369
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

A review of dosimetry used in epidemiological studies considered to evaluate the linear no-threshold (LNT) dose-response model for radiation protection

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 1128-1144 | Received 24 Jan 2017, Accepted 28 May 2017, Published online: 07 Jul 2017

References

  • Armstrong BG. 1998. Effect of measurement error on epidemiological studies of environmental and occupational exposures. Occup Environ Med. 55:651–656.
  • Auxier JA, Cheka JS, Haywood FF, Jones TD, Thorngate JH. 1966. Free-field radiation-dose distributions from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. Health Phys. 12:425–429.
  • Azizova TV, Grigorieva ES, Hunter N, Pikulina MV, Moseeva MB. 2015. Risk of mortality from circulatory diseases in Mayak workers cohort following occupational radiation exposure. J Radiol Prot. 35:517.
  • Beck HL, Till JE, Grogan HA, Aanenson JW, Mohler HJ, Mohler SS, Voillequé PG. 2017. Red bone marrow and male breast doses for a cohort of atomic veterans. Radiat Res. 187:221–228.
  • Boice JD Jr. 2012. A study of one million US radiation workers and veterans. Health Phys News XL. 11:7–10.
  • Boice JD. 2015. Radiation epidemiology and recent paediatric computed tomography studies. Ann ICRP. 44:236–248.
  • Boice JD Jr, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Ellis ED, Cragle DL, Eckerman KF, Wallace PW, Chadda B, Sonderman JS, Wiggs LD, et al. 2014. Mortality among Mound workers exposed to polonium-210 and other sources of radiation, 1944–1979. Radiat Res. 181:208–228.
  • Boice JD Jr, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Ellis ED, Eckerman KF, Leggett RW, Boecker BB, Brill AB, Henderson BE. 2006. Mortality among radiation workers at Rocketdyne (Atomics International), 1948-1999. Radiat Res. 166:98–115.
  • Boice JD Jr, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Ellis ED, Eckerman KF, Leggett RW, Boecker BB, Brill AB, Henderson BE. 2011. Updated mortality analysis of radiation workers at Rocketdyne (Atomics International), 1948–2008. Radiat Res. 176:244–258.
  • Boice JD Jr, Leggett RW, Ellis ED, Wallace PW, Mumma M, Cohen SS, Brill AB, Chadda B, Boecker BB, Yoder RC, Eckerman KF. 2006. A comprehensive dose reconstruction methodology for former Rocketdyne/Atomics International radiation workers. Health Phys. 90:409–430.
  • Boice JD, Monson RR, Rosenstein M. 1981. Cancer mortality in women after repeated fluoroscopic examinations of the chest. J Natl Cancer Inst. 66:863–867.
  • Boice JD Jr, Preston D, Davis FG, Monson RR. 1991. Frequent chest X-ray fluoroscopy and breast cancer incidence among tuberculosis patients in Massachusetts. Radiat Res. 125:214–222.
  • Boice JD Jr, Rosenstein M, Trout ED. 1978. Estimation of breast doses and breast cancer risk associated with repeated fluoroscopic chest examinations of women with tuberculosis. Radiat Res. 73:373–390.
  • Bouville A, Kryuchkov V. 2014. Increased occupational radiation doses: nuclear fuel cycle. Health Phys. 106:259–271.
  • Cardarelli J, Elliott L, Hornung R, Chang WP. 1997. Proposed model for estimating dose to inhabitants of 60Co contaminated buildings. Health Phys. 72:351–360.
  • Cardis E, Gilbert ES, Carpenter L, Howe G, Kato I, Armstrong BK, Beral V, Cowper G, Douglas A, Fix J, et al. 1995. Effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation: cancer mortality among nuclear industry workers in three countries. Radiat Res. 142:117–132.
  • Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, et al. 2005. Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries. BMJ. 331:77.
  • Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Murihead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, et al. 2007. The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiat Res. 167:396–416.
  • Carpenter L, Higgins C, Douglas A, Fraser P, Beral B, Smith P. 1994. Combined analysis of mortality in the three United Kingdom nuclear industry workforces, 1946–1988. Radiat Res. 138:224–238.
  • Chang TC, Chen WL, Chang WP, Chen CJ. 2001. Effect of prolonged radiation exposure on the thyroid gland of residents living in 60Co-contaminated rebar buildings. J Radiat Biol. 77:1117–1122.
  • Chang WP, Hwang JS, Hung MC, Hu TH, Lee SD, Hwang BF. 1999. Chronic low-dose gamma-radiation exposure and the alteration of the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in residents of radioactive buildings. Int J Radiat Biol. 75:1231–1239.
  • Chen WL. 2002. Radiation surveys and dose equivalent assessments for 60Co-contaminated rebar buildings. Appl Radiat Isot. 56:901–906.
  • Chen WL, Hwang JS, Hu TH, Chen MS, Chang WP. 2001. Lenticular opacities in populations exposed to chronic low-dose-rate gamma radiation from radiocontaminated buildings in Taiwan. Radiat Res. 156:71–77.
  • Chen WL, Liao CC, Wang MT, Chen FD. 1998. Preliminary study of dose equivalent evaluation for residents in radioactivity contaminated rebar buildings. Appl Radiat Isot. 49:1641–1647.
  • Chodick G, Bekiroglu N, Hauptmann M, Alexander BH, Freedman DM, Doody MM, Cheung LC, Simon SL, Weinstock RM, Bouville A, et al. 2008. Risk of cataract after exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation: a 20-year prospective cohort study among US radiologic technologists. Am J Epidemiol. 168:620–631.
  • Chumak V, Drozdovitch V, Kryuchkov V, Bakhanova E, Babkina N, Bazyka D, Gudzenko N, Hatch M, Trotsuk N, Zablotska L, et al. 2015. Dosimetry support of the Ukrainian-American case-control study of leukemia and related disorders among Chornobyl cleanup workers. Health Phys. 109:296–301.
  • Chumak VV, Romanenko AY, Voillequé PG, Bakhanova EV, Gudzenko N, Hatch M, Zablotska LB, Golovanov IA, Luckyanov NK, Sholom SV, et al. 2008. The Ukrainian-American study of leukemia and related disorders among Chornobyl cleanup workers from Ukraine: II. Estimation of bone marrow doses. Radiat Res. 170:698–710.
  • Cullings HM, Fujita S, Funamoto S, Grant EJ, Kerr GD, Preston DL. 2006. Dose estimation for atomic bomb survivor studies: its evolution and present status. Radiat Res. 166:219–254.
  • Cullings HM, Grant EJ, Egbert SD, Watanabe T, Oda T, Nakamura F, Yamashita T, Fuchi H, Funamoto S, Marumo K, et al. 2017. DS02R1: Improvements to atomic bomb Survivors’ Input Data and Implementation of Dosimetry System 2002 (DS02) and resulting changes in estimated doses. Health Phys. 112:56–97.
  • Cullings H, Pierce D, Kellerer A. 2014. Accounting for neutron exposure in the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 182:587–598.
  • Davis FG, Boice JD, Hrubec Z, Monson RR. 1989. Cancer mortality in a radiation-exposed cohort of Massachusetts tuberculosis patients. Cancer Res. 49:6130–6136.
  • Davis FG, Krestinina LY, Preston D, Epifanova S, Degteva M, Akleyev AV. 2015. Solid cancer incidence in the Techa River incidence cohort: 1956–2007. Radiat Res. 184:56–65.
  • Degteva MO, Kozheurov VP, Tolstykh EI, Vorobiova MI, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA, Kovtun AN. 2000. The Techa River dosimetry system: methods for the reconstruction of internal dose. Health Phys. 79:24–35.
  • Degteva MO, Shagina NB, Tolstykh EI, Vorobiova MI, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA. 2009. Individual dose calculations with use of the Revised Techa River Dosimetry System TRDS-2009D. PNNL-18915. US DOE. NTIS.
  • Degteva MO, Vorobiova MI, Tolstykh EI, Shagina NB, Shishkina EA, Anspaugh LR, Napier BA, Bougrov NG, Shved VA, Tokareva EE. 2006. Development of an improved dose reconstruction system for the Techa River population affected by the operation of the Mayak Production Association. Radiat Res. 166:255–270.
  • Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Golovanov I, Khrutchinsky A, Kukhta T, Kutsen S, Luckyanov N, Ostroumova E, Trofimik S, Voillequé P, et al. 2015. Thyroid dose estimates for a cohort of Belarusian children exposed to 131I from the Chernobyl accident: assessment of uncertainties. Radiat Res. 184:203–218.
  • Drozdovitch V, Minenko V, Khrouch V, Leshcheva S, Gavrilin Y, Khrutchinsky A, Kukhta T, Kutsen S, Luckyanov N, Shinkarev S, et al. 2013. Thyroid dose estimates for a cohort of Belarusian children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Radiat Res. 179:597–609.
  • Fix JJ, Salmon L, Cowper G, Cardis E. 1997. A retrospective evaluation of the dosimetry employed in an international combined epidemiological study. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 74:39–53.
  • Fountos BN. 2016. Highlights of the Russian Health Studies program and updated research findings. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 173:4–9.
  • Gilbert ES. 1990. A study of detailed dosimetry records for a selected group of workers included in the Hanford Mortality Study. Richland (WA): PNL-7439.
  • Gilbert ES. 1998. Accounting for errors in dose estimates used in studies of workers exposed to external radiation. Health Phys. 74:22–29.
  • Gilbert ES, Fix JJ. 1995. Accounting for bias in dose estimates in analyses of data from nuclear worker mortality studies. Health Phys. 68:650–660.
  • Gilbert ES, Fix JJ, Baumgartner WV. 1996. An approach to evaluating bias and uncertainty in estimates of external dose obtained from personal dosimeters. Health Phys. 70:336–345.
  • Gilbert ES, Omohundro E, Buchanan JA, Holter N. 1993. Mortality of workers at the Hanford site: 1945–1986. Health Phys. 64:577–590.
  • Gribbin MA, Weeks JL, Howe GR. 1993. Cancer mortality (1956–1985) among male employees of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited with respect to occupational exposure to external low-linear-energy-transfer ionizing radiation. Radiat Res. 133:375–380.
  • Hayata C, Wang C, Zhang W, CD, Minamihisamatsu M, Morishima H, Wei L, Sugahara T. 2004. Effect of high level natural radiation on chromosomes of residents in southern China. Cytogenet Genome Res. 104:237–239.
  • Huang WY, Muo CH, Lin CY, Jen YM, Yang MH, Lin JC, Sung FC, Kao CH. 2014. Paediatric head CT scan and subsequent risk of malignancy and benign brain tumour: a nation-wide population-based cohort study. Br J Cancer. 110:2354–2360.
  • Hwang JS, Chan CC, Wang JD, Chang WP. 1998. Radiation exposure modeling for apartment living spaces with multiple radioactive sources. Health Phys. 74:379–386.
  • Hwang S, Guo HR, Hsieh W, Hwang JS, Lee SD, Tang JL, Chang TC, Wang JD, Chang WP. 2007. Cancer risk analysis of low-dose radiation exposure. Int Congr Ser. 1299:87–97.
  • Hwang SL, Guo HR, Hsieh WA, Hwang JS, Lee SD, Tang JL, Chen CC, Chang TC, Wang JD, Chang WP. 2006. Cancer risks in a population with prolonged low dose-rate γ-radiation exposure in radiocontaminated buildings, 1983–2002. Int J Radiat Biol. 82:849–858.
  • Hwang SL, Hwang JS, Yang YT, Hsieh WA, Chang TC, Guo HR, Tsai MH, Tang JL, Lin IF, Chang WP. 2008. Estimates of relative risks for cancers in a population after prolonged low-dose-rate radiation exposure: a follow-up assessment from 1983 to 2005. Radiat Res. 170:143–148.
  • Inskip H, Beral V, Fraser P, Booth M, Coleman D, Brown A. 1987. Further assessment of the effects of occupational radiation exposure in the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority mortality study. Br J Ind Med. 44:149–160.
  • International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 1991. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann. ICRP 21 (1–3).
  • International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 1994. Dose coefficients for intakes of radionuclides by workers. ICRP Publication 68. Ann. ICRP 24 (4).
  • Journy N, Rehel JL, Le Pointe HD, Lee C, Brisse H, Chateil JF, Caer-Lorho S, Laurier D, Bernier MO. 2015. Are the studies on cancer risk from CT scans biased by indication? Elements of answer from a large-scale cohort study in France. Br J Cancer. 112:185–193.
  • Kashcheev VV, Chekin SY, Maksioutov MA, Tumanov KA, Kochergina EV, Kashcheeva PV, Shchukina NV, Ivanov VK. 2015. Incidence and mortality of solid cancer among emergency workers of the Chernobyl accident: assessment of radiation risks for the follow-up period of 1992–2009. Radiat Environ Biophys. 54:13–23.
  • Kendall GM, Muirhead CR, MacGibbon BH, O’Hagan JA, Conquest AJ, Goodill AA, Butland BK, Fell TP, Jackson DA, Webb MA. 1992. Mortality and occupational exposure to radiation: first analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers. BMJ. 304:220–225.
  • Khokhryakov VV, Khokhryakov VF, Suslova KG, Vostrotin VV, Vvedensky VE, Sokolova AB, Krahenbuhl MP, Birchall A, Miller SC, Schadilov AE, et al. 2013. Mayak Worker Dosimetry System 2008 (MWDS-2008): assessment of internal dose from measurement results of plutonium activity in urine. Health Phys. 104:366–378.
  • Kim KP, de GAB, Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Parker L, McHugh K, Craft AW, Lee C. 2012. Development of a database of organ doses for paediatric and young adult CT scans in the United Kingdom. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 150:415–426.
  • Kneale GW, Sorahan T, Stewart AM. 1991. Evidence of biased recording of radiation doses of Hanford workers. Am J Ind Med. 20:799–803.
  • Koshurnikova N, Gilbert E, Shilnikova N, Sokolnikov M, Preston D, Kreisheimer M, Ron E, Okatenko P, Romanov S. 2002. Studies on the Mayak nuclear workers: health effects. Radiat Environ Biophys. 41:29–31.
  • Krestinina LY, Davis FG, Schonfeld S, Preston DL, Degteva M, Epifanova S, Akleyev AV. 2013. Leukaemia incidence in the Techa River Cohort: 1953–2007. Br J Cancer 109:2886–2893.
  • Krestinina LY, Epifanova S, Silkin S, Mikryukova L, Degteva M, Shagina N, Akleyev A. 2013. Chronic low-dose exposure in the Techa River Cohort: risk of mortality from circulatory diseases. Radiat Environ Biophys 52:47–57.
  • Krille L, Dreger S, Schindel R, Albrecht T, Asmussen M, Barkhausen J, Berthold JD, Chavan A, Claussen C, Forsting M, et al. 2015. Risk of cancer incidence before the age of 15 years after exposure to ionising radiation from computed tomography: results from a German cohort study. Radiat Environ Biophys. 54:1–12.
  • Kryuchkov V, Chumak V, Maceika E, Anspaugh LR, Cardis E, Bakhanova E, Golovanov I, Drozdovitch V, Luckyanov N, Kesminiene A, et al. 2009. RADRUE method for reconstruction of external photon doses for Chernobyl liquidators in epidemiological studies. Health Phys. 97:275.
  • Land CE, Kwon D, Hoffman FO, Moroz B, Drozdovitch V, Bouville A, Beck H, Luckyanov N, Weinstock RM, Simon SL. 2015. Accounting for shared and unshared dosimetric uncertainties in the dose response for ultrasound-detected thyroid nodules after exposure to radioactive fallout. Radiat Res. 183:159–173.
