- ARENDS, M. J., MCGREGOR, A. H., TOFT, N. J., BROWN, E. J. and WYLLIE, A. H., 1993, Susceptibility to apoptosis is differentially regulated by c-myc and mutated Ha-ras oncogenes and is associated with endonuclease availability. British Journal of Cancer, 68, 1127-1133.
- BARRY, M. A. and EASTMAN, A., 1993, Identification of deoxyribonuclease II as an endonuclease involved in apoptosis. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 300, 440-450.
- BEERE, H. M., CHRESTA, C. M., ALEIO-HERBERG, A., SKLADANOWSKI, A., DIVE, C., LARSEN, A. K. and HICMAN, J. A., 1995, Investigation of the mechanism of higher order chromatin fragmentation observed in druginduced apoptosis. Moleailar Pharmacology, 47, 986-996.
- BENITO, A., 1997, Apoptosis of human myeloid leukemia cells induced by an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (okadaic acid) is prevented by BcI-2 and BcI-X(L). Leukemia, 11, 940-944.
- BLIKSTAD, I., MARKEY, F., CARLSSON, L., PERSSON, T. and LINDBERG, U., 1978, Selective assay of monomeric and filamentous actin in cell extracts, using inhibition of deoxyribonuclease. Cell, 15, 935-943.
- BOULIKAS, T., 1995, Chroma tin domains and prediction of MAR Sequences. International Review of Cytology, 162A, 279-388.
- BRYANT, P. E. and JOHNSTON, P. J., 1993, Restrictionendonuclease-induced DNA double-strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells. Mutation Research, 299, 289-296.
- CHEN, Q., BENSON, R. S., WHETTON, A. D., BRANT, S. R., DONOWITZ, M., MONTROSE, M. H., DIVE, C. and WATSON, A. J., 1997, Role of acid/base homeostasis in the suppression of apoptosis in haemopoietic cells by v-Abl protein tyrosine kinase. journal of Ceil Science, 110, 379-387.
- CHIARUGI, P., 1997, Differential migration of acylphosphatase isoenzymes from cytoplasm to nucleus during apoptOtiC Cell death. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 231, 717-721.
- CHIKHIRZHINA, G. I., BUBIAKINA, V. V., SHVARTSMAN, A. L. and GAITSKHOKI, V. S., 1987, Distribution of transcriptionactive DNA sequences in rat liver chromatin during fragmentation with endogenous DNAses. Moiecuiar Biology, 21, 125-131.
- COHEN, G. M., SUN, X. M., FEARNHEAD, H., MACFARLANE, M., BROWN, D. G., SNOWDEN, R. T. and DINSDALE, D., 1994, Formation of large molecular weight fragments of DNA is a key committed step of apoptosis in thymocytes. Journal of Immunology, 153, 507-516.
- COLE, L. E. and ELLIS, M. E., 1957, Radiation-induced changes in tissue nucleic acids: release of soluble deoxypolynucleotides in the Spleen. Radiation Research, 7, 508-512.
- COLLINS, M. K. L., FURLONG, I. J., MALDE, P., ASCASO, R., OLIVER, J. and RIVAS, A. L., 1996, An apoptotic endonuclease activated either by decreasing ph or by increasing Calcium. Journal of Cell Science, 109, 2393-2399.
- COOK, P. R. and BRAZELL, I. A., 1975, Supercoils in human DNA. Journal of Cell Science, 19, 261-279.
- COUTURE, C. and CHOW, T. Y., 1992, Purification and characterization of a mammalian endo-exonuclease. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 4355-4361.
- DAVIE, J. R., 1996, H is tone modifications, chromatin structure, and the nuclear matrix. Journal of Cell Biochemistry, 62, 149-157.
- DB LUCIA, F., 1996, Poly(ADPribosy1)ation system in transcriptionally active rat testis chromatin fractions. Journai of Cell Biochemistry, 63, 334-341.
- DELIC, J., 1993, Ubiquitin pathway involvement in human lymphocyte gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis. Molecular Cell Biology, 13, 4875-4883.
- DENG, G. and PODACK, E. R., 1995, Deoxyribonuclease induction in apoptotic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. FASEB journal, 9, 665-669.
- DUBRKSEN, J. D. and CONNOR, K. W., 1978, Periodicity and fragment size of DNA from mouse TLT hepatoma chromatin and chromatin fractions using endogenous and exogenous nucleases. Molecular Cellular Biochemistry, 11, 93-112.
- EASTMAN, A., 1995, Assays for DNA fragmentation, endonucleases, and intraceUular pH and Ca2+ associated with apOptOSiS. Methods in Cell Biology, 46, 41-55.
- ELLIS, R. E., JACOBSON, D. M. and HORVITZ, H. R., 1991, Genes required for the engulf ment of cell corpses during programmed Cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics, 129, 79-94.
- Enzyme Nomenclature: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymecatalysed Reactions, 1994 (New York: Academic Press).
- FERNANDEZ, A., KIEFER, J., FOSDICK, L. and MCCONKEY, D. J., 1995, Oxygen radical production and thiol depletion are required for Ca2+-mediated endogenous endonuclease activation in apoptotic thymocytes. journal of immunology, 155, 5133-5139.
- FILIPSKI, J., LEBLANC, J., YOUDALE, T., SIKORSKA, M. and WALKER, P. R., 1990, Periodicity of DNA folding in higher order chromatin structures. EMBO journal, 9, 1319-1327.
- FRASER, M. J., TYNAN, S. J., PAPAIOANNOU, A., IRELAND, C. M. and PITTMAN, S. M., 1996, Endo-exonuclease of human leukaemic cells-evidence for a role in apoptosis. Journal of Cell Stance, 109, 2343-2360.
- FRASER, M. J., CHOW, T. Y., COHEN, H. and KOA, H., 1986, An immunochemical study of Neurospora nucleases. Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 64, 106-116.
- FRASER, M. J. and Low, R. L., 1993, Fungal and mitochondrial nucleases. In Nucleases, 2nd edn, edited by S. M. Linn, R. S. Lloyd and R. J. Roberts (CSHL Press).
- FREY, T., 1997, Correlated flow cytometric analysis of terminal events in apoptosis reveals the absence of some changes in some model systems. Cytometry, 28, 253-263.
- FRUMAN, D. A., 1992, Correlation of calcineurin phosphatase activity and programmed cell death in murine T cell hybridomas. European Journal of Immunology, 22, 2513-2517.
- GAIDO, M. L. and CIDLOWSKI, J. A., 1991, Identification, purification, and characterization of a calcium-dependent endonuclease (NTJC 18) from apoptotic rat thymocytes. NUC18 is not histone H2B. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 18580-18585.
- HAN, Z., MALIK, N., CARTER, T., REEVES, W. H., WYCHE, J. H. and HENDRICKSON, E. A., 1996, DNA-dependent protein kinase is a target for a CPP32-like apoptotic protease. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 25035-25040.
- HIBINO, Y., YONEDA, T. and SUGANO, N., 1988, Purification and properties of a magnesium-dependent endodeoxyribonuclease endogenous to rat-liver nuclei. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 950, 313-320.
- HOUGE, G. and DOSKELAND, S. O., 1996, Divergence towards a dead end? Cleavage of the divergent domains of ribosomal RNA in apoptosis. Experientia, 31, 963-967.
- HUANG, P., BALLAL, K. and PLUNKETT, W., 1997, Biochemical characterization of the protein activity responsible for high molecular weight DNA fragmentation during druginduced apoptosis. Cancer Research, 57, 3407-3414.
- JACK, R. S., MORITZ, P. and CREMER, S., 1991, Restriction enzymes permit quantitative determination of defined chromatin structures within the chromosome. European Journal of Biochemistry, 202, 441-446.
- IVANNIK, B. P., GOLUBEVA, R. V., PROSKURIAKOV, S. I., MURZAEV, V. I. and RIABCHENKO, N. I., 1979 Effect of inhibitors of cell metabolism on postradiation repair and degradation of DNA in rat thymocytes. Radiobiology (USSR), 19, 3-7.
- KAUFMANN, S. H., 1989, Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, camptothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: a cautionary note. Cancer Research, 49, 5870-5878.
- KAWABATA, H., ANZAI, N., MASUTANI, H., HIRAMA, T., HISHITA, T., DODO, M., MASUDA, T., YOSHIDA, Y. and OKUMA, M., 1997, Mg2+ - or Mn2 + -dependent enclonuclease activities of human myeloid leukemia cells capable of producing nucleosomal-size DNA fragmentation. 133-138.
- KERR, J. F., WYLLIE, A. H. and CURRIE, A. R., 1972, Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. British Journal of Cancer, 26, 239-257.
- KHODAREV, N. N. and ASHWELL, J. D., 1996, An inducible lymphocyte nuclear Ca/Mg-dependent endonuclease associated With apoptosis. Journal of Immunology, 156, 922-931.
- KHODAREV, N. N., NARAYANA, A., CONSTANTINOU, A. and VAUGHAN, A. T. M., 1997, Topologically constrained domains of supercoiled DNA in eukaryotic cells. DNA and Cell Biology, 16, 1051-1058.
- KHODAREV, N. N., VOTRIN, I. I., SOKOLOV, N. N. and BASNAK'IAN, A. G., 1979, Methylation and degradation of chromatin DNA in isolated rat liver cell nuclei. Biochemistry (USSR), 44, 1058-1067.
- KYPRIANOU, N., ENGLISH, H. F. and ISAACS, J. T., 1988, Activation of a Ca2 + -Mg2 +-dependent endonuclease as an early event in castration-induced prostatic cell death. Prostate, 13, 103-117.
- LAGUEUX, J., MENARD, L., CANDAS, B., BROCHU, G., POTVIN, F., VERREAULT, A., COOK, P. F. and POIRIER, G. G., 1995, Equilibrium model in an in vitro poly(ADP-ribose) turnover System. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1264, 201-208.
- LAGUEUX, J., SHAH, G. M., MENARD, L., THOMASSIN, H., DUCHAINE, C., HENGARTNER, C. and POIRIER, G. G., 1994, Poly(ADP-ribose) catabolism in mammalian cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 138, 45-52.
- LAZEBNIK, Y. A., TAKAHASHI, A., POIRIER, G. G., KAUFMANN, S. H. and EARNSHAW, W. C., 1995, Characterization of the execution phase of apoptosis in vitro Mm using extracts from condemned-phase cells, journal of Ceil Science, 19(snppl.), 41-49.
- LEBEDEVA, L. G., ALEXANDROVA, S. S., VOTRIN I. I. and BASNAKIAN, A. G., 1995, in vitro proteolysis of endonucleases in rat liver nuclei extracts. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 35, 433-440.
- LIU, N. and BRYANT, P. E., 1994. Enhanced chromosomal response of ataxia-telangiectasia cells to specific types of DNA double-Strand breaks. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 66, S115-121.
- LIU, X., Zou, H., SLAUGHTER, C. and WANG, X., 1997, DFF, a heterodimeric protein that functions downstream of caspase-3 to trigger DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. Cell, 89, 175-184.
- LUOKKAMAKI, M., SERVOMAA, K. and RYTAOMAA, T., 1993, Onset of chromatin fragmentation in chloroma cell apoptosis is highly sensitive to UV and begins at non-B DNA Conformation. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 63, 207-213.
- MADAIO, M. P., 1996, Spontaneously produced antiDNA/DNase I autoantibodies modulate nuclear apoptosis in living Cells. European Journal of Immunology, 26, 3035-3041.
- MANNHERZ, H. G., PEITSCH, M. C., ZANOTTI, S., PADDENBERG, R. and POLZAR, B., 1995, A new function for an old enzyme: the role of DNase I in apoptosis. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 198, 161-174.
- MARKS, A. R., 1997, Intracellular calcium-release channels: regulators of cell life and death. American journal of Physiology, 272, H597-605.
- MARSHALL, A. J., 1997, The distribution of nuclease-sensitive sites in chromatin. FKRS Letters, 82, 58-62.
- MARUTA, H., MATSUMURA, N. and TANUMA, S., 1997, Role of (ADP-ribose)n catabolism in DNA repair. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication, 236, 265-269.
- MATSUBARA, K., KUBOTA, M., ADACHI, S., KUWAKADO, K., HIROTA, H., WAKAZONO, Y., AKIYAMA, Y. and MIKAWA, H., 1994, Different mode of cell death induced by calcium ionophore in human leukemia cell lines: possible role of constitutive endonuclease. Experimental Ceil Research, 210, 19-25.
- MCBAIN, J. A., 1997, Apoptotic death in adenocarcinoma cell lines induced by butyrate and other histone deacetylase inhibitors. Biochemical Pharmacology, 53, 1357-1368.
- MCCONKEY, D. J., 1996, Signal transduction pathways in apoptosis. Stem Cells, 14, 619-631.
- MEYN, R. E., 1997, Apoptosis and response to radiation: implications for radiation therapy. Oncology, 11, 349-356.
- MONTAGUE, J. W. and CIDLOWSKI, J. A., 1996, Cellular catabolism in apoptosis-DNA degradation and endonuclease activation. Experientia, 52, 957-962.
- MONTAGUE, J. W., GAIDO, M. L., FRYE, C. and CIDLOWSKI, J. A., 1994, A calcium-dependent nuclease from apoptotic rat thymocytes is homologous with cyclophilin. Recombinant cyclophilins A, B, and C have nuclease activity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 18877-18880.
- MOORE, J., BOSWELL, S., HOFFMAN, R., BURGESS, G. and HROMAS, R., 1993, Mutant H-ras over-expression inhibits a random poptotic nuclease in myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia Research, 17, 703-709.
- MORANA, S. J., WOLF, C. M., Li, J., REYNOLDS, J. E., BROWN, M. K. and EASTMAN, A., 1996, The involvement of protein phosphatases in the activation of ICE/CED-3 protease, intracellular acidification, DNA digestion, and apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 18263-18271.
- MORIMOTO, Y., 1997, The protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A induce apoptosis in human osteoblastiC cells. Experimental Cell Research, 230, 181-186.
- MUNDLE, S. D., GREGORY, S. A., PREISLER, H. D. and RAZA, A., 1996, Enzymatic programming of apoptotic cell death. Pathobiology, 64, 161-170.
- NAGAE, S., NAKAYAMA, J., NAKANO, I. and ANAI, M. 1982, Purification and properties of a neutral endodeoxyribonuclease from rat small intestinal mucosa. Biochemistry, 21, 1339-1344.
- NEAMATI, N., 1995, Degradation of lamin Bl precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei. Jommai of immunology, 154, 3788-3795.
- NIKONOVA, L. V., BELETSKY, I. P. and UMANSKY, S. R., 1993, Properties of some nuclear nucleases of rat thymocytes and their changes in radiation-induced apoptosis. E uropean Journal of Biochemistry, 215, 893-901.
- NISHIKAWA, A., SHIOKAWA, D., UMEMORI, K., HAYASHI, H. and TANUMA, S., 1997, Occurrence of DNase gamma-like apoptotic endonucleases in hematopoietic cells in Xenopus lams and their relation to metamorphosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 231, 205-308.
- NOWAK, C. and OBE, G., 1984, On the origin of chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro I. Experiments with N eurospora endonuclease and polyethylene glycol. Human Genetics, 66, 335-343.
- OBERHAMMER, F., FRITSCH, G., SCHMIED, M., PAVELKA, M., PRINTZ, D., PURCHIO, T., LASSMAN, H. and SHULTEHERMANN R., 1992, Condensation of the chromatin at the membrane of an apoptotic nuclei is not associated with activation of an endonuclease. journal of Ceil Science, 104, 317-326.
- OBERHAMMER, F, WILSON, J. W., DIVE, C, MORRIS, I. D., HICKMAN, J. A., WAKELING, A. E., WALKER, P. R. and SIKORSKA, M., 1993, Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 30 and/or 50kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation. EMBO Journal, 12, 3679-3684.
- PANDEY, S., WALKER, P. R. and SIKORSKA, M., 1997, Identification of a novel 97kDa endonuclease capable of internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Biochemistry, 36, 711-720.
- PARANIAPE, S. M., KAMAKAKA, R. T. and KADONAGA, J. T., 1994, Role of chromatin structure in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Annual Renew in Biochemistry, 63, 265-297.
- PEITSCH, M. C., MULLER, C. and TSCHOPP, J., 1993, DNA fragmentation during apoptosis is caused by frequent Single-Strand Cuts. Nucleic Acids Research, 21, 4206.
- PHILPOTT, K. L., MCCARTHY M. J., BECKER, D., GATCHALIAN, C. and RUBIN, L. L., 1996, Morphological and biochemical changes in neurons:apoptosis versus mitosis. European Journal of Neurosaence, 8, 1906-1915.
- RIBEIRO, J. M. and CARSON, D. A., 1993, Ca2+/Mg(2 +) dependent endonuclease from human spleen: purification, properties, and role in apoptosis. Biochemistry, 32, 9129-9136.
- RICE, W. G., HILLYER, C. D., HARTEN, B., SCHAEFFER, C. A., DORMINY, M., LACKEY, D. A., KIRSTEN, E., MENDELEYEV, J., BUKI, K. G. et ai., 1992, Induction of endonuclease-mediated apoptosis in tumour cells by C-nitroso-substituted ligands of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences. USA, 89, 7703-7707.
- SEKI, S., TAKATA, A., NAKAMURA, T., AKIYAMA, K. and WATANABE, S. A., 1993, Possible cause of heterogeneity of mammalian apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease. International Journal of Biochemistry, 25, 53-59.
- SHIBASAKI, F., 1995, Calcineurin functions in Ca(2 +) -activated cell death in mammalian cells, journal of Ceil Biology, 131, 735-743.
- SHIMIZU, T. and POMMIER, Y., 1996, DNA fragmentation induced by protease activation in p53-null human leukemia HL60 cells undergoing apoptosis following treatment with the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin: cell-free system Studies. Experimental Cell Research, 226, 292-301.
- SIERACOVSKA, H. and SUGAR, D., 1997, Mammalian nucleolytic enzymes. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, 20, 59-130.
- SKALKA, M. and MATYASOVA, J., 1963, The effect of low radiation doses on the release of deoxypolynucleotides in hematopoetic and lymphatic tissues, international journal of Radiation Biology, 7, 41-46.
- SKALKA, M., MATYASOVA, J. and CEIKOVA, M., 1976, DNA in chromatin of irradiated lymphoid tissues degrades in vivo into regular fragments. FERS Letter, 72, 271-275.
- SMITH, R. J. and DUERKSEN, J. D., 1977, Activity of purified and chromatin-associated mouse TLT hepatoma RNA polymerases on homologous whole chromatin and euchromatin-enriched segments isolated from homologous Chromatin. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, 55, 227-238.
- SOKOLOVA, I. A., COWAN, K. H. and SCHNEIDER, E., 1995, Ca2+/Mg(2 +) -dependent endonuclease activation is an early event in VP-16-induced apoptosis of human breast Cancer MCF7 Cells in vitro. Biochimica el Biophysica Acta, 1266, 135-142.
- SOKOLOVA, I. A., KHODAREV, N. N., ALEKSANDROVA, S. S. and VOTRIN, I. I., 1988, Isolation and analysis of Ca/Mgdependent endonuclease from cell nuclei of human splenocyteS. Biochemistry (USSR), 53, 1163-1173.
- SONG, Q., 1993, Calyculin A, a potent inhibitor of phosphatases-1 and - 2A, prevents apoptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 190, 47-55.
- STANCHEVA, I., 1997, Chroma tin structure and methylation of rat rRNA genes studied by formaldehyde fixation and psoralen Cross-linking. Nucleic Acid Research, 25, 1727-1735.
- STRATLING, W. H. and KLINGHOLZ, R., 1981, Supranucleosomal structure of chromatin: digestion by calcium/magnesium endonuclease proceeds via a discrete size class of particles with elevated stability. Biochemistry, 20, 1386-1392.
- SUN, D. Y., JIANG, S., ZHENG, L. M., OJCTUS, D. M. and YOUNG, J. D., 1994, Separate metabolic pathways leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptotic chromatin condensation. Journal of Experimenlal Medicine, 179, 559-568.
- SWINGLE, K. F. and COLE, L. J., 1968, Early effects of ionizing radiation On nucleic acids. In Current Topics in Radiation Research, vol. 4, edited by M. Ebert and A. Howard (Amsterdam: North-Holland), pp. 197-198.
- TANAKA, Y., YOSHIHARA, K., ITAYA, A., KAMIYA, T. and KOIDE, S. S., 1984, Mechanism of the inhibition of Ca2 +, Mg2 +-dependent endonuclease of bull seminal plasma induced by ADP-riboSylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 259, 6579-6585.
- TANUMA, S. and SHIOKAWA, D., 1994, Multiple forms of nuclear deoxyribonuclease in rat thymocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 203, 789-797.
- THACKER, J., 1994, The study of responces to 'model' DNA breaks induced by restriction endonucleases in cells and cell-free systems: achievements and difficulties, international Journal of Radiation Biology, 66, 591-596.
- THEVENIN, C., 1991, Inhibition of protein phosphatases by okadaic acid induces API in human T cells, journal of Biological Chemistry, 266, 9363-9366.
- TIMOFEEFF-RESSOVSKY, N. V., SAVITCH, A. V. and SHALNOV, M. I., 1981, Introduction to Molecular Radiobiology (MOSCOW: Medicine Publications).
- TKACHEVA, T. I., KERZON, S. S, KHODAREV, N. N. and VOTRIN, 1.1., 1990, Changes of Ca/Mg-dependent DNA-endonucleolisis in isolated cell nuclei of human lymphocytes in lymphoproliferative diseases. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (USSR), 6, 543-545.
- UCKER, D. S., OBERMILLER, P. S., ECKHART, W., APGAR, J. R., BERGER, N. A. and MEYERS, J., 1992, Genome digestion is a dispensable consequence of physiological cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Molecular and Ceil Biology, 12, 3060-3069.
- UMANSKY, S. R., 1991, Apoptotic process in the radiationinduced death of lymphocytes. In Apoptosis: The Molecular Basis of Ceil Death, edited by L. D. Tomei and F. O. Cope (Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press), pp. 193-208.
- VANDERBILT, J. N., BLOOM, K. S. and ANDERSON, J. N., 1982, Endogenous nuclease. Properties and effects on transcribed genes in Chromatin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 257, 13009-13017.
- VERLY, W. G., MARECHAL, D. and CESAR, R., 1989, The ratliver microsomal AP endonuclease. The endoplasmic reticulum is presented as a net thrown into the cytosol to capture newly synthesized karyophilic proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1008, 183-188.
- VON SONNTAG, C., 1987, The Chemical Basis of Radiation Biology (London: Taylor & Francis).
- VODENICHAROV, M. D., MARKOVA, D. Z. and DJONDJUROV, L. P., 1996, Spontaneous apoptosis in mouse F4N-S erythroleukemia cells induces a nonrandom fragmentation Of DNA. DNA and Cell Biology, 15, 287-296.
- WALKER, P. R., LEBLANC, J. and SIKORSKA M., 1997, Evidence that DNA fragmentation in apoptosis is initiated and propagated by single-strand breaks. Ceil Death and Differentiation, 4, 506-515.
- WARING, P., 1997, Apoptosis induced by gliotoxin is preceded by phosphorylation of histone H3 and enhance sensitivity of chromatin to nuclease digestion, journal of Biology chemistry, 272, 17929-17936.
- WARING, P. and BEAVER, J., 1996, Cyclosporin A rescues thymocytes from apoptosis induced by very low concentrations of thapsigargin: effects on mitochondrial function. Experimental Cell Research, 227, 264-276.
- WIEDERRECHT, G., 1993, The mechanism of action of FK-506 and Cyclosporin A. Annals of New York Academy of Science, 696, 9-19.
- Woo, K. R., SHU, W. P., KONG, L. and LIU, B. C., 1996, Tumor necrosis factor mediates apoptosis via Ca+ + /Mg+ + dependent endonuclease with protein kinase C as a possible mechanism for cytokine resistance in human renal carcinoma cells. Journal of Urology, 155, 1779-1783.
- WRIGHT, S. C., WEI, Q. S., KINDER, D. H. and LARRICK, J. W., 1996, Biochemical pathways of apoptosis-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-deficient cells are resistant to tumor necrosis factor or ultraviolet light activation of the 24-kd apoptotic protease and DNA fragmentation, journal of Experimental Medicine, 183, 463-471.
- WRIGHT, S. C., WEI, Q. S., ZHONG, J., ZHENG, H., KINDER, D. H. and LARRICK, J. W., 1994, Purification of a 24-kD protease from apoptotic tumor cells that activates DNA fragmentation. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 180, 2113-2123.
- WYLLIE, A. H., 1980, Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature, 284, 555-556.
- WYLLIE, A. H., ARENDS, M. J., MORRIS, R. G., WALKER, S. W. and EVAN, G., 1992, The apoptosis end onuc lease and its regulation. Seminars in Immunology, 4, 389-397.
- WYLLIE, A. H., KERR, J. F. and CURRIE, A. R., 1973, Cell death in the normal neonatal rat adrenal cortex, journal of Pathology, 111, 255-261.
- YAMADA, T. and OHYAMA, H., 1980, Changes in surface morphology of rat thymocytes accompanying interphase death. Journal of Radiation Research, 21, 190-196.
- YAN, Y., 1997, Inhibition of protein phosphatase activity induces p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of p53 transactivation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 15220-15226.
- YANASE, K., 1997, Receptor-mediated cellular entry of nuclear localizing anti-DNA antibodies via myosin 1. journal of Clinical Investigations, 100, 25-31.
- ZACHARCHUK, C. M., MERCEP, M., CHAICRABORTI, P. K., SIMONS, S. S. and ASHWELL, J. D., 1990, Programmed T lymphocyte death. Cell activation and steroid-induced pathways are mutually antagonistic, Journal of immunology, 145, 4037-4045.
- ZHANG, C., ROBERTSON, M. J., SCHLOSSMAN, S. F., 1995, A triplet of nuclease proteins (NP42-50) is activated in human Jurkat cells undergoing apoptosis. Cellular Immunology, 165, 161-167.
- ZHIVOTOVSKY, B., BURGESS, D. H. and ORRENIUS, S., 1996, Proteases in apoptosis. Experientia, 52, 968-978.
- ZHIVOTOVSKY, B., WADE, D., NICOTERA, P. and ORRENIUS, S., 1994, Role Of nucleases in apoptosis. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 105, 333-338.
Review Mechanisms of induction of apoptotic DNA fragmentation
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.