Radiation damage to cell membranes: insights from the oxygen effect

References

• ALPER, T., 1955, Bacteriophage as indicator in radiation chem-istry Radiation Research, 2, 119–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALPER, T., 1956, The modification of damage caused by primary ionization of biological targets Radiation Research, 5, 573–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALPER, T., 1959, Variability in the oxygen effect observed in micro-organisms. Part I. Haploid yeast: single and bud-ding cells International Journal of Radiation Biology, 1, 414–419.
   Google Scholar
• ALPER, T., 1961, Variability in the oxygen effect observed in micro-organisms. Part II. E scherichia coli B. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 3, 369–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALPER, T., 1977, The role of membrane damage in radiation-induced cell death. In Membrane Toxicity, edited by M. W. Miller and A. E. Shamou (New York: Plenum) pp. 139–165.
   Google Scholar
• ALPER, T., 1979, Cellular Radiobiology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• BACQ, Z. M. and ALEXANDER, P.7 19617 Fundamentals of Radiobiology, 2nd edn (Oxford: Pergamon).
   Google Scholar
• CASSONI, A. M., 1994, Oncogenes and radiosensitivity European Journal of Cancer, 30A, 279–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRAMP, W. A., WATKINS, D. K. and COLLINS, J.7 1972, The synthesis of DNA by membrane—DNA complexes from E. coli B/r and Bs, after exposure to fast electrons and neutrons: the measurement of oxygen-enhancement ratios and RBE values. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 22, 379–387.
   Google Scholar
• CRAMP, W. A., YATVIN, M. B. and HARMS-RINGDAHL, M.7 1994, Recent developments in the radiobiology of cellular mem-branes. Acta 0 ncologica, 33, 945–952.
   Google Scholar
• DuvAT, E., WyTuE, A. H. and MORRIS, R. G., 1985, Macrophage recognition of cells undergoing programmed cell-death (apoptosis) Immunology, 56, 351–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GILLIES, N. E., OBIOHA, F. I. and RATNAJOTHI, N. F1.7 1979, An oxygen-dependent X-ray lesion in the cell wall of E. coli B/r sensitive to penicillin. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 36, 587–594.
   Google Scholar
• HAIMOVITZ-FRIEDMAN, A., KAN, C. C., EHLEITER, D., PERSAUD, R. S., McLouGHTIN, M., FuKs, Z. and KoTEsNicK, R. N., 1994, Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 180, 525–535.
   Google Scholar
• MATHIAS, S., DRESSLER, K. A. and KOLESNICK, R. N., 1991, Characterization of a ceramide-activated protein kinase—stimulation by tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 88, 10009–10013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MILLER, A. C., GAFNER, J., CLARK, E. P. and SAMI DD., 1993a, Differences in radiation-induced micronuclei yields of human-cells—influence of ras gene-expression and pro-tein localization International Journal of Radiation Biology, 64, 547–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLER, A. C., GAFNER, J., CLARK, E. P. and SAMI DD., 1993b Post-transcriptional down-regulation of ras oncogene expression by inhibitors of cellular glutathione Molecular and Cellular Biology, 13, 4416–4422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLER, A. C., KARIKO, K., MYERS, C. E., CLARG, E. P. and SAMI DD., 1993c, Increased radioresistance of EJ ras-transformed human osteosarcoma cells and its modulation by lovastatin, an inhibitor of p21 ras isoprenylation International J ournal of Cancer, 53, 302–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MILLER, A. C. and SAMI DD., 1995, Tumor resistance to oxidative stress—association with ras oncogene expression and reversal by lovastatin, an inhibitor of p21 ras isopren-ylation International journal of Cancer, 60, 249–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OBEID, L. M., LINARDIC, C. M., KAROLAK, L. A. and HANNUN, Y. A., 1993, Programmed cell-death induced by ceramide Science, 259, 1769–1771.
   Google Scholar
• OBIOHA, F. I., GILLIES, N. E., CULLEN, B. M., WALKER, H. C. and ALPER, T., 1984, Constants of the Alper and Howard-Flanders oxygen equation for damage to bacterial-membrane, deduced from observations on the radiation-induced penicillin-sensitive lesion International Journal of Radiation Biology, 45, 427–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARASASSI, T., SAPORA, 0., GIUSTI, A. M., DESTASIO, G. and RAVAGNAN, G.7 19917 Alterations in erythrocyte-membrane lipids induced by low-doses of ionizing-radiation as revealed by 1,6-dipheny1-1,3,4-hexatriene fluorescence lifetime. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 59, 59–69.
   Google Scholar
• RAINEs, M. A., KoTEsNicK, R. N. and Gomm, D. W., 1993, Sphingomyelinase and ceramide activate mitogen-activated protein-kinase in myeloid HL-60 cells Journal of Biological Chemistry, 268, 14572–14575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RAMAKRISHNAN, N., MCCLAIN, D. E. and CATRAVAS, G. N., 1993, Membranes as sensitive targets in thymocyte apoptosis International Journal of Radiation Biology, 63, 693–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKLAR, M. D., 1988, The ras oncogenes increase the intrinsic resistance of NIH 3T3 cells to ionizing-radiation Science, 239, 645–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, L. N. and LITTLE, J. B., 1993, Prolonged cell-cycle delay in radioresistant human cell-lines transfected with activated ras oncogene and or simian virus-40 T-antigen Radiation Research, 133, 73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SZUMIEL, I., 1981, Intrinsic radiosensitivity of proliferating mam-malian-cells Advances in Radiation Biology, 9, 281–321.
   Google Scholar
• THOMAS, N. S. B., 1996, Introduction to life and death. In Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Control in Cancer, edited by N. S. B. Thomas (Oxford: Bios Scientific) pp. 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• WATKINS, D., 1970, High o.e.r. for the release of enzymes from isolated mammalian lysosomes after ionizing radiation Advances in Biological and Medical Physics, 13, 289–306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• YAMAOKA, K., EDAMATSU, R., ITOH, T. and MORI, A, 1994, Effects of low-dose X-ray-irradiation on biomembrane in brain cortex of aged rats Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 16, 529–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar