The Effects of Low-level Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation on Brain Tissue and Animal Behaviour

References

• Adair E.R., Adams B. Microwaves modify thermoregulatory behaviour in Squirrel Monkey. Bioelectromagnetics 1980a; 1: 1–20
   Google Scholar
• Adair E.R., Adams B. Microwaves induce peripheral vasodilation in Squirrel Monkey. Science 1980b; 270: 1381–1383
   Google Scholar
• Adey W.R., Bawin S.M., Lawrence A.F. Effects of weak amplitude-modulated microwave fields on calcium efflux from awake cat cerebral cortex. Bioelectromagnetics 1982; 3: 295–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert E.N. Light and electron microscopic observations on the blood-brain barrier after microwave irradiation. Symposium on Biological Effects and Measurement of Radiofrequency/Microwaves, D.G. Hazzard, 1977; 294–304, HEW(FDA) 77-8026
   Google Scholar
• Albert E.N. Current status of microwave effects on the blood-brain barrier. Journal of Microwave Power 1979 a; 14: 281–285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albert E.N. Reversibility of microwave-induced blood-brain barrier permeability. Radio Science 1979 b; 14(6S)323–327
   Google Scholar
• Albert E.N., Kerns J.M. Reversible microwave effects on the blood-brain barrier. Brain Research 1981; 230: 153–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert E.N., Blackman C.F., Slaby F. (1980) Ondes Electromagnetiques et Biologie. Calcium dependent secretory protein release and calcium efflux during RF irradiation of pancreatic tissue slices. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Paris, 1980, 326–329
   Google Scholar
• ANSI. American National Standard Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, 300kHz to 100GHz. IEEE Inc., New York 1982, American National Standards Institute, ANSI C95.1 — 1982
   Google Scholar
• Bawin S.M., Adey W.R. Sensitivity of calcium binding in cerebral tissue to weak environmental electric fields oscillating at low frequency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 1976; 73: 1999–2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawin S.M., Adey W.R. Interactions between nervous tissues and weak electric environmental fields. Symposium on Biological Effects and Measurement of Radio Frequency/Microwaves, D.G. Hazzard, 1977; 305–313, HEW Publication (FDA), 77-8026
   Google Scholar
• Bawin S.M., Gavalas-Medici R.J., Adey W.R. Effects of modulated very high frequency fields on specific brain rhythms in cats. Brain Research 1973; 58: 365–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawin S.M., Gavalas-Medici R.J., Adey W.R. Reinforcement of transient brain rhythms by amplitude-modulated VHF fields. Biological and Clinical Effects of Low Frequency Magnetic and Electric Fields, J.G. Llaurado, A. Sances, J.H. Battocletti. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield 1974; 172–186
   Google Scholar
• Bawin S.M., Kaczmarek L.K., Adey W.R. Effects of modulated VHF on the central nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1975; 247: 74–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bawin S.M., Adey W.R., Sabbot I.M. Ionic factors in release of 45Ca2+ from chicken cerebral tissue by electromagnetic fields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 1978; 75: 6314–6318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman C.F., Elder J.A., Weil C.M., Benane S.G., Eichinger D.C., House D.E. Induction of calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue by radio-frequency radiation: Effects of modulation frequency and field strength. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)93–98
   Google Scholar
• Blackman C.F., Benane S.G., Elder J.A., House D.E., Lampe J.A., Faulk J.M. Induction of calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation: effect of sample number and modulation frequency on the power-density window. Bioelectromagnetics 1980 a; 1: 35–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackman C.F., Benane S.G., Joines W.T., Hollis M.A., House D.E. Calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue: power-density versus internal field-intensity dependancies at 50 MHz RF radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 1980 b; 1: 277–283
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackman C.F., Joines W.T., Elder J.A. Calcium ion efflux induction in brain tissue by radiofrequency radiation. Biological Effects of Non-ionising Radiation, K.H. Illinger. ACS Symposium series, No. 157, 1981; 299–314
   Google Scholar
• Blackman C.F., Benane S.G., Kinney L.S., Joines W.T., House D.E. Effects of ELF fields on calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue in vitro. Radiation Research 1982; 92: 510–520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll D.R., Levinson D.M., Justesen D.R., Clarke R.L. Failure of rats to escape from a potentially lethal microwave field. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 101–115
   Google Scholar
• DeLorge J.O. The effects of microwave radiation on behaviour and temperature on Rhesus monkeys. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore, 1976; 1: 158–174, HEW Publication (FDA) 77-8010
   Google Scholar
• DeLorge J.O. Disruption of behaviour in mammals of three different sizes exposed to microwaves: Extrapolation to larger mammals. Proceedings of a Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems, Ottowa, 1978, S.S. Stuchly. IMPI, Edmonton 1979 a; 215–228
   Google Scholar
• DeLorge J.O. Operant behaviour and rectal temperature of squirrel monkeys during 2·45 GHz microwave irradiation. Radio Science 1979 b; 14(6S)217–225
   Google Scholar
• DeLorge J.O. Operant behaviour and colonic temperature of Macaca mulatta exposed to radio frequency fields at the above resonant frequencies. Bioelectromagnetics 1984; 5(2)233–246
   Google Scholar
• Durney C.H., Johnson C.C., Barber P.W., Massoudi H., Iskander M.F., Lords J.L., Ryser J.I., Allen S.J., Mitchell J.C. Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook. Report No. II, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. 1978
   Google Scholar
• D'Andrea J.A., Gandhi O.P. Behavioural effects of resonant power absorption in rats. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore, 1976; 1: 257–273, HEW pub (FDA) 77-8010
   Google Scholar
• D'Andrea J.A., Gandhi O.P., Lords J.L. Behavioural and thermal effects of microwave radiation at resonant and nonresonant wavelengths. Radio Science 1977; 12(6S)251–256
   Google Scholar
• D'Andrea J.A., Gandhi O.P., Lords J.L., Durney C.H., Johnson C.C., Astle L. Physiological and behavioural effects of prolonged exposures to 915 MHz microwaves. Journal of Microwave Power 1979; 14(4)351–362
   Google Scholar
• D'Andrea J.A., Gandhi O.P., Lords J.L., Durney C.H., Astle L., Stensaas L.J., Schoenberg A.A. Physiological and behavioural effects of prolonged exposure to 915 MHz microwaves. Journal of Microwave Power 1980; 15: 123–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erulker S.D., Fine A. Calcium in the nervous system. Review of Neuroscience, D.M. Schneider. Raven Press, New York 1979; 4: 179–236
   Google Scholar
• Frey A.H., Feld S.R. Avoidance of rats of illumination with low power nonionising electromagnetic energy. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1975; 89(2)138–188
   Google Scholar
• Frey A.H., Feld S.R., Frey B. Neural function and behaviour: Defining the relationship. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1975; 247: 433–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gage M.I. Behaviour in rats after exposures to various power densities of 2450 MHz microwaves. Neurobehavioural Toxicology 1979; 1: 137–143
   Google Scholar
• Gage M.I., Berman E., Kinn J.B. Videotape observation of rats and mice during an exposure to 2450 MHz microwave radiation. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)227–232
   Google Scholar
• Gruneau S.P., Oscar K.J., Folker M.T., Rapoport S.I. Absence of microwave effect in blood-brain barrier permeability to (14C) sucrose in the conscious rat. Experimental Neurobiology 1982; 75: 299–307
   Google Scholar
• Hunt E.L., King N.W., Phillips R.D. Behavioural effects of pulsed microwave radiation. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1975; 247: 440–453
   Google Scholar
• IRPA/INIRC. Interim Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 100 kHz–300 GHz, International Non-Ionising Radiation Committee of the National Radiation Protection Association. Health Physics 1984; 46: 975–984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson R.B., Myers D.E., Guy A.W., Lovely R.H. Discriminative control of appetitive behaviour by pulsed microwave radiation in rats. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore, 1977; 1: 158–174, HEW publication (FDA) 77-8010
   Google Scholar
• Joines W.T., Blackman C.F. Power density, field intensity and carrier frequency determinants of RF-energy-induced calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 271–275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joines W.T., Blackman C.F., Hollis M.A. Broadening of the RF power-density window for calcium-ion efflux from brain tissue. IEEE Transactions. Biomedical Engineering 1981; 568–573, BME-28
   Google Scholar
• Justesen D.R. Microwave irradiation and the blood-brain barrier. Proceedings of the IEEE 1980; 68: 60–67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justesen D.R., Baird R.C. Editorial: special section on the blood-brain barrier. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)321–322
   Google Scholar
• Kaczmarek L.K., Adey W.R. The efflux of 45Ca2+ and [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid from cat cerebral cortex. Brain Research 1973; 63: 331–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczmarek L.K., Adey W.R. Weak electric gradients change ionic and transmitter fluxes in cortex. Brain Research 1974; 66: 537–540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King N.W., Justesen D.R., Clarke R.L. Behavioural sensitivity to microwave irradiation. Science 1971; 172: 398–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai H., Horita A., Chou C.K., Guy A.W. Psychoactive-drug response is affected by acute low-level microwave irradiation. Bioelectromagnetics 1983; 4: 205–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J.C. Microwave auditory effects and applications. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1978
   Google Scholar
• Lin J.C., Lin M.F. Microwave hyperthermia-induced blood-brain barrier alterations. Radiation Research 1982; 89: 77–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin-Liu S., Adey W.R. Low frequency amplitude modulated microwave fields change calcium efflux rates from synaptosomes. Bioelectromagnetics 1982; 3: 309–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobanova, E.A. The use of conditioned reflexes to study microwave effects on the central nervous system. Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation, P. Czerski, et al. Polish Medical Pubs., Warsaw 1974; 109–118
   Google Scholar
• Practical Neurochemistry, H. McIlwain. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1975
   Google Scholar
• Merritt J.H., Chamness A.F., Allen S.J. Studies on blood-brain barrier permeability after microwave-radiation. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics 1978; 15: 367–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt J.H., Shelton W.W., Chamness A.F. Attempts to alter Ca-452+ binding to brain tissue with pulse-modulated microwave energy. Bioelectromagnetics 1982; 3: 457–478
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell D.S., Switzer W.G., Bronaugh E.L. Hyperactivity and disruption of operant behaviour in rats after multiple exposures to microwave radiation. Radio Science 1977; 12(6S)263–271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe K.E., Lovely R.H., Myers D.E., Guy A.W. Physiological and behavioural effects of chronic low level microwave radiation in rats. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore, 1976; 1: 248–256, HEW publication (FDA) 77-8010
   Google Scholar
• Myers R.D., Ross D.H. Radiation and brain calcium. A review and critique. Neuroscience and Biobehaviour Reviews 1981; 5: 503–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRPB. Proposals for the health protection of workers and members of the public against the dangers of extra low frequency and microwave radiations: a consultative document. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot 1982, Oxon. OX11 0RQ.
   Google Scholar
• Oldendorf W.H. Measurement of brain uptake of radiolabelled substances using a tritiated water internal standard. Brain Research 1970; 24: 372–376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oscar K.J., Hawkins T.D. Microwave alteration of the blood-brain barrier system of rats. Brain Research 1977; 126: 281–293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscar K.J., Gruneau S.P., Folker M.T., Rapoport S.I. Local cerebral blood flow after microwave exposure. Brain Research 1981; 204: 220–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston E. Failure of hyperthermia to open rat blood-brain barrier: reduced permeation of sucrose. Acta Neuropath. (Berl.) 1982; 57: 255–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston E., Prefontaine G. Cerebrovascular permeability to sucrose in the rat exposed to 2450 MHz microwaves. Journal of Applied Physiology 1980; 49: 218–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston E., Vavasour E.J., Assenheim H.M. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to mannitol in the rat following 2450 MHz microwave radiation. Brain Research 1979; 174: 109–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport S.I. Blood-Brain Barrier in Physiology and Medicine. Raven Press, New York 1976
   Google Scholar
• Rapoport S.I., Ohno K., Fredericks W.R. A quantitative method for measuring altered cerebrovascular permeability. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)345–348
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds G.S. A primer of operant conditioning. Scott, Foresman and Co, Brighton, England 1975
   Google Scholar
• Roberti B., Heebels G.H., Hendriex J.C.M., de Greef A.H.A.M., Wolthius O.L. Preliminary investigations of the effects of low-level microwave radiation on spontaneous motor activity in rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1975; 247: 417–424
   Google Scholar
• Sanza J.N., DeLorge J. Fixed interval behaviour of rats exposed to microwaves at low power densities. Radio Science 1977; 12(6S)273–277
   Google Scholar
• Scholl D.M., Allen S.J. Skilled visual-motor performance by monkeys in a 1·2 GHz microwave field. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)247–252
   Google Scholar
• Schrot J., Thomas J.R., Banvard R.A. Modification of the repeated acquisition of response sequences in rats by low-level microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 1980; 1: 89–99
   Google Scholar
• Shandala M.G., Dumanskii U.D., Rudnev M.I., Ershova L.K., Los I.P. Study of non-ionizing radiation effects upon the central nervous system and behaviour reactions. Environmental Health Perspectives 1979; 30: 115–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton W.W., Merritt J.H. In vitro study of microwave effects on calcium efflux in rat brain tissue. Bioelectromagnetics 1981; 2: 161–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheppard A.R., Bawin S.M., Adey W.R. Models of long-range order in cerebral macromolecules. Effects of sub- ELF and of modulated VHF and UHF fields. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)141–145
   Google Scholar
• Stern S., Margolin L., Weiss B., Shin-Tsu L., Michaelson S.M. Microwaves: Effect on thermoregulatory behaviour in rats. Science 1979; 206: 1198–1201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton C.H., Carroll F.B. Effects of microwave-induced hyperthermia on the blood-brain barrier of the rat. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)329–334
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J.R., Maitland G. Microwave radiation and dextroamphetamine: Evidence of combined effects on behaviour in rats. Radio Science 1979; 14(6S)253–258
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J.R., Finch E.D., Fulk D.W., Burch L.S. Effects of low-level microwave radiation on behavioural baselines. Annals of New York Academy of Science 1975; 247: 425–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas J.R., Yeandle S.S., Burch L.S. Modification of internal discriminative stimulus control of behaviour by low levels of pulsed microwave radiation. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves, C.C. Johnson, M.L. Shore, 1976; 1: 201–214, HEW pub (FDA) 77-8010
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J.R., Burch L.S., Yeandle S.S. Microwave radiation and chlordiazepoxide: Synergistic effects on fixed-interval behavioural baseline. Science 1979; 203: 1357–1358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas J.R., Schrot J., Banvard R.A. Behavioural effects of chlorpromazine and diazepam combined with low-level microwaves. Neurobiological Toxicology 1980; 2: 131–125
   Google Scholar
• Thomas J.R., Schrot J., Banvard R.A. Comparative effects of pulsed and continuous-wave 2·8 GHz microwaves on temporally defined behaviour. Bioelectromagnetics 1982; 3: 227–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschirgi R.D. Protein complexes and the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier to dyes. American Journal of Physiology 1950; 163: 756–756
   Google Scholar
• Ward T.R., Elder J.A., Long M.D., Svendsgaard D. Measurement of blood-brain barrier permeation in rats during exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves. Bioelectromagnetics 1982; 3: 371–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams W.M., Hoss W., Formaniak M., Michaelson S.M. Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. A. Effect on permeability to sodium fluorescein. Brain Research 1984 a; 319: 165–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams W.M., Lu S-T., Del Cerro M., Michaelson S.M. Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. D. Brain temperature and blood-brain barrier permeability to hydrophilic tracers. Brain Research 1984 b; 319: 191–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams W.M., Del Cerro M., Michaelson S.M. Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. B. Effect on the permeability to HRP. Brain Research 1984 c; 319: 171–182
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams W.M., Platner J., Michaelson S.M. Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. C. Effect on permeability to (14C) sucrose. Brain Research 1984 d; 319: 183–190
   Google Scholar
• Wolman M., Klatzo I., Chui E., Wilmes F., Nishimoto K., Fujiwara K., Spatz M. Evaluation of dye-protein tracers in pathophysiology of the blood-brain barrier. Acta Neuropathologica 1981; 54: 55–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar