337
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Is hepatocellular carcinoma complicated with portal vein tumor thrombosis potentially curable by radiotherapy in the form of stereotactic body radiation therapy?

, , , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1495-1509 | Received 06 Dec 2021, Accepted 03 Mar 2022, Published online: 04 Apr 2022

References

  • Alsabbagh MEY, Romero-Marrero C. 2014. SBRT for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion from palliation to a cure. Am J Gastroenterol. 109(S2):S380.
  • Andolino DL, Johnson CS, Maluccio M, Kwo P, Tector AJ, Zook J, Johnstone PA, Cardenes HR. 2011. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 81(4):e447–e453.
  • Benson AB, D'Angelica MI, Abbott DE, Abrams TA, Alberts SR, Saenz DA, Are C, Brown DB, Chang DT, Covey AM, et al. 2017. NCCN guidelines insights: hepatobiliary cancers, version 1.2017. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 15(5):563–573.
  • Bettinger D, Pinato DJ, Schultheiss M, Sharma R, Rimassa L, Pressiani T, Burlone ME, Pirisi M, Kudo M, Park JW, et al. 2019. Stereotactic body radiation therapy as an alternative treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma compared to sorafenib: a propensity score analysis. Liver Cancer. 8(4):281–294.
  • Blankenstein T, Coulie PG, Gilboa E, Jaffee EM. 2012. The determinants of tumour immunogenicity. Nat Rev Cancer. 12(4):307–313.
  • Blomgren H, Lax I, Näslund I, Svanström R. 1995. Stereotactic high dose fraction radiation therapy of extracranial tumors using an accelerator. Clinical experience of the first thirty-one patients. Acta Oncol. 34(6):861–870.
  • Brinkman KL, Teh BS, Xu B. 2012. A review of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) from the molecular radiobiology perspective. J Radiat Oncol. 1(4):311–316.
  • Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. 2016. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 150(4):835–853.
  • Bujold A, Massey CA, Kim JJ, Brierley J, Cho C, Wong RK, Dinniwell RE, Kassam Z, Ringash J, Cummings B, et al. 2013. Sequential phase I and II trials of stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 31(13):1631–1639.
  • Cárdenes HR, Price TR, Perkins SM, Maluccio M, Kwo P, Breen TE, Henderson MA, Schefter TE, Tudor K, Deluca J, et al. 2010. Phase I feasibility trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 12(3):218–225.
  • Cardenes HR, Lasley FD, Kwo P, Perkins SM, Maluccio MA. 2012. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with Child-Pugh class B. JCO. 30(15_suppl):e14683.
  • Catalano OA, Choy G, Zhu A, Hahn PF, Sahani DV. 2010. Differentiation of malignant thrombus from bland thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology. 254(1):154–162.
  • Cerrito L, Annicchiarico BE, Iezzi R, Gasbarrini A, Pompili M, Ponziani FR. 2019. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with portal vein tumor thrombosis: beyond the known frontiers. World J Gastroenterol. 25(31):4360–4382.
  • Chan SL, Chong CCN, Chan AWH, Poon DMC, Chok KSH. 2016. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: review and update at 2016. World J Gastroenterol. 22(32):7289–7300.
  • Chen CJ, Liang KY, Chang AS, Chang YC, Lu SN, Liaw YF, Chang WY, Sheen MC, Lin TM. 1991. Effects of hepatitis B virus, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and familial tendency on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 13(3):398–406.
  • Chen MY, Wang YC, Wu TH, Lee CF, Wu TJ, Chou HS, Tsang NM, Chan KM, Lee WC. 2016. Efficacy of external beam radiation-based treatment plus locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Biomed Res Int. 2016:1–9..
  • Cheng JCH, Wu JK, Huang CM, Liu HS, Huang DY, Cheng SH, Tsai SY, Jian JJM, Lin YM, Cheng TI, et al. 2002. Radiation-induced liver disease after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: dosimetric analysis and implication. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 54(1):156–162.
  • Chevret S, Trinchet JC, Mathieu D, Rached AA, Beaugrand M, Chastang C. 1999. A new prognostic classification for predicting survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Groupe d’Etude et de Traitement du Carcinome Hépatocellulaire. J Hepatol. 31(1):133–141.
  • Choi BO, Choi IB, Jang HS, Kang YN, Jang JS, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Chai GY, Kang KM. 2008. Stereotactic body radiation therapy with or without transarterial chemoembolization for patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary analysis. BMC Cancer. 8:351..
  • Choi HS, Kang KM, Jeong BK, Jeong H, Lee YH, Ha IB, Song JH. 2021. Effectiveness of stereotactic body radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and underlying chronic liver disease. Asia‐Pac J Clin Oncol. 17(3):209–215.
  • Choo SP, Tan WL, Goh BKP, Tai WM, Zhu AX. 2016. Comparison of hepatocellular carcinoma in Eastern versus Western populations. Cancer. 122(22):3430–3446.
  • Chopra S, George K, Engineer R, Rajamanickam K, Nojin S, Joshi K, Swamidas J, Shetty N, Patkar S, Patil P, et al. 2019. Stereotactic body radio therapy for inoperable large hepatocellular cancers: Results from a clinical audit. BJR. 92(1101):20181053..
  • Clark T, Maximin S, Meier J, Pokharel S, Bhargava P. 2015. Hepatocellular carcinoma: review of epidemiology, screening, imaging diagnosis, response assessment, and treatment. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 44(6):479–486.
  • Clement JJ, Tanaka N, Song CW. 1978. Tumor reoxygenation and postirradiation vascular changes. Radiology. 127(3):799–803.
  • Culleton S, Jiang H, Haddad CR, Kim J, Brierley J, Brade A, Ringash J, Dawson LA. 2014. Outcomes following definitive stereotactic body radiotherapy for patients with Child-Pugh B or C hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 111(3):412–417.
  • Durand-Labrunie J, Baumann AS, Ayav A, Laurent V, Boleslawski E, Cattan S, Bogart E, Le Deley MC, Steen V, Lacornerie T, et al. 2020. Curative irradiation treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter phase 2 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 107(1):116–125.
  • Dawson LA, Ten Haken RK. 2005. Partial volume tolerance of the liver to radiation. Semin Radiat Oncol. 15(4):279–283.
  • [EASL-EORTC] European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. 2012. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 56(4):908–943.
  • [EASL] European Association for the Study of the Liver. 2018. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 69(1):182–236.
  • Feng M, Suresh K, Schipper MJ, Bazzi L, Ben-Josef E, Matuszak MM, Parikh ND, Welling TH, Normolle D, Ten Haken RK, et al. 2018. Individualized adaptive stereotactic body radiotherapy for liver tumors in patients at high risk for liver damage: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 4(1):40–47.
  • Finkelstein SE, Timmerman R, McBride WH, Schaue D, Hoffe SE, Mantz CA, Wilson GD. 2011. The confluence of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy and tumor immunology. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011:439752..
  • Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J. 2012. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 379(9822):1245–1255.
  • Gajewski TF, Woo SR, Zha Y, Spaapen R, Zheng Y, Corrales L, Spranger S. 2013. Cancer immunotherapy strategies based on overcoming barriers within the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Immunol. 25(2):268–276.
  • Garcia-Barros M, Paris F, Cordon-Cardo C, Lyden D, Rafii S, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Fuks Z, Kolesnick R. 2003. Tumor response to radiotherapy regulated by endothelial cell apoptosis. Science. 300(5622):1155–1159.
  • Golabi P, Fazel S, Otgonsuren M, Sayiner M, Locklear CT, Younossi ZM. 2017. Mortality assessment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma according to underlying disease and treatment modalities. Medicine. 96(9):e5904.
  • Guckenberger M, Andratschke N, Alheit H, Holy R, Moustakis C, Nestle U, Sauer O, Deutschen Gesellschaft für Radioonkologie (DEGRO). 2014. Definition of stereotactic body radiotherapy: principles and practice for the treatment of stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 190(1):26–33.
  • Gupta A, Kumar R, Yadav HP, Sharma M, Kamal R, Thaper D, Banik P, Gupta S, Saroha K, Singh S, et al. 2020. Feasibility of 4D CT simulation with synchronized intravenous contrast injection in hepatocellular carcinoma. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 25(2):293–298.
  • Han B, Li C, Meng H, Romeiro FG, Mancuso A, Zhou Z, Sandri GBL, Xu Y, Han T, Han L, et al. 2019. Efficacy and safety of external-beam radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview of current evidence according to the different target population. Biosci Trends. 13(1):10–22.
  • Hara K, Takeda A, Tsurugai Y, Saigusa Y, Sanuki N, Eriguchi T, Maeda S, Tanaka K, Numata K. 2019. Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma results in comparable survival to radiofrequency ablation: a propensity score analysis. Hepatology. 69(6):2533–2545.
  • Hennedige T, Venkatesh SK. 2016. Advances in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 22(1):205–220.
  • Huang CJ, Lian SL, Chen SC, Wu DK, Wei SY, Huang MY, Ho YH. 2001. External beam radiation therapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 17(12):610–614.
  • Huo YR, Eslick GD. 2015. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plus radiotherapy compared with chemoembolization alone for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 1(6):756–765.
  • Im JH, Yoon SM, Park HC, Kim JH, Yu JI, Kim TH, Kim JW, Nam TK, Kim K, Jang HS, et al. 2017. Radiotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombosis in a hepatitis B endemic area. Liver Int. 37(1):90–100.
  • Ioannou GN, Splan MF, Weiss NS, McDonald GB, Beretta L, Lee SP. 2007. Incidence and predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 5(8):938–945.
  • Kalogeridi MA, Zygogianni A, Kyrgias G, Kouvaris J, Chatziioannou S, Kelekis N, Kouloulias V. 2015. Role of radiotherapy in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. World J Hepatol. 7(1):101–112.
  • Kamal R, Thaper D, Kumar R, Singh G, Yadav HP, Oinam AS, Kumar V, Sharma H. 2021. Dosimetric impact of contrast-enhanced 4d computed tomography for stereotactic body radiation therapy of hepatocelluar carcinoma. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 26(4):598–604.
  • Kang J-K, Kim M-S, Cho CK, Yang KM, Yoo HJ, Kim JH, Bae SH, Jung DH, Kim KB, Lee DH, et al. 2012. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma as a local salvage treatment after incomplete transarterial chemoembolization. Cancer. 118(21):5424–5431.
  • Kang J, Nie Q, Du R, Zhang L, Zhang J, Li Q, Li J, Qi W. 2014. Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Mol Clin Oncol. 2(1):43–50.
  • Khan AR, Wei X, Xu X. 2021. Portal vein tumor thrombosis and hepatocellular carcinoma – the changing tides. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 8:1089–1115.
  • Kim JY, Chung SM, Choi BO, Kay CS. 2011. Hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: improved treatment outcomes with external beam radiation therapy. Hepatol Res. 41(9):813–824.
  • Kim TH, Kim DY, Park JW, Kim YI, Kim SH, Park HS, Lee WJ, Park SJ, Hong EK, Kim CM. 2006. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma patients for whom transcatheter arterial chemoembolization was ineffective or unsuitable. Am J Clin Oncol. 29(6):568–575.
  • Kishi N, Kanayama N, Hirata T, Ohira S, Wada K, Kawaguchi Y, Konishi K, Nagata S, Nakatsuka S, Ichi Marubashi S, et al. 2020. Preoperative stereotactic body radiotherapy to portal vein tumour thrombus in hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical and pathological analysis. Sci Rep. 10(1):4105.
  • Kitai S, Kudo M, Minami Y, Haji S, Osaki Y, Oka H, Seki T, Kasugai H, Sasaki Y, Matsunaga T. 2008. Validation of a new prognostic staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison of the biomarker-combined Japan Integrated Staging Score, the conventional Japan Integrated Staging Score and the BALAD Score. Oncology. 75 (1):83–90.
  • Koh WP, Robien K, Wang R, Govindarajan S, Yuan JM, Yu MC. 2011. Smoking as an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Br J Cancer. 105(9):1430–1435.
  • Kumar R, Yadav HP, Thaper D, Kamal R, Gupta A, Kirti S. 2021. Efficacy and toxicity of SBRT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis – a retrospective study. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 26(4):573–581.
  • Kwon JH, Bae SH, Kim JY, Choi BO, Jang HS, Jang JW, Choi JY, Yoon SK, Chung KW. 2010. Long-term effect of stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for local ablation therapy or surgical resection. Stereotactic radiotherapy for liver cancer. BMC Cancer. 10(1):475.
  • Lasley FD, Mannina EM, Johnson CS, Perkins SM, Althouse S, Maluccio M, Kwo P, Cárdenes H. 2015. Treatment variables related to liver toxicity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Child-Pugh class A and B enrolled in a phase 1-2 trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy. Pract Radiat Oncol. 5(5):e443–e449.
  • Lax I, Blomgren H, Näslund I, Svanström R. 1994. Stereotactic radiotherapy of malignancies in the abdomen. Methodological aspects. Acta Oncol. 33(6):677–683.
  • Lee JH, Kim DH, Ki YK, Nam JH, Heo J, Woo HY, Kim DW, Kim WT. 2014. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombosis alone in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiat Oncol J. 32(3):170–178.
  • Lee J, Shin IS, Yoon WS, Koom WS, Rim CH. 2020. Comparisons between radiofrequency ablation and stereotactic body radiotherapy for liver malignancies: meta-analyses and a systematic review. Radiother Oncol. 145:63–70.
  • Leksell L. 1951. The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain. Acta Chir Scand. 102(4):316–319.
  • Leung TWT, Tang AMY, Zee B, Lau WY, Lai PBS, Leung KL, Lau JTF, Yu SCH, Johnson PJ. 2002. Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system: a study based on 926 patients. Cancer. 94(6):1760–1769.
  • Li N, Guo W, Shi J, Xue J, Hu H, Xie D, Wu M, Cheng S. 2010. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its role in portal vein tumor thrombus. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 29(1):156..
  • Li MF, Leung HWC, Chan ALF, Wang SY. 2018. Network meta-analysis of treatment regimens for inoperable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 14:1157–1168.
  • Liang SX, Zhu XD, Xu ZY, Zhu J, Zhao JD, Lu HJ, Yang YL, Chen L, Wang AY, Fu XL, et al. 2006. Radiation-induced liver disease in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for primary liver carcinoma: the risk factors and hepatic radiation tolerance. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 65(2):426–434.
  • Liu Y, Wang X, Jiang K, Zhang W, Dong J. 2014. The diagnostic value of tumor biomarkers for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by portal vein tumor thrombosis. Cell Biochem Biophys. 69(3):455–459.
  • Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J. 1999. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis. 19(3):329–338.
  • Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, de Oliveira AC, Santoro A, Raoul JL, Forner A, et al. 2008. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 359(4):378–390.
  • Lu J, Zhang XP, Zhong BY, Lau WY, Madoff DC, Davidson JC, Qi X, Cheng SQ, Teng GJ. 2019. Management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumour thrombosis: comparing east and west. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 4(9):721–730.
  • Luo J, Guo RP, Lai ECH, Zhang YJ, Lau WY, Chen MS, Shi M. 2011. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol. 18(2):413–420.
  • Mähringer-Kunz A, Steinle V, Kloeckner R, Schotten S, Hahn F, Schmidtmann I, Hinrichs JB, Düber C, Galle PR, Lang H, et al. 2021. The impact of portal vein tumor thrombosis on survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with different therapies: a cohort study. PLOS One. 16(5):e0249426..
  • Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, Zhu AX, Finn RS, Abecassis MM, Roberts LR, Heimbach JK. 2018. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 68(2):723–750.
  • Matsuo Y, Yoshida K, Nishimura H, Ejima Y, Miyawaki D, Uezono H, Ishihara T, Mayahara H, Fukumoto T, Ku Y, et al. 2016. Efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis/inferior vena cava tumor thrombosis: Evaluation by comparison with conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. J Radiat Res. 57(5):512–523.
  • Moding EJ, Mowery YM, Kirsch DG. 2016. Opportunities for radiosensitization in the stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) era. Cancer J. 22(4):267–273.
  • Moore A, Cohen-Naftaly M, Tobar A, Kundel Y, Benjaminov O, Braun M, Issachar A, Mor E, Sarfaty M, Bragilovski D, et al. 2017. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for definitive treatment and as a bridge to liver transplantation in early stage inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 12(1):163.
  • Moriguchi M, Furuta M, Itoh Y. 2017. A review of non-operative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma with advanced portal vein tumor thrombus. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 5(2):177–183.
  • Nabavizadeh N, Waller JG, Fain R, Chen Y, Degnin CR, Elliott DA, Mullins BT, Patel IA, Dyer BA, Fakhoury K, et al. 2018. Safety and efficacy of accelerated hypofractionation and stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with varying degrees of hepatic impairment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 100(3):577–585.
  • Nakagawa K, Yamashita H, Shiraishi K, Nakamura N, Tago M, Igaki H, Hosoi Y, Shiina S, Omata M, Makuuchi M, et al. 2005. Radiation therapy for portal venous invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 11(46):7237–7241.
  • Nakazawa T, Hidaka H, Shibuya A, Okuwaki Y, Tanaka Y, Takada J, Minamino T, Watanabe M, Kokubu S, Koizumi W. 2014. Overall survival in response to sorafenib versus radiotherapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal vein tumor thrombosis: propensity score analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 14(1):84.
  • Niu ZJ, Ma YL, Kang P, Ou SQ, Meng Z, Bin Li ZK, Qi F, Zhao C. 2012. Transarterial chemoembolization compared with conservative treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: using a new classification. Med Oncol. 29(4):2992–2997.
  • Panwar R, Pal S, Dash NR, Shalimar Sahni P, Acharya SK, Pande GK, Chattopadhyay TK, Nundy S. 2016. Hepatic resection for predominantly large size hepatocellular carcinoma: early and long-term results from a tertiary care center in India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 35(4):280–286.
  • Park HJ, Griffin RJ, Hui S, Levitt SH, Song CW. 2012. Radiation-induced vascular damage in tumors: implications of vascular damage in ablative hypofractionated radiotherapy (SBRT and SRS). Radiat Res. 177(3):311–327.
  • Park HC, Yu JI, Cheng JC, Zeng ZC, Hong JH, Wang ML, Kim MS, Chi KH, Liang PC, Lee RC, et al. 2016. Consensus for radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma from The 5th Asia-Pacific Primary Liver Cancer Expert Meeting (APPLE 2014): current practice and future clinical trials. Liver Cancer. 5(3):162–174.
  • Paul SB, Sreenivas V, Gulati MS, Madan K, Gupta AK, Mukhopadhyay S, Panda SK, Acharya SK. 2007. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma among Indian patients with cirrhosis of liver: an experience from a tertiary care center in northern India. Indian J Gastroenterol. 26(6):274–278.
  • Pommergaard HC, Rostved AA, Adam R, Thygesen LC, Salizzoni M, Gómez Bravo MA, Cherqui D, Filipponi F, Boudjema K, Mazzaferro V, et al. 2018. Vascular invasion and survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a study from the European Liver Transplant Registry. HPB. 20(8):768–775.
  • Popp I, Grosu AL, Niedermann G, Duda DG. 2016. Immune modulation by hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy: therapeutic implications. Radiother Oncol. 120(2):185–194.
  • Qin S, Wu MC, Tang ZY, Sun Y, Zheng S, Sen Qin SK, Fan J, Shen F, Cai JQ, Dong JH, et al. 2012. Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer (2011 edition). Chin Clin Oncol. 1(1):10..
  • Que J, Wu HC, Lin CH, Huang CI, Li LC, Ho CH. 2020. Comparison of stereotactic body radiation therapy with and without sorafenib as treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis. Medicine. 99(13):e19660.
  • Rajyaguru DJ, Borgert AJ, Smith AL, Thomes RM, Conway PD, Halfdanarson TR, Truty MJ, Kurup AN, Go RS. 2018. Radiofrequency ablation versus stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized hepatocellular carcinoma in nonsurgically managed patients: analysis of the national cancer database. JCO. 36(6):600–608.
  • Rim CH, Kim CY, Yang DS, Yoon WS. 2018a. Comparison of radiation therapy modalities for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Radiother Oncol. 129(1):112–122.
  • Rim CH, Kim CY, Yang DS, Yoon WS. 2018b. External beam radiation therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma involving inferior vena cava and/or right atrium: a meta-analysis and systemic review. Radiother Oncol. 129(1):123–129.
  • Rim CH, Seong J. 2016. Application of radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in current clinical practice guidelines. Radiat Oncol J. 34(3):160–167.
  • Ripoll C, Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J, Grace N, Burroughs A, Planas R, Escorsell A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Makuch R, et al. 2009. Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts development of hepatocellular carcinoma independently of severity of cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 50(5):923–928.
  • Romero AM, Wunderink W, Hussain SM, De Pooter JA, Heijmen BJM, Nowak PCJM, Nuyttens JJ, Brandwijk RP, Verhoef C, Ijzermans JNM, et al. 2006. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary and metastatic liver tumors: a single institution phase I–II study. Acta Oncol. 45(7):831–837.
  • Sanuki N, Takeda A. 2018. Are head-to-head comparisons between radiofrequency ablation and stereotactic body radiotherapy really necessary for localized hepatocellular carcinoma? J Clin Oncol. 36(24):2563–2564.
  • Schaue D, Mcbride WH. 2015. Opportunities and challenges of radiotherapy for treating cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 12(9):527–540.
  • Scorsetti M, Comito T, Cozzi L, Clerici E, Tozzi A, Franzese C, Navarria P, Fogliata A, Tomatis S, D’Agostino G, et al. 2015. The challenge of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): results of a single-institutional experience on stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 141(7):1301–1309.
  • Shaohua L, Qiaoxuan W, Peng S, Qing L, Zhongyuan Y, Ming S, Wei W, Rongping G. 2015. Surgical strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombosis. PLOS One. 10(6):e0130021.
  • Shirabe K, Toshima T, Kimura K, Yamashita Y, Ikeda T, Ikegami T, Yoshizumi T, Abe K, Aishima S, Maehara Y. 2014. New scoring system for prediction of microvascular invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 34(6):937–941.
  • Shui Y, Yu W, Ren X, Guo Y, Xu J, Ma T, Zhang B, Wu J, Li Q, Hu Q, et al. 2018. Stereotactic body radiotherapy based treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma with extensive portal vein tumor thrombosis. Radiat Oncol. 13(1):188.
  • Shuqun C, Minshan C, Jianqiang C, Shuqun C, Minshan C, Jianqiang C, Mengchao W, Zhaoyou T, WanYee L, Xuehao W, et al. 2017. Chinese expert consensus on multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: 2016 edition. Oncotarget. 8(5):8867–8876.
  • Song CW, Cho LC, Yuan J, Dusenbery KE, Griffin RJ, Levitt SH. 2013. Radiobiology of stereotactic body radiation therapy/stereotactic radiosurgery and the linear-quadratic model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 87(1):18–19.
  • Song CW, Glatstein E, Marks LB, Emami B, Grimm J, Sperduto PW, Kim MS, Hui S, Dusenbery KE, Cho LC. 2021. Biological principles of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and stereotactic radiation surgery (SRS): indirect cell death. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 110(1):21–34.
  • Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. 2021. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 71(3):209–249.
  • Thaper D, Kamal R, Singh G, Oinam AS, Yadav HP, Kumar R, Kumar V. 2020. Dosimetric comparison of dynamic conformal arc integrated with segment shape optimization and variable dose rate versus volumetric modulated arc therapy for liver SBRT. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 25(4):667–677.
  • Thaper D, Singh G, Kamal R, Oinam AS, Yadav HP, Kumar R, Kumar V. 2021. Impact of dose heterogeneity in target on TCP and NTCP for various radiobiological models in liver SBRT: different isodose prescription strategy. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 7(1):015020. doi:.
  • Thomas HR, Feng M. 2021. stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in hepatocellular carcinoma. Curr Hepatology Rep. 20(1):12–22.
  • Toesca DA, Osmundson EC, Eyben RV, Shaffer JL, Lu P, Koong AC, Chang DT. 2017. Central liver toxicity after SBRT: an expanded analysis and predictive nomogram. Radiother Oncol. 122(1):130–136.
  • Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Fedirko V, Trepo E, Jenab M, Pischon T, Nöthlings U, Overved K, Tjønneland A, et al. 2011. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and disease burden in a European cohort: a nested case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 103(22):1686–1695.
  • Trotter JF, Wachs M, Everson GT, Kam I. 2002. Adult-to-adult transplantation of the right hepatic lobe from a living donor. N Engl J Med. 346(14):1074–1082.
  • Uematsu M, Shioda A, Suda A, Fukui T, Ozeki Y, Hama Y, Wong JR, Kusano S. 2001. Computed tomography-guided frameless stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a 5-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 51(3):666–670.
  • Uematsu M, Shioda A, Tahara K, Fukui T, Yamamoto F, Tsumatori G, Ozeki Y, Aoki T, Watanabe M, Kusano S. 1998. Focal, high dose, and fractionated modified stereotactic radiation therapy for lung carcinoma patients: a preliminary experience. Cancer. 82(6):1062–1070.
  • Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, Daniele B, Llovet JM, Meyer T, Nault J-C, Neumann U, Ricke J, Sangro B, et al. 2019. Correction to: “Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up”. Ann Oncol. 30(5):871–873.
  • Wahl DR, Stenmark MH, Tao Y, Pollom EL, Caoili EM, Lawrence TS, Schipper MJ, Feng M. 2016. Outcomes after stereotactic body radiotherapy or radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. JCO. 34(5):452–459.
  • Wei X, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Feng S, Zhou B, Ye X, Xing H, Xu Y, Shi J, Guo W, et al. 2019. Neoadjuvant three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a randomized, open-label, multicenter controlled study. JCO. 37(24):2141–2151.
  • Wong TC, Lee VH, Law AL, Pang HH, Lam KO, Lau V, Cui TY, Fong AS, Lee SW, Wong EC, et al. 2021. Prospective study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma on waitlist for liver transplant. Hepatology. 74(5):2580–2594.
  • Xi M, Zhang L, Zhao L, Li QQ, Guo SP, Feng ZZ, Deng XW, Huang XY, Liu MZ. 2013. Effectiveness of stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena cava tumor thrombosis. PLOS One. 8(5):e63864..
  • Yadav HP, Kumar R, Gupta A, Thaper D, Kamal R, Kirti S. 2020. Efficacy and toxicity of SBRT in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a retrospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol. 108(3):e622..
  • Yang P, Li QJ, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Markowitz GJ, Ning S, Deng Y, Zhao J, Jiang S, Yuan Y, et al. 2012. TGF-β-miR-34a-CCL22 signaling-induced Treg cell recruitment promotes venous metastases of HBV-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell. 22(3):291–303.
  • Yang JD, Roberts LR. 2010. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a global view. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 7(8):448–458.
  • Yau T, Park JW, Finn RS, Cheng A-L, Mathurin P, Edeline J, Kudo M, Han K-H, Harding JJ, Merle P, et al. 2019. CheckMate 459: a randomized, multi-center phase III study of nivolumab (NIVO) vs sorafenib (SOR) as first-line (1L) treatment in patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC). Ann Oncol. 30:v874–v875.
  • Ye HH, Ye JZ, Xie ZB, Peng YC, Chen J, Ma L, Bai T, Chen JZ, Lu Z, Qin HG, et al. 2016. Comprehensive treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus in major portal vein. WJG. 22(13):3632–3643.
  • Yoon SM, Lim YS, Won HJ, Kim JH, Kim KM, Lee HC, Chung YH, Lee YS, Lee SG, Park JH, et al. 2012. Radiotherapy plus transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma invading the portal vein: long-term patient outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 82(5):2004–2011.
  • Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, Zhou J, Qin LX, Wang JH, Sun HC, Wang BL, Zhang JY, Jiang GL, et al. 2005. A comparison of treatment combinations with and without radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 61(2):432–443.
  • Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, Zhou J, Wang JH, Wang BL, Guo W. 2008. Prognostic factors for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic portal vein or inferior vena cava tumor thrombi receiving external-beam radiation therapy. Cancer Sci. 99(12):2510–2517.
  • Zhang ZM, Lai ECH, Zhang C, Yu HW, Liu Z, Wan BJ, Liu LM, Tian ZH, Deng H, Sun QH, et al. 2015. The strategies for treating primary hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. Int J Surg. 20:8–16.
  • Zhong JH, Peng NF, You XM, Ma L, Xiang X, Wang YY, Gong WF, Wu FX, Xiang B, De Li LQ. 2017. Tumor stage and primary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma at a large tertiary hospital in China: a real-world study. Oncotarget. 8(11):18296–18302.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.