  • Lee JS, Dong SL, Chang WP, Chan CC. 1997. Evaluation of external dose equivalent with thermoluminescent dosimeters from residents living in radiation-contaminated buildings. Appl Radiat Isot. 48:1237–1243.
  • Lee JS, Dong SL, Wu TH. 1999. Estimation of organ dose equivalents from residents of radiation-contaminated buildings with Rando phantom measurements. Appl Radiat Isot. 50:867–873.
  • Likhtarev I, Bouville A, Kovgan L, Luckyanov N, Voillequé P, Chepurny M. 2006. Questionnaire-and measurement-based individual thyroid doses in Ukraine resulting from the Chornobyl nuclear reactor accident. Radiat Res. 166:271–286.
  • Likhtarev I, Minenko V, Khrouch V, Bouville A. 2003. Uncertainties in thyroid dose reconstruction after Chernobyl. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 105:601–608.
  • Likhtarov I, Kovgan L, Masiuk S, Talerko M, Chepurny M, Ivanova O, Gerasymenko V, Boyko Z, Voillequé P, Drozdovitch V, et al. 2014. Thyroid cancer study among Ukrainian children exposed to radiation after the Chornobyl accident: improved estimates of the thyroid doses to the cohort members. Health Phys. 106:370–396.
  • Lin CM, Chang WP, Doyle P, Wang JD, Lee LT, Lee CL, Chen PC. 2010. Prolonged time to pregnancy in residents exposed to ionising radiation in cobalt-60-contaminated buildings. Occup Env Med. 67:187–195.
  • Little MP, Kukush AG, Masiuk SV, Shklyar S, Carroll RJ, Lubin JH, Kwon D, Brenner AV, Tronko MD, Mabuchi K, et al. 2014. Impact of uncertainties in exposure assessment on estimates of thyroid cancer risk among Ukrainian children and adolescents exposed from the Chernobyl accident. PloS One. 9:e85723.
  • Little MP, Zablotska LB, Brenner AV, Lipshultz SE. 2016. Circulatory disease mortality in the Massachusetts tuberculosis fluoroscopy cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol. 31:287–309.
  • Maienschein FC, Peelle RW. 1992. Radiation dosage estimation and health risk. JAMA. 267:929–930.
  • Mathews JD, Forsythe AV, Brady Z, Butler MW, Goergen SK, Byrnes GB, Giles GG, Wallace AB, Anderson PR, Guiver TA, et al. 2013. Cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. BMJ. 346:f2360.
  • McGeoghegan D, Binks K, Gillies M, Jones S, Whaley S. 2008. The non-cancer mortality experience of male workers at British Nuclear fuels plc, 1946–2005. J Epidemiology. 208:506–518.
  • Miller AB, Howe GR, Sherman GJ, Lindsay JP, Yaffe MJ, Dinner PJ, Risch HA, Preston DL. 1989. Mortality from breast cancer after irradiation during fluoroscopic examinations in patients being treated for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 321:1285–1289.
  • Muirhead CR, Goodill AA, Haylock RGE, Vokes J, Little MP, Jackson DA, O’Hagan JA, Thomas JM, Kendall GM, Silk TJ, et al. 1999. Occupational radiation exposure and mortality: second analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers. J Radiol Prot. 19:3–26.
  • Muirhead R, O’Hagan JA, Haylock RGE, Phillipson MA, Willcock T, Berridge GLC, Zhang W. 2009. Mortality and cancer incidence following occupational radiation exposure: third analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers. Br J Cancer. 100:206–212.
  • Nair R, Rajan R, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair K, Gangadharan P, Koga T, Morishima H, Nakamura S, Sugahara T. 2009. Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India – Karunagappally cohort study. Health Phys. 96:55–66.
  • Napier BA. 2014. Joint U.S./Russian studies of population exposures resulting from nuclear production activities in the southern Urals. Health Phys. 106:294–304.
  • Napier BA. 2017. Mayak Worker Dosimetry System (MWDS-2013): an introduction to the documentation. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. doi:10.1093/rpd/ncx020
  • Napier BA, Shagina NB, Degteva MO, Tolstykh EI, Vorobiova MI, Anspaugh LR. 2001. Preliminary uncertainty analysis for the doses estimated using the Techa River Dosimetry System-2000. Health Phys. 81:395–405.
  • Napier BA, Degteva M, Anspaugh L. 2009. Assessment of uncertainty in the radiation doses for the Techa River dosimetry system. Chelyabinsk and Salt Lake City: Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine and University of Utah; Status report for Milestone 23. Chelyabinsk and Salt Lake City.
  • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 2009a. Uncertainties in the measurement and dosimetry of external radiation. Bethesda, MD: NCRP Report No. 158.
  • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 2009b. Radiation dose reconstruction: principles and practice. Bethesda, MD: NCRP Report No. 163.
  • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 2009c. Uncertainties in internal radiation dose assessment. Bethesda, MD: NCRP Report No. 164.
  • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 2012. Uncertainties in the estimation of radiation risks and probability of disease causation. Bethesda, MD: NCRP Report 171.
  • National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). 2017. Deriving organ doses and their uncertainty for epidemiologic studies (Guidance for the million U.S. persons study of low-dose radiation health effects). Bethesda, MD: NCRP.
  • National Research Council (NRC). 1989. Film badge dosimetry in atmospheric nuclear tests. National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Ostroumova E, Rozhko A, Hatch M, Furukawa K, Polyanskaya O, McConnell RJ, Nadyrov E, Petrenko S, Romanov G, Yauseyenka V, et al. 2013. Measures of thyroid function among Belarusian children and adolescents exposed to iodine-131 from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant. Environ Health Perspect. 121:865–871.
  • Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, McHugh K, Lee C, Kim KP, Howe NL, Ronckers CM, Rajaraman P, Craft AW, et al. 2012. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 380:499–505.
  • Pierce D, Vaeth M, Cologne J. 2008. Allowance for random dose estimation errors in atomic bomb survivor studies: a revision. Radiat Res. 170:118–126.
  • Pitkevitch VA, Ivanov VK, Tsyb AF, Maksyoutov MA, Matiash VT, Shchukina NV. 1997. Exposure levels for persons involved in recovery operations after the Chernobyl accident. Radiat Environ Biophys. 36:149–160.
  • Preston DL, Kitahara CM, Freedman DM, Sigurdman AJ, Simon SL, Little MP, Cahoon EK, Rajraman P, Miller JS, Alexander BH, et al. 2016. Breast cancer risk and protracted low-to-moderate dose occupational exposure in the US Radiologic Technologists Cohort, 1983–2008. Br J Cancer. 115:1105–1112.
  • Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, Funamoto S, Nishi N, Soda M, Mabuchi K, Kodama K. 2007. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958–1998. Radiat Res. 168:1–64.
  • Ramachandran E, Karuppasamy C, Cheriyan V, Soren D, Das B, Anikumar V, Koys P, Seshardri M. 2013. Cytogenetic studies on newborns from high and normal level natural radiation areas of Kerala in southwest coast of India. Int J Radiat Biol. 89:259–267.
  • Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, Gillies M, O’Hagan. JA, Hamra GB, Haylock R, Laurier D, Leuraud K, Moissonnier M, Schubauer-Berigan MK. 2015. Risk of cancer from occupational exposure to ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study of workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS). BMJ. 351:h5359.
  • Roesch WC, Ed. 1987. US-Japan joint reassessment of atomic bomb radiation dosimetry in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Minami-ku, Japan: Radiation Effects Research Foundation.
  • Ruhm W, Walsh L. 2007. Current risk estimates based on the A-bomb survivors’ data: a discussion in terms of the ICRP recommendations on the neutron weighting factor. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 126:423–431.
  • Sasaki MS, Nomura T, Ejima Y, Utsumi H, Endo S, Saito I, Itoh T, Hoshi M. 2008. Experimental derivation of relative biological effectiveness of A-bomb neutrons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and implications for risk assessment. Radiat Res. 170:101–117.
  • Schubauer-Berigan MK, Daniels RD, Bertke SJ, Tseng CY, Richardson DB. 2015. Cancer mortality through 2005 among a pooled cohort of US nuclear workers exposed to external ionizing radiation. Radiat Res. 183:620–631.
  • Sherman GJ, Howe GR, Miller AB, Rosenstein M. 1978. Organ dose per unit exposure resulting from fluoroscopy for artificial pneumothorax. Health Phys. 35:259–269.
  • Shimizu Y, Kodama K, Nishi N, Kasagi F, Suyama A, Soda M, Grant EJ, Sugiyama H, Sakata R, Moriwaki H, et al. 2010. Radiation exposure and circulatory disease risk: Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor data, 1950–2003. BMJ. 340:b5349.
  • Simon SL, Weinstock RM, Doody MM, Neton J, Wenzl T, Stewart P, Mohan AK, Yoder RC, Hauptmann M, Freedman DM, et al. 2006. Estimating historical radiation doses to a cohort of US radiologic technologists. Radiat Res. 166:174–192.
  • Simon SL, Preston DL, Linet MS, Miller JS, Sigurdson AJ, Alexander BH, Kwon D, Yoder RC, Bhatti P, Little MP, et al. 2014. Radiation organ doses received in a nationwide cohort of US radiologic technologists: methods and findings. Radiat Res. 182:507–528.
  • Smith JW, Inskip H. 1985. Estimation of below measurement threshold doses following the remeasurement of a sample of old films. J Soc Radiol Prot. 5:159.
  • Stram DO, Preston DL, Sokolnikov M, Napier B, Kopecky KJ, Boice J, Beck H, Till J, Bouville A. 2015. Shared dosimetry error in epidemiological dose-response analyses. PloS One. 10:e0119418.
  • Strom DJ. 1986. Estimating individual and collective doses to groups with ‘less than detectable’ doses: a method for use in epidemiologic studies. Health Phys. 51:437–445.
  • Sun Q, Akiba S, Tao Z, Yuan Y, Zou J, Morishima H, Kato H, Zha Y, Sugahara T, Wei L. 2000. Excess relative risk of solid cancer mortality after prolonged exposure to naturally occurring high background radiation in Yangjiang, China. JRR. 41:43–52.
  • Tankersley WG, West CM, Watson JE, Reagan JL. 1996. Retrospective assessment of radiation exposures at or below the minimum detectable level at a federal nuclear reactor facility. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 11:330–333.
  • Tao Z, Zha Y, Akiba S, Sun Q, Zou J, Li J, Liu Y, Kato H, Sugahara T, Wei L. 2000. Cancer mortality study in high background radiation areas of Yangjiang, China, during the period between 1979 and 1995. JRR. 41:31–41.
  • Thierry-Chef I, Cardis E, Ciampi A, Delacroix D, Marshall M, Amoros E, Bermann F. 2001. A method to assess predominant energies of exposure in a nuclear research centre-Saclay (France). Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 94:215–225.
  • Thierry-Chef I, Dabin J, Friberg EG, Hermen J, Istad TS, Jahnen A, Krille L, Lee C, Maccia C, Nordenskjöld A, et al. 2013. Assessing organ doses from paediatric CT scans: a novel approach for an epidemiology study (the EPI-CT study). IJERPH. 10:717–728.
  • Thierry-Chef I, Marshall M, Fix JJ, Bermann F, Gilbert ES, Hacker C, Heinmiller B, Murray W, Pearce MS, Utterback D, et al. 2007. The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: study of errors in dosimetry. Radiat Res. 167:380–395.
  • Thierry-Chef I, Richardson DB, Daniels RD, Gillies M, Hamra GB, Haylock R, Kesminiene A, Laurier D, Leuraud K, Moissonnier M, et al. 2015. Dose estimation for a study of nuclear workers in France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America: methods for the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS). Radiat Res. 183:632–642.
  • Till JE, Beck HL, Aanenson JW, Grogan HA, Mohler HJ, Mohler SS, Voillequé PG. 2014. Military participants at US atmospheric nuclear weapons testing-methodology for estimating dose and uncertainty. Radiat Res. 181:471–484.
  • United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). 2015. Annex B. Uncertainties in risk estimates for radiation-induced cancer. UNSCEAR 2012 Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. New York: United Nations.
  • Vasilenko EK, Khokhryakov VF, Miller SC, Fix JJ, Eckerman K, Choe DO, Gorelov M, Khokhryakov VV, Knyasev V, Krahenbuhl MP, et al. 2007. Mayak worker dosimetry study: an overview. Health Phys. 93:190–206.
  • Vasilenko EK, Scherpelz RI, Gorelov MV, Strom DJ, Smetanin MY. 2010. External dosimetry reconstruction for Mayak workers. In AAHP Special Session Health Physics Society Annual Meeting.
  • Vrijheid M, Cardis E, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, et al. 2007. The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: design, epidemiological methods and descriptive results. Radiat Res. 167:361–379.
  • Walsh L, Shore R, Auvinen A, Jung T, Wakeford R. 2013. Re: cancer risk in 680,000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians. Br Med J 346:f2360.
  • Walsh L, Shore R, Auvinen A, Jung T, Wakeford R. 2014. Risks from CT scans – what do recent studies tell us? J Radiol Prot. 34:E1.
  • Watkins JP, Cragle DL, Frome EL, Reagan JL, West CM, Crawford-Brown D, Tankersley WG. 1997. Collection, validation, and treatment of data for a mortality study of nuclear industry workers. Appl Occup Environ Hyg. 12:195–205.
  • Yamamoto O, Antoku S, Russell WJ, Fujita S, Sawada S. 1987. Medical X-ray exposure doses as possible contaminants of atomic bomb doses (No. RERF-TR–16–86). Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima.
  • Young RW, Kerr GD, (eds). 2005. Reassessment of the atomic bomb radiation dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki: DS02. RERF, Hiroshima.
  • Yuan Y-L, Shen H, Sun Q-F, Wei L-X. 1999. Estimation of individual doses from external exposures and dose-group classification of cohort members in high background radiation areas in Yangjiang, China. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. 19:99–103.
  • Zablotska LB, Bazyka D, Lubin JH, Gudzenko N, Little MP, Hatch M, Finch S, Dyagil I, Reiss RF, Chumak VV, et al. 2013. Radiation and the risk of chronic lymphocytic and other leukemias among Chornobyl cleanup workers. Environ Health Perspect. 121:59–65.
  • Zablotska LB, Little MP, Cornett RJ. 2014. Potential increased risk of ischemic heart disease mortality with significant dose fractionation in the Canadian Fluoroscopy Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 179:120–131.
  • Zablotska LB, Nadyrov EA, Rozhko AV, Gong Z, Polyanskaya ON, McConnell RJ, O’Kane. P, Brenner AV, Little MP, Ostroumova E, Bouville A, et al. 2015. Analysis of thyroid malignant pathologic findings identified during 3 rounds of screening (1997–2008) of a cohort of children and adolescents from Belarus exposed to radioiodines after the Chernobyl accident. Cancer. 121:457–466.
  • Zablotska LB, Ron E, Rozhko AV, Hatch M, Polyanskaya ON, Brenner AV, Lubin J, Romanov GN, McConnell RJ, O’Kane P, et al. 2011. Thyroid cancer risk in Belarus among children and adolescents exposed to radioiodine after the Chornobyl accident. Br J Cancer. 104:181–187.
  • Zondervan RL, Hahn PF, Sadow CA, Liu B, Lee SI. 2013. Body CT scanning in young adults: examination indications, patient outcomes, and risk of radiation-induced cancer. Radiology. 267:460–469.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.