Construction of a vector containing a site-specific DNA double-strand break with 3-phosphoglycolate termini and analysis of the products of end-joining in CV-1 cells '

References

• ADLER, S. and MODRICH, P., 1979, T7-Induced DNA polymerase: characterization of associated exonuclease activities and resolution into biologically active subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254, 11605–11614.
   Google Scholar
• AUSUBEL, F. M., BRENT, R., KINGSTON, R. E., MOORE, D. D., SEIDMAN, J. G., SMITH, J. A. and STRUHL, K., 1987, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, (New York: Wiley) pp. 9.1.–9.1.4.
   Google Scholar
• BouRNov, N. V., HALL, K. T., WILLS, Z., LEE, S. E., HE, D. M., BENJAMIN, D. M., PULASKI, C. R., BAND, H., REEVES, W. and HENDRICKSON, E. A., 1995, Complementation of the ionizing radiation sensitivity, DNA end binding, and V(D)J recombination defects of double-strand break repair mutants by the p86 Ku autoantigen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 92, 890–894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHANG, X.-B. and WILSON, J. H., 1987, Modification of DNA ends can decrease end joining relative to homologous recombination in mammalian cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 84, 4959–4963.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CHEN, D. S., HERMAN, T. and DEMPLE, B., 1991, Two distinct human DNA diesterases that hydrolyze 3'-blocking deoxyribose fragments from oxidized DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 5907–5914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'ANDREA, A. D. and HASELTINE, W. A., 1978, Sequence specific cleavage of DNA by the antitumor antibiotics neocar-zinostatin and bleomycin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 75, 3608–3612.
   Google Scholar
• DAR, M. E. and JORGENSEN, T. J., 1995, Deletions at short direct repeats and base substitutions are characteristic muta-tions for bleomycin-induced double- and single-strand breaks, respectively, in a human shuttle vector system. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 3224–3230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DERBYSHIRE, M. K., EPSTEIN, L. H., YOUNG, C. S., MUNZ, P. L. and FISHEL, R., 1994, Nonhomologous recombination in human cells. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 156–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENGLUND, P. T., 1972, The 3'-terminal nucleotide sequences of T7 DNA. Journal of Molecular Biology, 66, 209–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAIRMAN, M. P., JOHNSON, A. P. and THACKER, J., 1992, Multiple components are involved in the efficient joining of double stranded DNA breaks in human cell extracts. Nucleic Acids Research, 20, 4145–4152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FINNIE, N. J., GOTTLIEB, T. M., BLUNT, T., JEGGO, P. A. and JACKSON, S. P., 1995, DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is absent in xrs-6 cells: implications for site-specific recombination and DNA double-strand break repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 92, 320–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOEDECKE, W., PFEIFFER, P. and VIELMETTER, W., 1994, NOD-homologous DNA end joining in Schizosaccharomyces pombe efficiently eliminates DNA double-strand-breaks from haploid sequences. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 2094–2101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GOEDECKE, W., VIELMETTER, W. and PFEIFFER, P., 1992, Activation of a system for the joining of nonhomologous DNA ends during Xenopus egg maturation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 12, 811–816.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HEMSLEY, A., ARNHEIM, N., TONEY, M. D., CORTOPASSI, G. and GALAS, D. J., 1989, A simple method for site-directed mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 6545–6551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HENNER, W. D., RODRIGUEZ, L. 0., HECHT, S. M. and HASELTINE, W. A., 1983, Gamma-ray induced deoxyribo-nucleic acid strand breaks. 3' glycolate termini. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 258, 711–713.
   Google Scholar
• HORI, K., MARE, D. F. and RICHARDSON, C. C., 1979, Deoxyribo-nucleic acid polymerase of bacteriophage T7.Journal of Biological Chemistry, 254, 11598–11604.
   Google Scholar
• KIM, P. J. and JENNRICH, R. I., 1973, Tables of the exact sampling distribution of the two-sample Kolmogorov—Smirnov Cri-terionD(m n),In Selected Tables in MathematicalStatistics, vol.I, edited by: H. L. Harter and D. B. Owen (Providence: American Mathematical Society), pp. 79–170.
   Google Scholar
• KING, J. S., VALCARCEL, E. R., RUFER, J. T., PHILLIPS, J. W. and MORGAN, W. F., 1993, Noncomplementary DNA double-strand-break rejoining in bacterial and human cells. Nucleic Acids Research, 21, 1055–1059.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KIRCHGESSNER, C. U., PATIL, C. K., EVANS, J. W., CUOMO, C. A., FRIED, L. M., CARTER, T., OETTINGER, M. A. and BRowN, J. M., 1995, DNA-dependent kinase (p350) as a candi-date gene for the murine SCID defect. Science, 267, 1178–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRASIN, F. and HUTCHINSON, F., 1977, Repair of DNA double-strand breaks in Escherichia coli, which requires recA function and the presence of a duplicate genome. Journal of Molecular Biology, 116, 81–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEES-MILLER, S. P., GODBOUT, R., CHAN, D. W., WEINFELD, M., DAY, R. S., BARRON, G. M. and ALLALUNIS-TURNER, J., 1995, Absence of p350 subunit of DNA-activated protein kinase from a radiosensitive human cell line. Science, 267, 1183–1185.
   Google Scholar
• LOPEZ, B. and COPPEY, J., 1987, Promotion of double-strand break repair by human nuclear extracts preferentially involves recombination with intact homologous DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 6813–6826.
   Google Scholar
• LUKACSOVICH, T., YANG, D. and WALDMAN, A. S., 1994, Repair of a specific double-strand break generated within a mam-malian chromosome by yeast endonuclease I-SceI. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 5649–5657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUTZE, L. H., CLEAVER, J. E., MORGAN, W. F. and WINEGAR, R. A., 1993, Mechanisms involved in rejoining DNA double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation and restriction enzymes. Mutation Research, 299, 225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MANIATIS, T., FRITSCH, E. F. and SAMBROOK, J., 1989, Molecular Cloning, (A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Press).
   Google Scholar
• MIMORI, T. and HARDIN, J. A., 1986, Mechanism of interaction between Ku protein and DNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 10375–10379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORRIS, T. and THACKER, J., 1993, Formation of large deletions by illegitimate recombination in the HPRT gene of primary human fibroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90, 1392–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicoLas, A. L. and YOUNG, C. S., 1994, Characterization of DNA end joining in a mammalian cell nuclear extract: junction formation is accompanied by nucleotide loss, which is limited and uniform but not site specific. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 170–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORTH, p., GANESH, A. and THACKER, J., 1990, The rejoining of double-strand breaks in DNA by human cell extracts. Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 6205–6210.
   Google Scholar
• PFEIFFER, p., THODE, S., HANCKE, J. and VIELMETTER, W., 1994, Mechanisms of overlap formation in nonhomologous DNA end joining. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 888–895.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PFEIFFER, P. and VIELMETTER, W., 1988, Joining of nonhomolo-gous DNA double strand breaks in vitro. Nucleic Acids Research, 16, 907–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILLIPS, J. W. and MORGAN, W. F., 1994, Illegitimate recombi-nation induced by DNA double-strand breaks in a mammalian chromosome. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 5794–5803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POVIRK, L. F., HAN, Y. -H. and STEIGHNER, R. J., 1989, Structure of bleomycin-induced DNA double-strand breaks: predominance of blunt ends and single-base 5' extensions. Biochemistry, 28, 8508-8514.
   Google Scholar
• POVIRK, L. F., BENNETT, R. A. 0., WANG, P., SWERDLOW, P. S. and AUSTIN, M. J., 1994, Single base-pair deletions induced by bleomycin at potential double-strand cleavage sites in the aprt gene of stationary phase Chinese hamster ovary D422 cells. Journal of Molecular Biology, 243, 216–226.
   Google Scholar
• POVIRK, L. F. and AUSTIN, M. J. F., 1991, Genotoxicity of bleomycin. Mutation Research, 257, 127–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RATHMELL, W. K. and CHU, G., 1994, Involvement of the Ku autoantigen in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 7623–7627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RESNICK, M. A. and MARTIN, P., 1976, The repair of double-strand breaks in the nuclear DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its genetic control. Molecular and General Genetics, 143, 119–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ROBSON, C. N., MILNE, A. M., PAPPIN, D. J. and HICKSON, I. D., 1991, Isolation of cDNA clones encoding an enzyme from bovine cells that repairs oxidative DNA damage in vitro: homology with bacterial repair enzymes. Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 1087–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROTH, D. B. and WILSON, J. H., 1986, Nonhomologous recom-bination in mammalian cells: role for short sequence homologies in the joining reaction. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 6, 4295–4304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RouET, P., SMIH, F. and JAsIN, M., 1994, Introduction of double-strand breaks into the genome of mouse cells by expression of a rare-cutting endonuclease. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 14, 8096–8106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEIDMAN, M. M., DIXON, K., RAZZAQUE, A., ZAGURSKS R. J. and BERMAN, M. L., 1985, A shuttle vector plasmid for studying carcinogen-induced point mutations in mam-malian cells. Gene, 38, 233–237.
   Google Scholar
• SEKI, S., IKEDA, S., WATANABE, S., HATSUSHIKA, M., TSUTSUI, K., AKIYAMA, K. and ZHANG, B., 1991, A mouse DNA repair enzyme (APEX nuclease) having exonuclease and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activities: purifi-cation and characterization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1079, 57–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SMIDER, V., RATHMELL, W. K., LIEBER, M. R. and CHU, G., 1994, Restoration of X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombina-tion in mutant cells by Ku cDNA. Science, 266, 288–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEIGHNER, R. J. and POVIRK, L. F., 1990a, Bleomycin-induced DNA lesions at mutational hot spots: implications for the mechanism of double-strand cleavage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 87, 8350–8354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• STEIGHNER, R. J. and POVIRK, L. F., 1990b, Effect of in vitro cleavage of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites on bleomycin-induced mutagenesis of repackaged lambda phage. Mutation Research, 240, 93–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SUGIYAMA, H., Xu, C., MURUGESAN, N. and HECHT, S. M., 1988, Chemistry of the alkali-labile lesion formed from iron (II) bleomycin and d(CGCTTTAAAGCG). Biochemistry, 27, 58–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TACCIOLI, G. E., GOTTLIEB, T. M., BLUNT, T., PRIESTLEY, A., DEMENGEOT, J., MIZUTA, R., LEHMANN, A. R., ALT, F. W., JACKSON, S. P. and JEGuo, P. A., 1994, Ku80: product of the XRCC5 gene and its role in DNA repair and V(D)J recombination. Science, 265, 1442–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TAKESHITA, M., Grollman, A. P., Ohtsubo, E. and Ohtsubo, H., 1978, Interaction of bleomycin with DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 75, 5983–5987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANG, P., BENNETT, R. A. 0 and POVIRK, L. F., 1990, Melphalan-induced mutagenesis in an 5V40-based shuttle vector: predominance of AeT to TeA transversions. Cancer Research, 50, 7527–7531.
   Google Scholar
• WINTERS, T. A., WEINFELD, M. and JORGENSEN, T. J., 1992, Human HeLa cell enzymes that remove phosphoglycolate V-end groups from DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 20, 2573–2580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar