309
Views
260
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Free radical mechanism for the effects of environmental electromagnetic fields on biological systems

&
Pages 3-24 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • AHLBOM, A., FEYCHTIG, M., KOSKENVUO, M., OLSEN, J. H., PUKKALA, T., SCHLUGEN, G. and VERKASALO, P. K., 1993, Electro-magnetic fields and childhood cancer. Lancet, 342, 1295–1296.
  • BATCHELOR, S. N., KAY, C. W. M., MCLAUCHLAN, K. A. and SHKROB, I. A., 1993, Time-resolved and modulation methods in the study of the effects of magnetic fields on the yields of free radical reactions. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97, 13250–13258.
  • BATCHELOR, S. N., MCLAUCHLAN, K. A. and SHKROB, I. A., 1992, Reaction yield detected magnetic resonance in exci-plex systems. II. Time resolved and pulse studies. Molecular Physics, 75, 521–561.
  • BENNETT, W. R., 1994, Cancer and power lines. Physics Today, April, 23–29.
  • BROCKLEHURST, B., 1969, Formation of excited states by recom-bining organic ions. Nature, 221, 921–923.
  • BROCKLEHURST, B., 1976, Spin correlation in the geminate recombination of radical ions in hydrocarbons. Part 1. Theory of the magnetic field effect. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 72, 1869–1864.
  • BROCKLEHURST, B., 1984, The Reaction H + HH2 in solu-tion: yields of ortho- and para-hydrogen. Radiation Phy-sics and Chemistry, 23, 187–192.
  • BROCKLEHURST, B. 1985, Spin correlation effects in radiolysis. International Reviews on Physical Chemistry, 4, 279–306.
  • CANFIELD, J. M., BELFORD, R. L., DEBRUNNER, P. G. and SCHULTEN, K. J., 1994, A perturbation theory treatment of oscillat-ing magnetic fields in the radical pair mechanism. Chemical Physics, 182, 1–18.
  • CHAGOVETZ, A. M. and GRIssom, C. B., 1993, Magnetic field effects in adenosylcob (III) alamin photosynthesis: relevance to the B12 enzymes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 115, 12152–12157.
  • CHUANG, T. J., HOFFMAN, G. W. and EISENTHAL, K. B., 1974, Picosecond studies of the cage effect and collision induced predissociation of iodine in liquids. Chemical Physics Letters, 25, 201–205.
  • CLOSS, G. L., 1969, A mechanism explaining nuclear spin polarizations in radical combination reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 91, 4552–4554.
  • DOLL, R., 1994, Electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer (National Radiation Protection Board, Stationary Office), 5, 79–81.
  • FEYCHTIG, M. and AHLBOM, A., 1993, Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138, 467–481.
  • GRISSOM, C. B., 1995, Magnetic field effects in biology: a survey of possible mechanisms with emphasis on radical-pair recombination. Chemical Reviews, 95, 3.
  • GRUNDLER, W., KAISER, F., KEILMANN, R. and WALLECZEK, J., 1992, Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems. Naturwissenschaften, 79, 551–559.
  • HARKINS, T. T. and GRissom, C. B., 1995, The magnetic-field dependent step in BIT ethanolamine ammonia lyase in radical pair combination. Journal of the American Chemi-cal Society, 117, 566–567.
  • HILEMAN, B., 1993, Health effects of electromagnetic fields remains unresolved. Chemical and Engineering News, November, 15–29.
  • HOFF, A. J., GAsT, P., VANDERVOS, R., VRIEZE, T., FRANKEN, E. M. and Lous, E. T., 1993, Magnetic field effectsMARY, MIMS and MODS. Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie, 180 (pt 1), 175–192.
  • KAPTEIN, R. and OOSTERHOFF, L. J., 1969, Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization III (Anomalous multi-plets in radical coupling and disproportionation reactions). Chemical Physics Letters, 4, 214–216.
  • LAMBERT, T. P., 1978, The effects of magnetic fields on physical and chemical processes. D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford.
  • LEWIS, J. C. and SINGER, J. S., 1965, Electron spin resonance of radical cations produced by the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons with SbC15. Journa/ of Chemical Physics, 43, 2712–2727.
  • MCLAUCHLAN, K. A., 1992, Are environmental magnetic fields dangerous? Physics World, 5, 41–45.
  • MCLAUCHLAN, K. A. and STEINER, U. E., 1991, The spin-correlated radical pair as a reaction intermediate. Molecular Physics, 73, 241–263.
  • MCLAUCHLAN, K. A. and YEUNG, M. T., 1994, Time resolved ESR studies of free radicals. Specialist Periodical Reports of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Electron Spin Resonance, 14, 32–62.
  • OLSEN, J. H., NIELSEN, A. and SCHLUGEN, G., 1993, Residence near high voltage facilities and risk of cancer in children. British Medical Journal, 307, 891–895.
  • PEDERSEN, J. B. and FREED, J. H., 1973, Theory of chemically induced dynamic electron polarization II. Journal of Chemical Physics, 59, 2869–2885.
  • RIEGER, P. H. and FRAENKEL, G. K., 1962, Spin-density distribu-tions in nitrile anion radicals. Journal of Chemical Physics, 37, 2795–2810.
  • SALIKHOV, K. M., MOLIN, Yu. N., SAGDEEV, R. Z. and BUCHA-CHENKO, A. L., 1984, Spin Polarization and Magnetic Field Effects in Radical Reactions (Elsevier, Amsterdam), passin.
  • SCAIANO, J. C., COZENS, F. L. and McLEAN, J., 1994, Model for the rationalization of magnetic field effects in vivo. Application of the radical pair mechanism to bio-logical systems. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 59, 585–589.
  • SCAIANO, J. C., MOTHAT, N., COZENS, F. L., MCLEAN, J. and THANDOTE, A., 1994, Can the effect of 60Hz. magnetic fields be predicted from studies under static magnetic fields?. Bioelectromagnetics, 15, 549.
  • SCHULTEN, K. and WOLYNES, P. G., 1977, Semi-classical descrip-tion of electron spin motion in radicals including the effects of electron hopping. Journal of Chemical Physics, 68, 3292–3297.
  • SCHULTEN, K. and WINDEMUTH, A., 1986, Model for a physiolo-gical magnetic compass. In: Biophysical Effects of Steady Magnetic Fields. Edited by: G. Maret, J. Kiepenheuer and N. Boccara (Springer, Berlin), 99–106.
  • SCHULTEN, K., 1992 Conference Presentations. 2nd International Conference on Spin Chemistry, Konstanz, Germany.
  • STAERK, H., KÜHNLE, W., TREICHEL, R. and WELLER, A., 1985, Magnetic field dependence of intramolecular exciplex formation in polymethylene-linked A-D systems. Che-mical Physics Letters, 118, 19–24.
  • STASS, D. V., LUKZEN, N. N., TADJIKOV, B. M. and MOLIN, Yu. N., 1995a, Manifestation of quantum coherence upon recombination of radical ion pairs in weak magnetic fields. Systems with non-equivalent nuclei. Chemical Physics Letters, 233, 444–450.
  • STASS, D. V., TADJIKOV, B. M. and MOLIN, Yu. N., 1995b, Manifestation of quantum coherence upon recombi-nation of radical ion pairs in weak magnetic fields. Systems with equivalent nuclei. Chemical Physics Letters, 235, 511–516.
  • STEINER, U. E. and ULRICH, T., 1989, Magnetic field effects in chemical reactions and related phenomena. Chemical Reviews, 89, 51–147.
  • STEINER, U. E. and WOLFF, H-J., 1991, Magnetic field effects in photochemistry. In: Photochemistry and Photophysics. Edited by: J. F. Rabek (CRC Press), 4, 1–130.
  • TANIMOTO, y., OKADA, N., IT0H, M., Iwm, K., SUGIOKA, K., TAKEMURA, F., NAKAGAKI, R. and NAGAKURA, S., 1987, Magnetic field effects on the fluorescence of intra-molecular electron-donor acceptor systems. Chemical Physics Letters, 136, 42–46.
  • TURRO, N. J., 1983, Influence of nuclear spin on chemical reactions. Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects (a review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 80, 609–621.
  • TURRO, N. J., BUCHACHENKO, A. L. and TARASOV, V. F., 1995, How spin stereochemistry severely complicates the forma-tion of a carbon-carbon bond between two reactive radicals in a supercage. Accounts of Chemical Research, 28, 69–80.
  • VERKASOLO, P. K., EUKKALA, E., HONGISTO, M. Y, VALJUS, J. E., JARvINEN, P. J., HEIKKILA, K. V. and KOSKENVUO, M., 1993, Risk of cancer in Finnish children living close to power lines. British Medical Journal, 307, 895–899.
  • WERNER, H-J., SCHULTEN, Z. and SCHULTEN, K., 1977, Theory of the magnetic field modulated geminate recombina-tion of radical ion pairs in polar solvents: application to the pyrene-N,N-dimethylaniline system. Journal of Che-mical Physics, 67, 646–663.
  • WERNER, U., KOHNLE W. and STAERK, H., 1993, Magnetic field dependent reaction yields from radical ion pairs linked by a partially rigid aliphatic chain. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97, 9280–9287.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.