References
- DIETRICH, W., KATZ, H., LINCOLN, S. E., SHIN, H. S., FRIEDMAN, J., DRACOPOLI, N. C., and LANDER, E. S., 1992, A genetic map of the mouse suitable for typing intraspecific crosses. Genetics, 131, 423–447.
- DOOLITTLE, D. P., 1961, The effect of single gene substitutions on resistance to radiation in mice. Genetics, 46, 1501–1509.
- DOWN, J. D., NICHOLAS, D., and STEEL, G. G., 1986, Lung damage after hemithoracic irradiation: dependence on mouse strain. Radiotherapy & Oncology, 6, 43–50.
- DUNCAN, A. M., RONEN, A., and BLAKEY, D. H., 1983, Diurnal variation in the response of gamma-ray-induced apop-tosis in the mouse intestinal epithelium. Cancer Letters, 21, 163–166.
- EMLEN, W., NIEBUR, J., and KADERA, R., 1994, Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Immunology, 152, 3685–3692.
- FORLONI, G., ANGERETTI, N., CHIESA, R., MONZANI, E., SALMONA, M., BUGIANI, O., and TAGLIAVINI, F., 1993a, Neurotoxicity of a prion fragment. Nature, 362, 543–546.
- FORLONI, G., CHIESA, R., SMIROLDO, S., VERGA, L., SALMONA, M., TAGLIAVINI, F., and ANGERETTI, N., 1993b, Apoptosis mediated neurotoxicity induced by chronic applica-tion of beta amyloid fragment 25-35. Neuroreport, 4, 523–526.
- FRANK°, A. J., SHARPLIN, J., WARD, W. F., and HINZ,J. M., 1991, The genetic basis of strain-dependent differences in the early phase of radiation injury in mouse lung. Radiation Research, 126, 349–356.
- FROLEN, H., LUNING, K. G., and RONNBAcK, C., 1961, The effect of x-irradiation on various mouse strains due to their genetic background. Radiation Research, 14, 381–393.
- GARCHON, H. J., LuAN, J. J., ELOY, L., BEDOSSA, P., and BAcm, J. F., 1994, Genetic analysis of immune dysfunction in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice: mapping of a susceptibil-ity locus close to the Bc1-2 gene correlates with increased resistance of NOD T cells to apoptosis induction. European Journal of Immunology, 24, 380–384.
- GRAHN, D., 1958, Acute radiation response of mice from a cross between radiosensitive and radioresistant strains. Genetics, 43, 835–843.
- HANsoN, W. R., FRY, R. J. M., SALLESE, A. R., FRISHER, H., AHMAD, T., and AINSWORTH, E. J., 1987. Comparison of intestine and bone marrow radiosensitivity of the Balb/c and the C57BL/6 mouse strains and their B6CF1 offspring. Radiation Research, 110, 340–352.
- HERMISTON, M. L., and GORDON, J. I., 1995, Inflammatory bowel disease and adenomas in mice expressing a dominant negative N-cadherin. Science, 270, 1203–1207.
- Wiz', K., and POTTEN, C. S., 1983, Response of intestinal cells of differing topographical and hierarchical status to ten cytotoxic drugs and five sources of radiation. British Journal of Cancer, 47, 175–185.
- Wiz', K., and POTTEN, C. S., 1987, Further studies on the response of intestinal crypt cells of different hierarch-ical status to eighteen different cytotoxic agents. British Journal of Cancer, 55, 113–123.
- Wiz', K., and POTTEN, C. S., 1990, The circadian rhythm for the number and sensitivity of radiation-induced apoptosis in the crypts of mouse small intestine. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 58, 165–175.
- KERR, J. F. R., and SEARLE, J., 1980, Apoptosis: its nature and kinetic role. In Radiation Biology in Cancer Research, edited by R. E. Meyn and H. R. Withers (New York: Raven), pp. 367–384.
- KOHN, H. I., and KALIMAN, R. F., 1956, The influence of strain and acute x-ray lethality in the mouse I. LD50 and death rate studies. Radiation Research, 5, 309–317.
- LANDER, E. S., and BOTSTEIN, D., 1989, Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP link-age maps. Genetics, 121, 185–199.
- LANDER, E. S., and SCHORK, N. J., 1994, Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science, 265, 2037–2048.
- LEBLOND, C. P., and CHENG, H., 1976, Stem Cells of Renewing Cell Populations (New York: Academic).
- LEE, F. D., 1993, Importance of apoptosis in the histopathol-ogy of drug related lesions in the large intestine. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 46, 118–122.
- LEIJON, K., HAMMARSTROM, B., and HOLMBERG, D., 1994, NOR-obese diabetic (NOD) mice display enhanced immune responses and prolonged survival of lymphoid cells. International Immunology, 6, 339–345.
- LINNIK, M. D., ZOBRIST, R. H., and HATFIELD, M. D., 1993, Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke, 24, 2002–2008.
- MARK, R. J., HENSLEY, K., BUTTERFIELD, D. A., and MATTSON, M. P., 1995, Amyloid beta-peptide impairs ion-motive ATPase activities: evidence for a role in loss of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 6239–6249.
- MASON, K. A., MILAS, L. and PETERS, L. J., 1995, Effect of paclitaxel (taxol) alone and in combination with radia-tion on the gastrointestinal mucosa. International Jour-nal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 32, 1381–1389.
- MATTSON, M. P., CHENG, B., DAVIS, D., BRYANT, K., LIEBERBURG, I., and RYDEL, R. E., 1992, beta-Amyloid peptides destabi-lize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity. Journal of Neuro-science, 12, 376–389.
- MORI, N., NISHIKAWA, R., OKUMOTO, M., NISHIKAWA, K., Imm, S., NARITA, N., TAKAMORI, y., and YAGASAKI, O., 1991, Strain difference in the susceptibility of thymocytes to radiation-induced apoptosis: in vitro study. Journal of Radiation Research, 32, 277–285.
- MORI, N., OKUMOTO, M., MORIMOTO, J., IMAI, S., MATSUYAMA, T., TAKAMORI, y, and YAGASAKI, 0., 1992, Genetic analysis of susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis of thymo-cytes in mice. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 62, 153–159.
- MoRI, N., OKUMOTO, M., VAN DER VALK, M. A., Imm, S., HAGA, S., ESAKI, K., HART, A. A., and DEMANT, P., 1995, Genetic dissection of susceptibility to radiation-induced apop-tosis of thymocytes and mapping of Rapopl, a novel susceptibility gene. Genomics, 25, 609–614.
- POTTEN, C. S., 1977, Extreme sensitivity of some intestinal crypt cells to X and gamma irradiation. Nature, 269, 518–521.
- POTTEN, C. S., and HENDRY, J. H., 1983, Stem Cells (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone).
- RIEUX-LAUCAT, F., LE DEIST, F., HIVROZ, C., ROBERTS, I. A., DERATIN, K. M., FISCHER, A., and DE VILLARTARY, J. P., 1995, Mutations in Fas associated with human lympho-proliferative syndrome and autoimmunity. Science, 268, 1347–1349.
- SNEDECOR, G. W., and COCHRAN, W. G., 1980, Statistical Methods (Ames: Iowa State University press).
- STEPHENS, L. C., ANG, K. K., SCHULTHEISS, T. E., MILAS, L., and MEYN, R. E., 1991, Apoptosis in irradiated murine tumors. Radiation Research, 127, 308–316.
- STEPHENS, L. C., HUNTER, N. R., ANG, K. K., MILAS, L., and MEYN, R. E., 1993, Development of apoptosis in irra-diated murine tumors as a function of time and dose. Radiation Research, 135, 75–80.
- TAKAHASHI, T., TANAKA, M., BRANNAN, C. I., JENKINS, N. A., COPELAND, N. G., SUDA, T., and NAGAEA, S., 1994, Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell, 76, 969–976.
- THODE, H. C., JR., FINCH, S. J., and MENDELL, N. R., 1988, Simulated percentage points for the null distribution of the likelihood ratio test for a mixture of two normals. Biometrics, 44, 1195–1201.
- TRIER, J. S., and BROWNING, T. H., 1966, Morphologic response of the mucosa of human small intestine to x-ray exposure. Journal of Clinical Investigations, 45, 194–204.
- TUCKER, S. L., TURESSON, I., and THAMES, H. D., 1992, Evidence for individual differences in the radiosensitivity of human skin. European Journal of Cancer, 28A, 1783–1791.
- TURESSON, I., 1990, Individual variation and dose dependency in the progression rate of skin telangiectasia. Inter-national Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 19, 1569–1574.
- WATANABE-FUKUNAGA, R., BRANNAN, C. I., C OPELAND, N. G., JENKINS, N. A., and NAGATA, S., 1992, Lymphoprolifera-tion disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature, 356, 314–317.
- YANG, H. and ROTTER, J. I., 1994, Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. In Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench To Bedside, edited by S. R. Targan and F. Shanahan (Baltimore: Williams 8c Wilkins), pp. 32–64.