1,056
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer mortality among enlisted men stationed on nuclear-powered submarines in the United States Navy

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1542-1550 | Received 06 Jan 2022, Accepted 06 Mar 2022, Published online: 04 Apr 2022

References

  • Adami H, Hunter D, Lagiou P, Mucei L. 2018. Textbook of cancer epidemiology. 3rd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press.
  • Akiba S, Mizuno S. 2012. The third analysis of cancer mortality among Japanese nuclear workers, 1991–2001: estimation of excess relative risk per radiation dose. J Radiol Prot. 32(1):73–83.
  • Berrington de Gonzalez A, Daniels RD, Cardis E, Cullings HM, Gilbert E, Hauptmann M, Kendall G, Laurier D, Linet MS, Little MP, et al. 2020. Epidemiological studies of low-dose ionizing radiation and cancer: rationale and framework for the monograph and overview of eligible studies. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2020(56):97–113.
  • Boice JD, Jr, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Golden AP, Howard SC, Girardi DJ, Dupree Ellis E, Bellamy MB, Dauer LT, et al. 2022. Mortality among workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1943–2017. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(4):722–749.
  • Boice JD Jr, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Hagemeyer DA, Chen H, Golden AP, Yoder RC, Dauer LT. 2022. Mortality from leukemia, cancer and heart disease among U.S. nuclear power plant workers, 1957–2011. Int J Radiat Biol. 98(4):657–678.
  • Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M, Gilbert E, Hakama M, Hill C, Howe G, Kaldor J, Muirhead CR, Schubauer-Berigan M, et al. 2007. The 15-country collaborative study of cancer risk among radiation workers in the nuclear industry: estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiat Res. 167(4):396–416.
  • Charpentier P, Ostfeld A, Hadjimichael O, Hester R. 1993. The mortality of US nuclear submariners, 1969–1982. J Occup Med. 35(5):501–509.
  • Checkoway H, Pearce N, Kreibel D. 2004. Research methods in occupational epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press.
  • Cowper DC, Kubal JD, Maynard C, Hynes DM. 2002. A primer and comparative review of major U.S. mortality databases. Ann Epidemiol. 12(7):462–468.
  • Cronan TA, Conway TL, Kaszas SL. 1991. Starting to smoke in the Navy: when, where, and why. Soc Sci Med. 33(12):1349–1353.
  • Daniels RD, Schubauer-Berigan MK. 2011. A meta-analysis of leukaemia risk from protracted exposure to low-dose gamma radiation. Occup Environ Med. 68(6):457–464.
  • Ebersole JH. 1957. Radiation hygiene aboard nuclear submarines. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q. 18(4):305–311.
  • Forgas LB, Meyer DM, Cohen ME. 1996. Tobacco use habits of naval personnel during desert storm. Mil Med. 161(3):165–168.
  • Friedman-Jimenez G, Kato I, Factor-Litvak P, Shore R. 2022. Mortality of enlisted men who served on nuclear-powered submarines in the United States Navy. J Occ Environ Med. 64(2):131–139.
  • Haylock RGE, Gillies M, Hunter N, Zhang W, Phillipson M. 2018. Cancer mortality and incidence following external occupational radiation exposure: an update of the 3rd analysis of the UK national registry for radiation workers. Br J Cancer. 119(5):631–637.
  • IARC. 2012. Personal habits and indoor combustions. Volume 100 E. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 100(Pt E):1–538.
  • Inskip H, Snee M, Styles L. 1997. The mortality of Royal Naval submariners 1960–89. Occup Environ Med. 54(3):209–215.
  • Jacob P, Rühm W, Walsh L, Blettner M, Hammer G, Zeeb H. 2009. Is cancer risk of radiation workers larger than expected? Occup Environ Med. 66(12):789–796.
  • Lash TL, Silliman RA. 2001. A comparison of the National Death Index and Social Security Administration databases to ascertain vital status. Epidemiology. 12:259–261.
  • Leuraud K, Fournier L, Samson E, Caër-Lorho S, Laurier D. 2017. Mortality in the French cohort of nuclear workers. Radioprotection. 52(3):199–210.
  • Leuraud K, Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, Gillies M, O'Hagan JA, Hamra GB, Haylock R, Laurier D, Moissonnier M, et al. 2015. Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): an international cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2(7):e276–e281.
  • Linet MS, Little MP, Kitahara CM, Cahoon EK, Doody MM, Simon SL, Alexander BH, Preston DL. 2020. Occupational radiation and haematopoietic malignancy mortality in the retrospective cohort study of US radiologic technologists, 1983–2012. Occup Environ Med. 77(12):822–831.
  • Mangeno JJ. 2000. Occupational radiation exposure from U.S. Naval nuclear propulsion plants and their support facilities, 1999. Washington (DC): Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program DotN.
  • McMichael AJ. 1976. Standardized mortality ratios and the “Healthy Worker Effect”: scratching beneath the surface. J Occup Med. 18(3):165–168.
  • Merzenich H, Hammer GP, Tröltzsch K, Ruecker K, Buncke J, Fehringer F, Blettner M. 2014. Mortality risk in a historical cohort of nuclear power plant workers in Germany: results from a second follow-up. Radiat Environ Biophys. 53(2):405–416.
  • NAS-NRC. 2006. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII. Phase 2. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
  • NCRP. 2009. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. Report 160 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda (MD).
  • NCRP. 2018. Commentary No. 27: implications of recent epidemiologic studies for the linear nonthreshold model and radiation protection. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda (MD).
  • Preston DL, Lubin J, Pierce D, McConney M. 2002. EPICURE: risk regression and data analysis software, 2.12 ed. HiroSoft International Corporation.
  • Preston DL, Sokolnikov ME, Krestinina LY, Stram DO. 2017. Estimates of radiation effects on cancer risks the Mayak worker, Techa River and atomic bomb survivor studies. Radiat Prot Dosim. 173(1–3):26–31.
  • Richardson DB, Cardis E, Daniels RD, Gillies M, O'Hagan JA, Hamra GB, Haylock R, Laurier D, Leuraud K, et al. 2015. Risk of cancer from occcupational exposure to ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study of workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS). Br Med J. 351:h5359.
  • Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. 2008. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Rühm W, Laurier D, Wakeford R. 2022. Cancer risk following low doses of ionising radiation – current epidemiological evidence and implications for radiological protection. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 873:503436.
  • Schall LC, Buchanich JM, Marsh GM, Bittner GM. 2001. Utilizing multiple vital status tracing services optimizes mortality followup in large cohort studies. Ann Epidemiol. 11(5):292–296.
  • Schubauer-Berigan MK, Daniels RD, Bertke SJ, Tseng CY, Richardson DB. 2015. Cancer mortality through 2005 among a pooled cohort of U.S. nuclear workers exposed to external ionizing radiation. Radiat Res. 183(6):620–631.
  • Shore R, Walsh L, Azizova T, Rühm W. 2017. Risk of solid cancer in low dose-rate radiation epidemiological studies and the dose-rate effectiveness factor. Int J Radiat Biol. 93(10):1064–1078.
  • Shore RE, Beck HL, Boice JD, Caffrey EA, Davis S, Grogan HA, Mettler FA, Preston RJ, Till JE, Wakeford R, et al. 2019. Recent epidemiologic studies and the linear no-threshold model for radiation protection – considerations regarding NCRP Commentary No. 27. Health Phys. 116(2):235–246.
  • Tansey WA, Wilson JM, Schaefer KE. 1979. Analysis of data from ten years of Polaris submarine patrols. Undersea Biomed Res. 6(Suppl):S217–S246.
  • Thierry-Chef I, Richardson DB, Daniels RD, Gillies M, Hamra GB, Haylock R, Kesminiene A, Laurier D, Leuraud K, Moissonnier M, et al. 2015. Dose estimation for a study of nuclear workers in France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America: methods for the International Nuclear Workers Study (INWORKS). Radiat Res. 183(6):632–642.
  • Thun MJ, Linet MS, Cerhan JR, Haiman CA, Schottenfeld D. 2018. Schottenfeld and Fraumeni cancer epidemiology and prevention. 4th ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press.
  • UNSCEAR. 2000. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. New York (NY): United Nations.
  • UNSCEAR. 2008a. Sources and effects of atomic radiation. Annex A: epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer. In: Effects of ionizing radiation – UNSCEAR 2006 report. New York (NY): United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Ionizing Radiation; p. 13–322.
  • UNSCEAR. 2008b. Volume 1, Annex B (Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation). New York (NY): United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations.
  • UNSCEAR. 2011. Scientific report: summary of low-dose radiation effects on health. Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2010. New York.
  • UNSCEAR. 2018. United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation. Annex B: epidemiological studies of cancer risk due to exposure to low-dose-rate radiation from environmental sources. New York (NY): United Nations Publications.
  • Vineis P, Alavanja M, Buffler P, Fontham E, Franceschi S, Gao YT, Gupta PC, Hackshaw A, Matos E, Samet J, et al. 2004. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 96(2):99–106.
  • Wang JD, Miettinen OS. 1982. Occupational mortality studies. Principles of validity. Scand J Work Environ Health. 8(3):153–158.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.