A, Sasaki M S. Development, beam characterization and chromosomal effectiveness of X-rays of RBC characteristic X-ray generator. Journal of Radiation Research 2006; 47: 103–112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans H J. Chromosome aberrations induced by ionizing radiations. International Review of Cytology, Vol. 13, G H Bourne, J F Danielli. Academic Press, New York 1962; 221–321
   Google Scholar
• Evans H J. The response of human chromosomes to ionizing radiations: In vitro studies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B 1968; 70: 132–151
   Google Scholar
• Evans H J. Effects of ionizing radiation on mammalian chromosomes. Chromosomes and cancer, J German. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1974; 191–237
   Google Scholar
• H J Evans, Court Brown, W M, McLean, A S. Human radiation cytogenetics. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1967
   Google Scholar
• Fabry L, Leonard A, Wambersie A. Induction of chromosome aberrations in G0 human lymphocytes by low doses of ionizing radiations of different quality. Radiation Research 1985; 103: 122–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figgitt M, Savage J RK. Interphase chromosome domain re-organization following irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1999; 75: 811–817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fomina J, Darroudi F, Boei J JWA, Natarajan A T. Discrimination between complete and incomplete chromosome exchanges in X-irradiated human lymphocytes using FISH with pan-centromeric and chromosome specific DNA probes in combination with telomeric PNA probe. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2000; 76: 807–813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenberg D, Brede H J, Schrewe U J, Steinmetz C, Frankenberg-Schwager M, Kasten G, Pralle E. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks by 1H and 4He ions in primary human skin fibroblasts in the LET range of 8 to 124 keV/μ. Radiation Research 1999; 151: 540–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geard C R. Chromosomal aberrations and delays in cell proliferation induced by X-rays in Tradescantia clone 02 meristems. Environmental Mutagenesis 1983; 5: 319–328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgieva M, Stoilov L. Assessment of DNA strand breaks induced by bleomycin in barley by commet assay. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 2008; 49: 381–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles N. The effect of fast neutrons on the chromosomes of Tradescantia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1940; 26: 567–575
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giorgio M D, Edwards A A, Moquest J E, Finnon P, Hone P A, Lloyd D C, Kreiner A J, Schuff J A, Taja M R, Vallerga M B, López F O, Burlón A, Debray M E, Valda A. Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by heavy charged particles in track segment mode. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 2004; 108: 47–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodhead D T. Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. III. Implication for theory of dual radiation action. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1977; 32: 43–70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhead D T. Assessment of the role of microdosimetry in radiobiology. Radiation Research 1982; 91: 45–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhead D T. Saturable repair model of radiation action in mammalian cells. Radiation Research 1985; 104: S58–67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhead D T, Munson R J, Thacker J, Cox R. Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. IV. Biophysical interpretation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1980; 37: 135–167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhead D T, Nikjoo H. Current status of ultrasoft X rays and track structure analysis as tools for testing and developing biophysical models of radiation action. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 1990; 31: 343–350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodspeed T H, Olson A R. The production of variation in nicotiana species by x-ray treatment of sex cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1928; 14: 66–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffin C S, Hill M A, Papworth D G, Townsend K MS, Savage J RK, Goodhead D T. Effectiveness of 0.28 keV carbon K ultrasoft X-rays at producing simple and complex chromosome exchanges in human fibroblasts in vitro detected using FISH. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1998; 73: 591–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin C S, Marsden S J, Stevens D L, Simpson P, Savage J RK. Frequencies of complex chromosome exchange aberrations induced by 238Pu alpha-particles and detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome-specific probes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1995; 67: 431–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber J E. DNA repair. Gatekeeper of recombination. Nature 1999; 398: 665–667
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamada N, Schettino G, Kashino G, Vaid M, Suzuki K, Kodama S, Vojnovic B, Folkard M, Watanabe M, Michael B D, Prise K M. Histone H2AX phosphorylation in normal human cells irradiated with focused ultrasoft X rays: Evidence for chromatin movement during repair. Radiation Research 2006; 166: 31–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey A N, Savage J RK. Investigating the nature of chromatid breaks produced by restriction endonucleases. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1997; 71: 21–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heddle J A, Bodycote D J. On the formation of chromosome aberrations. Mutation Research 1970; 9: 117–126
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hittelman W N, Pollard M. Induction and repair of DNA and chromosome damage by neocarzinostatin in quiescent normal human fibroblasts. Cancer Research 1982; 42: 4584–4590
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hlatky L, Sachs R K, Vazquez M, Cornforth M N. Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations: insights gained from biophysical modeling. BioEssays 2002; 24: 714–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeijmakers J H. Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature 2001; 411: 366–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg M, Gumauskas E. Chromosome-type exchange aberrations are induced by inhibiting repair of UVC-induced DNA lesions in quiescent human lymphocytes. Mutation Research 1990; 232: 261–266
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue K, Lupski J R. Molecular mechanisms for genomic disorders. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 2002; 3: 199–242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ISCN. An international system for human cytogenetic nomenclature, L G Shaffer, N Tommerup. S. Karger AG, Basel 2005
   Google Scholar
• Iwadate Y, Mizoe J, Osaka Y, Yamaura A, Tsujii H. High linear energy transfer carbon radiation effectively kill cultured glioma cells with either mutant or wild-type p53. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics 2001; 50: 803–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenner T J, DeLara C M, O'Neil P, Stevens D L. Induction and rejoining of double strand breaks in V79-4 mammalian cells following γ and α irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1993; 64: 265–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann B P. Complex chromosomal rearrangements following X-radiation of sperm of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics Society Records 1937; 6: 70–71, (cited from Sax 1938)
   Google Scholar
• Kellerer A M, Lam Y.-M P, Rossi H H. Biophysical studies with spatially correlated ions. 4. Analysis of cell survival data for diatomic deuterium. Radiation Research 1980; 83: 511–528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellerer A M, Rossi H H. The theory of dual radiation action. Current Topics in Radiation Research Quarterly 1972; 8: 85–158
   Google Scholar
• Kellerer A M, Rossi H H. A generalized formulation of dual radiation action. Radiation Research 1978; 75: 471–488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer J. Cellular and subcellular effects of very heavy ions. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1985; 48: 873–892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishi K. Effects of repair inhibition in the G1 phase of clastogen-treated human lymphocytes on the frequencies of chromosome-type and chromatid-type aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. Mutation Research 1987; 176: 105–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi J, Iwabuchi K, Miyagawa K, Sonoda E, Suzuki K, Takata M, Tauchi H. Current topics in DNA double-strand break repair. Journal of Radiation Research 2008; 49: 93–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumrey M, Ulm G, Schmid E. Dicentric chromosomes in monolayers of human lymphocytes produced by monochromatized synchrotron radiation with photon energies from 1.83 keV to 17.4 keV. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 2004; 43: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhfittig-Kulle S, Feldmann E, Odersky A, Kuliczkowska A, Goedecke W, Eggert A, Pfeiffer P. The mutagenic potential of non-homologous end joining in the absence of the NHEJ core factors Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs and XRCC4-LigIV. Mutagenesis 2007; 22: 217–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo W-L, Meyn R, Haidle C W. Neocarzinostatin-mediated DNA damage and repair in wild-type and repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Research 1984; 44: 1748–1751
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lafuma J, Chemelevsky D, Chameaud J, Morin M, Masse R, Kellerer A M. Lung carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats after exposure to low doses of radon daughters, fission neutrons, or γ-rays. Radiation Research 1989; 118: 230–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea D E. Action of radiations on living cells. University Press, Cambridge 1946
   Google Scholar
• Lea D E, Catcheside D G. The mechanism of the induction by radiation of chromosome aberrations in Tradescantia. Journal of Genetics 1942; 44: 216–245
   Google Scholar
• Li X, Heyer W.-D. Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance. Cell Research 2008; 18: 99–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisby M, Rothstein R. DNA damage checkpoint and repair centers. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2004; 16: 328–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd D C, Edwards A A, Prosser J S, Finnon P, Moquest J E. In vitro induction of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes, with and without boron 10, by radiations concerned in boron neutron capture therapy. British Journal of Radiology 1988; 61: 1136–1141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd D C, Purrott R J, Dolphin G W, Balton D, Edwards A A. The relationship between chromosome aberrations and low LET radiation dose to human lymphocytes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1975; 28: 75–90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd D C, Purrott R J, Dolphin G W, Edwards A A. Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by neutron irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1976; 29: 169–182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loucas B D, Cornforth M N. Complex chromosome exchanges induced by gamma rays in human lymphocytes: An mFISH study. Radiation Research 2001; 155: 660–671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loucas B D, Eberle R, Bailey S M, Cornforth M N. Influence of dose rate on the induction of simple and complex chromosome exchanges by gamma rays. Radiation Research 2004; 162: 339–349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsubara S, Ohara H, Hiraoka T, Koike S, Ando K, Yamaguchi H, Kuwabara Y, Hoshina M, Suzuki S. Chromosome aberration frequencies produced by a 70-MeV proton beam. Radiation Research 1990; 123: 182–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClintock B. Cytological observations of deficiencies involving known genes, translocations and inversions in Zea mays. MO Agriculture Experimental Station Research Bulletin 1931; 163: 1–30, (Cited from McClintock B, 1984, The significance of response of the genome to challenge. Science 226:792–801)
   Google Scholar
• Moore R C. Dose-yield relationship for individual types of chromosome aberrations in cells irradiated in early S. Radiation Research 1981; 85: 57–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moorhead P S, Nowell P C, Mellman W J, Battips D M, Hungerford D A. Chromosome preparations of leukocyte cultured from human peripheral blood. Experimental Cell Research 1960; 20: 613–616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosesso P, Darroudi F, van den Berg M, Vermeulen S, Palitti F, Natarajan A T. Induction of chromosome aberrations (unstable and stable) by inhibition of topoisomerase II, m-AMSA and VP16, using conventional Giemsa staining and chromosome painting techniques. Mutagenesis 1998; 13: 39–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller H J. Artificial transmutation of the gene. Science 1927; 66: 84–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muller H J. Further studies on the nature and causes of gene mutation. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Genetics 1932; I: 213–255
   Google Scholar
• Natarajan A T. Chromosome aberrations: past, present and future. Mutation Research 2002; 504: 3–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natarajan A T, Obe G. Molecular mechanisms involved in the production of chromosomal aberrations. Part III. Restriction endonucleases. Chromosoma 1984; 90: 120–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary G J. Chromosome aberrations and the theory of RBE. I. General considerations. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1965; 9: 477–502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary G J, Horgan V J, Bance D A, Stretch A. Further data on DNA strand breakage by various radiation qualities. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1972; 22: 525–535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary G J, Preston R J, Savage J RK. Chromosome aberrations and the theory of RBE. III. Evidence from experiments with soft X-rays, and a consideration of the effects of hard X-rays. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1967; 12: 317–345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary G J, Savage J RK. Chromosome aberrations and the theory of RBE. II. Evidence from track-segment experiments with protons and alpha particles. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1966; 11: 209–223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neary G J, Savage J RK, Evans H J. Chromatid aberrations in Tradescantia pollen tubes induced by monochromatic X-rays of quantum energy 3 and 1.5 keV. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1965; 8: 1–19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikjoo H, Uehara S, Wilson W E, Hoshi M, Goodhead D T. Track structure in radiation biology: theory and applications. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1998; 73: 355–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikjoo H, O'Neill P, Wilson W E, Goodhead D T. Computational approach for determining the spectrum of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. Radiation Research 2001; 156: 577–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman A, Sasaki M S. Chromosome-exchange aberrations in human lymphocytes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1966; 4: 321–328
   Google Scholar
• Olive P L, Banath. Detection of DNA double-strand breaks through the cell cycle after exposure to X-rays, bleomycin, etoposide and 125IdUrd. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1993; 64: 349–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer P, Goedecke W, Obe G. Mechanisms of DNA double-strand break repair and their potential to induce chromosomal aberrations. Mutagenesis 2000; 15: 289–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkel D, Landegent J, Collins C, Fuscoe J, Segraves R, Lucas J, Gray J. Fluorescence in situ hybridization withy human chromosome-specific libraries: Detection of trisomy 21 and translocations of chromosome 4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1988; 85: 9138–9142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto M, Prise K M, Michael B D. Quantification of radiation induced DNA double-strand breaks in human fibroblasts by PFGE: Testing the applicability of random breakage models. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2002; 78: 375–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto M, Prise K M, Michael B D. Evidence for complexity at the nanometer scale of radiation-induced DNA DSBs as a determinant of rejoining kinetics. Radiation Research 2005; 164: 73–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston R J. The effect of cytosine arabinoside on the frequency of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in normal human leukocytes. Mutation Research 1980; 69: 71–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston R J, Gooch P C. The induction of chromosome-type aberrations in G1 by methyl methane-sulfonate and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, and non-requirement of S-phase for their production. Mutation Research 1981; 83: 395–402
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prise K M, Ahnström G, Belli M, Carlsson J, Frankenberg D, Kiefer J, Löbrich M, Michael B D, Nygren J, Simone G, Stenerlöw B. A review of dsb induction data for varying quality radiations. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1998; 74: 173–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prise K M, Forkard M, Newman H C, Michael B D. Effect of radiation quality on lesion complexity in cellular DNA. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1994; 66: 537–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pron G, Belehradek J, Jr, Mir L M. Identification of a plasma membrane protein that specifically binds bleomycin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1993; 194: 333–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pron G, Mahrour N, Orlowski S, Tounekti O, Poddevin B, Belehradek J, Jr, Mir L M. Internalization of the bleomycin molecules responsible for bleomycin toxicity: A receptor-medicated endocytosis mechanism. Biochemical Pharmacology 1999; 57: 45–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosser J S, White C M, Edwards A A. The effect of oxygen concentration on the X-ray induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes. Mutation Research 1979; 61: 287–295
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purrott R J, Edwards A A, Lloyd D C, Stather J W. The induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by in vitro irradiation with α-particles from plutonium-239. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1980; 38: 277–284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purrott R J, Reder E J, Lovell S. Chromosome aberration yields induced in human lymphocytes by 15 MeV electrons given at a conventional dose-rate and in microsecond pulses. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1977; 31: 251–256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford I R. Model for initiation of ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis in lymphoid cells by complex double-strand breaks. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2002; 78: 467–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsden D A, Gellert M. Ku protein stimulates DNA end joining by mammalian DNA ligases: a direct role for Ku in repair of DNA double-strand breaks. EMBO Journal 1998; 17: 609–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revell S H. A new hypothesis for the interpretation of chromatid aberrations, and its relevance to theories for the mode of action of chemical agents. Annals of New York Academy of Science 1958; 68: 802–807
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Revell S H. The accurate estimation of chromatid breakage, and its relevance to a new interpretation of chromatid aberrations induced by ionizing radiations. Proceedings of Royal Society Series B 1959; 150: 563–589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson C, Moynahan M E, Jasin M. Double-strand break repair by interchromosomal recombination: suppression of chromosomal translocations. Genes and Development 1998; 12: 3831–3842
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rimple G R, Schmid E, Braselmann H, Bauchinger M. Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by 16.5 MeV protons. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1990; 58: 999–1007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogakou E P, Boon C, Redon C, Bonner W M. Megabase chromatin domains involved in DNA double-strand breaks in vivo. Journal of Cell Biology 1999; 146: 905–916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogakou E P, Pilch D R, Orr A H, Ivanov V S, Bonner W M. DNA double-strand breaks induce histone H2AX phosphrylation on serine 139. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998; 273: 5858–5868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos H, Schmid E. Analysis of chromosome aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes induced by 5.4 keV x-rays. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 1998; 36: 251–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupp W D, Howard-Flanders P. Discontinuity in the DNA synthesized in excision-defective strain of Escherichia coli following ultraviolet irradiation. Journal of Molecular Biology 1968; 31: 291–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs R K, Chen A M, Brenner D J. Review: Proximity effects in the production of chromosome aberrations by ionizing radiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1997; 71: 1–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs R K, Chen A M, Simpson P J, Hlatky L R, Haknfeld P, Savage J RK. Clustering of radiation-produced breaks along chromosomes: Modeling the effects on chromosome aberrations. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1999; 75: 657–672
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sasaki M S. Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes: Possible biological dosimeter in man. Biological Aspects of Radiation Protection, T Sugahara, O Hug. Igaku Shoin, Ltd, Tokyo 1971; 81–91
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S. Sister chromatid exchange and chromatid interchange as possible manifestation of different DNA repair processes. Nature 1977; 269: 623–625
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sasaki M S. Primary damage and fixation of chromosomal DNA as probed by monochromatic soft X-rays and low-energy neutrons. The early effects of radiation on DNA. NATO ASI Series, Vol. H54, E M Fielden, P O'Neil, 1991; 369–384
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S. Chromosomal biodosimetry by unfolding a mixed Poisson distribution: A generalized model. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2003; 79: 83–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S, Endo S, Ejima Y, Saito I, Okamura K, Oka Y, Hoshi M. Effective dose of A-bomb radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki as assessed by chromosomal effectiveness of spectrum energy photons and neutrons. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 2006; 45: 79–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S, Nomura T, Ejima Y, Utsumi H, Endo S, Saito I, Itoh T, Hoshi M. Experimental derivation of relative biological effectiveness of A-bomb neutrons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and implications for risk assessment. Radiation Research 2008; 170: 101–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S, Kobayashi K, Hieda K, Yamada T, Ejima Y, Maezawa H, Furusawa Y, Ito T, Okada S. Induction of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes by monochromatic X-rays of quantum energy between 4.8 and 14.6 keV. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1989; 56: 975–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S, Matsubara S. Free radical scavenging in protection of human lymphocytes against chromosome aberrations formation by gamma-ray irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1977; 32: 439–445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S, Saigusa S, Kimura I, Kobayashi T, Ikushima T, Kobayashi K, Saito I, Sasuga N, Oka Y, Ito T, Kondo S. Biological effectiveness of fission neutrons: energy dependency and its implication for the risk assessment. Proceedings of the International Conference on Radiation Effects and Protection, Ibaraki, 1992; 31–35
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S, Sonoda E, Takata M, Takeda S. Role of DNA homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity. Radiation research, Vol. 2. The Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Radiation Research, M Moriaty, C Mothesill, C Seymour, M Edington, J F Ward, R JM Fry. Allen Press, Inc, Lawrence 2000; 476–479
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki M S, Takatsuji T, Ejima Y. The F value cannot be ruled out as a chromosomal fingerprint of radiation quality. Radiation Research 1998; 150: 253–258
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sathees C R, Raman M J. Mouse testicular extracts process DNA double-strand breaks efficiently by DNA end-to-end joining. Mutation Research 1999; 433: 1–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savage J RK. Sites of radiation induced chromosome exchanges. Current Topics in Radiation Research 1970; 15: 87–140
   Google Scholar
• Savage J RK. Insight into sites. Mutation Research 1996; 366: 81–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savage J RK. A brief survey of aberration origin theories. Mutation Research 1998; 404: 139–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage J RK, Papworth D G. The effect of variable G2 duration upon the interpretation of yield-time curves of radiation-induced chromatid aberrations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1973; 38: 17–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage J RK, Simpson P J. FISH ‘painting’ patterns resulting from complex exchanges. Mutation Research 1994; 312: 514–560
   Google Scholar
• Sax K. Chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays. Genetics 1938; 23: 494–516
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sax K. The time factor in x-ray production of chromosomal aberrations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1939; 25: 225–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sax K. An analysis of x-ray induced chromosomal aberrations in Tradescantia. Genetics 1940; 25: 41–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sax K. Types and frequencies of chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 1941; 9: 93–101
   Google Scholar
• Scherthan H, Hieber L, Braselmann H, Meineke V, Zitzelsberger H. Accumulation of DSBs in γ-H2AX domains fuel chromosomal aberrations. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 2008; 371: 694–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid E, Bauchinger M, Mergenthaler W. Analysis of the time relationship for the interaction of X-ray induced primary breaks in the formation of dicentric chromosomes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1976; 30: 339–346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid E, Braselmann H, Nahrstedt U. Comparison of γ-ray induced dicentric yields in human lymphocytes measured by conventional analysis and FISH. Mutation Research 1995; 348: 125–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid E, Hieber L, Heinzmann U, Roos H, Kellerer A M. Analysis of chromosome aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes induced by in vitroα-particle irradiation. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 1996; 35: 179–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid E, Krumrey M, Ulm G, Roos H, Regulla D. The maximum low-dose RBE of 17.4 and 40 keV monochromatic X rays for the induction of dicentric chromosomes in human peripheral lymphocytes. Radiation Research 2003a; 160: 499–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid E, Regulla D, Guldbakke S, Schlegel D, Bauchinger M. The effectiveness of monoenergetic neutrons at 565 keV in producing dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes at low doses. Radiation Research 2000; 154: 307–312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid E, Regulla D, Guldbakke S, Schlegel D, Roos M. Relative biological effectiveness of 144 MeV neutrons in producing dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes compared with 60Co gamma rays under head-to-head conditions. Radiation Research 2002; 157: 453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid E, Rimple G, Bauchinger M. Dose-response relation of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes after in vitro irradiation with 3-MeV electrons. Radiation Research 1974; 57: 228–238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid E, Roos H, Rimple G, Bauchinger M. Chromosome aberration frequencies in human lymphocytes irradiated in a multi-layer array by protons with different LET. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1997; 72: 661–665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid E, Schlegel D, Guldbackke S, Kapsch R-P, Regulla D. RBE of nearly monoenergetic neutrons at energies of 36 keV–14.6 MeV for induction of dicentrics in human lymphocytes. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 2003b; 42: 87–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunck C, Obe G. Neocarzinostatin induces chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutagenesis 1995; 10: 37–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simpson P J, Savage J RK. Estimating the true frequency of x-ray-induced complex chromosome exchanges using fluorescence in situ hybridization. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1995; 67: 37–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson P J, Savage J RK. Dose-response curves for simple and complex chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays and detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1996; 69: 429–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair W K, Morton R A. X-ray sensitivity during the cell generation cycle of cultured Chinese hamster cells. Radiation Research 1966; 29: 450–474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow A H, Underbrink A G, Rossi H H. Mutations induced in Tradescantia by small doses of X-rays and neutrons: Analysis of dose-response curve. Science 1972; 176: 916–918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadler L J. Genetic effects of X-rays in maize. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1928; 14: 69–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stadler L J. The experimental modification of heredity in crop plants. 1. Induced chromosomal irregularities. Science of Agriculture 1931; 11: 557–572
   Google Scholar
• Stiff T, O'Driscoll M, Rief N, Iwabuchi K, Löbrich M, Jeggo P A. ATM and DNA-PK function redundantly to phosphorylate H2AX after exposure to ionizing radiation. Cancer Research 2004; 64: 2390–2396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahagi M, Tatsumi K. Aggregative organization enhances the DNA end-joining process that is mediated by DNA-dependent protein kinase. FEBS Journal 2006; 273: 3063–3075
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi E, Hirai M, Tobari I, Utsugi T, Nakai S. Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes from man and crab-eating monkey. The dose-response relationships at low doses. Mutation Research 1982; 94: 115–123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takahashi A, Matsumoto H, Yuki K, Yasumoto J, Kajiwara A, Aoki M, Furusawa Y, Ohnishi K, Ohnishi T. High-LET radiation enhanced apoptosis but not necrosis regardless of p53 status. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics 2004; 60: 591–597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi A, Matsumoto H, Furusawa Y, Ohnishi K, Ishioka N, Ohnishi T. Apoptosis induced by high-LET radiations is not affected by cellular p53 status. International Journal of Radiation Biology 2005; 81: 581–586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takata M, Sasaki M S, Sonoda E, Morrison C, Hashimoto M, Utsumi H, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Shinohara A, Takeda S. Homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways of DNA double-strand break repair have overlapping roles in the maintenance of chromosomal integrity in vertebrate cells. EMBO Journal 1998; 17: 5497–5508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takatsuji T, Sasaki M S. Dose-effect relationship of chromosome aberrations induced by 23 MeV alpha particles in human lymphocyte. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1984; 45: 237–243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takatsuji T, Takekoshi H, Sasaki M S. Induction of chromosome aberrations by 4.9 MeV protons in human lymphocytes. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1983; 44: 553–562
   Google Scholar
• Thoday J M. The effects of ionizing radiations on the chromosomes of Tradescantia bracteata. A comparison between neutrons and X rays. Journal of Genetics 1942; 43: 189–210
   Google Scholar
• Todorov S, Bulanova M, Mileva M, Ivanov B. Aberrations induced by fission neutrons in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mutation Research 1973; 17: 377–383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todorov S L, Grigor'ev Y G, Rizhov N I, Ivanov B A, Malyutina T S, Mileva M S. Dose-response relationship for chromosome aberrations induced by X-rays or 50 MeV protons in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mutation Research 1972; 15: 215–220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tough I S, Buckton K E, Baikie A G, Court Brown W M. X-ray induced chromosome damage in man. Lancet 1960; ii: 849–851
   Google Scholar
• Van Dyck E, Stasiak A Z, Stasiak A, West S C. Binding of double-strand breaks in DNA by human Rad52 protein. Nature 1999; 398: 728–731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gent D C, Van der Burg M. Non-homologous end-joining, a sticky affair. Oncogene 2007; 26: 7731–7740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virsik R P, Harder D. Statistical interpretation of the overdispersed distribution of radiation-induced dicentric chromosome aberrations at high LET. Radiation Research 1981; 85: 13–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virsik R P, Schäfer C H, Harder D, Goodhead D T, Cox R, Thacker J. Chromosome aberrations induced in human lymphocytes by ultrasoft AlK and CK X-rays. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1980; 38: 545–557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulpis N, Tognacci L, Scorpa G. Chromosome aberrations as a dosimetric technique for fission neutrons over the dose-range 0.2–50 rad. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1978; 33: 301–306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldman A S, Liskay R M. Differential effects of base-pair mismatch on intrachromosomal versus extrachromosomal recombination in mouse cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 1987; 84: 5340–5344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang J C. Cellular role of DNA topoisomerases: A molecular perspectives. Nature Review on Molecular and Cellular Biology 2002; 3: 430–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Perrault A R, Takeda Y, Qin W, Wang H, Iliakis G. Biochemical evidence for Ku-independent backup pathways of NHEJ. Nucleic Acids Research 2003; 31: 5377–5388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward J F. The yield of DNA double-strand breaks produced intracellularly by ionizing radiation: A review. International Journal of Radiation Biology 1990; 57: 1141–1150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weterings E, Chen D J. The endless tale of non-homologous end-joining. Cell Research 2008; 18: 114–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff S. Interpretation of induced chromosome breakage and rejoining. Radiation Research 1959, Suppl. 1: 453–462
   Google Scholar
• Wolff S, Bodycote J. The induction of chromatid deletions in accord with the breakage and reunion hypothesis. Mutation Research 1975; 29: 85–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamakawa N, Takahashi A, Mori E, Imai Y, Furusawa Y, Ohnishi K, Kirita T, Ohnishi T. High-LET radiation enhances apoptosis in mutated p53 cancer cells through caspase-9 activation. Cancer Science 2008; 99: 1455–1460
   PubMedGoogle Scholar