331
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Ayodhya 2.0 in Banaras? Judicial discourses and rituals of place in the making of Hindu majoritarianism

References

  • Anand, D. 2011. Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Anderson, E. 2015. “‘Neo-Hindutva’: The Asia House M. F. Husain Campaign and the Mainstreaming of Hindu Nationalist Rhetoric in Britain.” Contemporary South Asia 23 (1): 45–66. doi:10.1080/09584935.2014.1001721.
  • Anderson, E., and A. Longkumer. 2018. “‘Neo-Hindutva’: Evolving Forms, Spaces, and Expressions of Hindu Nationalism.” Contemporary South Asia 26 (4): 371–377. doi:10.1080/09584935.2018.1548576.
  • Asher, C. B. 1992. Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bakker, H. 2006. “The Avimuktakṣetra in Vārāṇasī: Its Origin and Early Development.” In Visualizing Space in Banaras: Images, Maps, and the Practice of Representation, edited by M. Gaenszle and J. Gengnagel, 23–39. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Bakker, H. T., and H. Isaacson. 2004. “A Sketch of the Religious History of Varanasi up to the Islamic Conquest and the New Beginning.” In The Skandapurana, Vol. IIA (Adhyayas 26–31.14): The Varanasi Cycle, edited by H. T. Bakker, and H. Isaacson, 19–82. Gröningen: Egbert Forsten.
  • Bayly, C. 1985. “The Pre-History of ‘;Communalism’? Religious Conflict in India, 1700–1860.” Modern Asian Studies 19 (2): 177–203. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00012300.
  • Berti, D., N. Jaoul, and H. Kanugo. 2011. Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva: Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Berti, D., G. Tarabout, and R. Voix. 2016. Filing Religion: State, Hinduism, and Courts of Law. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Billig, M. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Bouillier, V. 2020. “Yogi Adityanath’s Background and Rise to Power.” South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 24/25. doi:10.4000/samaj.6778.
  • Chatterji, A. P., T. B. Hansen, and C. Jaffrelot. 2019. Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism is Changing India. London: Hurst and Company.
  • Dalmia, V. 1997. The Nationalization of Hindu traditions: Bhāratendu Hariś chandra and Nineteenth-century Banaras. New Delhi: Oxfrod University Press.
  • Desai, M. 2012. “City of Negotiations: Urban Space and Narrative in Banaras.” In Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories, edited by M. S. Dodson, 17–41. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Desai, M. 2017. Banaras Reconstructed: Architecture and Sacred Space in a Hindu Holy City. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Dodson, M. S. 2012. Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Freitag, S. 1989. Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance and Environment 1800-1980. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Gaenszle, M., and J. Gengnagel. 2006. Visualizing Space in Banaras: Images, Maps, and the Practice of Representation. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Gengnagel, J. 2005. “Kāśīkhaṇḍokta: On Texts and Processions in Varanasi.” In Words and Deeds: Hindu and Buddhist Rituals in South Asia, edited by J. Gengnagel, U. Hüsken, and S. Raman, 65–89. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz Verlag.
  • Gengnagel, J. 2011. Visualized Texts: Sacred Spaces, Spatial Texts and the Religious Cartography of Banaras. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz Verlag.
  • Govindrajan, R., B. Joshi, and M. Rizvi. 2021. “Majoritarian Politics in South Asia”. Hot Spots, Fieldsights, March 16. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/series/majoritarian-politics-in-south-asia.
  • Gutschow, N. 2006. Benares: The Sacred Landscape of Varanasi. Stuttgart/London: Edition Axel Menges.
  • Hansen, T. B. 1999. The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Jaffrelot, C. 2017. “Toward a Hindu State?” Journal of Democracy 28 (3): 52–63. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0044.
  • Jaffrelot, C. 2021. Modi’s India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Kapferer, B. 2010. “In the Event: Toward an Anthropology of Generic Moments.” Social Analysis 54 (3): 1–27. doi:10.3167/sa.2010.540301.
  • Kapur, R. 2014. “The ‘Ayodhya’ Case: Hindu Majoritarianism and the Right to Religious Liberty.” Maryland Journal of International Law 29 (1): 305–365. https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1622&context=mjil.
  • Khan, S. M. 1947. Maasir-i-Alamgiri. Translated by Jadunath Sarkar. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (rev. ed., 1986).
  • Lazzaretti, V. 2017. “Waterscapes in Transition: Past and Present Reshaping of Sacred Water Places in Banaras.” In Water, Knowledge and the Environment in Asia: Epistemologies, Practices and Locales, edited by R. Baghel, L. Stepan, and J. K. W. Hill, 230–245. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Lazzaretti, V. 2019. “Making the Story new. Individuals, Variations and Embodiment in Local Urban Pilgrimage.” Rivista Degli Studi Orientali XCII fasc. I-II: 165–182.
  • Lazzaretti, V. 2021a. “The Boundary Within: Demolitions, Dream Projects and the Negotiation of Hinduness in Banaras.” In Spaces of Religion in Urban South Asia, edited by I. Keul, 87–99. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Lazzaretti, V. 2021b. “Religious Offence Policed: Paradoxical Outcomes of Containment at the Centre of Banaras and the ‘Know-How’ of Local Muslims.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 44 (3), 584–599. doi:10.1080/00856401.2021.1923760.
  • Lazzaretti, V. 2021c. “Water and Conflicts Around Religious Heritage: Oscillations Between Centre and Periphery?” In In Split Waters The Idea of Water Conflicts, edited by L. Cortesi, and K. J. Joy, 135–152. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Lazzaretti, V. 2021d. “New Monuments for the New India: Heritage-Making in a ‘Timeless City’.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 27 (11), 1085–1100. doi:10.1080/13527258.2021.1954055.
  • Ludden, D. 2005. Making India Hindu: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Lumsen, K. 2019. Reflexivity: Theory, Method and Practice. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Medhasananda, S. 2002. Varanasi at the Crossroads: A Panoramic View of Early Modern Varanasi and the Story of Its Transition. Vol. I–II. Varanasi: Ramakrishna Mission.
  • Michelutti, L. 2011. “The Symbolism of Krishna in Uttar Pradesh Politics in the 1990s: Understanding the ‘Normalisation’ of Hindutva in North India.” In Cultural Entrenchment of Hindutva: Local Mediations and Forms of Convergence, edited by D. Berti, N. Jaoul, and P. Kanugo, 241–272. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Motichandra, B. 1962. Kashi ka Itihas. new ed. Varanasi: Vishvavidhyaalaya Prakaashan. 1985).
  • Muthiah, K. S., et al. 1911. Smiling Benares: A Sketch from the Vedic Days to the Modern Times. Madras: Raithby & Co. Printers.
  • Nevill, H. R. 1909. Benares: A Gazetteer. Vol. XXVI of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Allahabad: F. Lukee, Suptd. Govt. Press, United Provinces.
  • Nilsen, A. G., K. B. Nielsen, and A. Vaidya. 2019. Indian Democracy: Origins, Trajectories, Contestations. London: Pluto Press.
  • Pai, S., and S. Kumar. 2018. Everyday Communalism: Riots in Contemporary Uttar Pradesh. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Parry, J. 1994. Death in Banaras. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pinch, W. R. 2012. “Hiding in Plain Sight: Gosains on the Ghats, 1809.” In Banaras: Urban Forms and Cultural Histories, edited by M. S. Dodson, 77–109. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Prinsep, J. 1831. Benares Illustrated, in a Series of Drawings. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
  • Reddy, D. 2011. “Hindutva as Praxis.” Religion Compass 5 (8): 412–426. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00288.x.
  • Saxena, S. 2018. “‘Court’ing Hindu Nationalism: Law and the Rise of Modern Hindutva.” Contemporary South Asia 26 (4): 378–399. doi:10.1080/09584935.2018.1546672.
  • Smith, T. L. 2007. “Re-newing the Ancient: The Kāśīkhaṇḍa and Śaiva Vārāṇasī.” Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 8 (1): 83–108. doi:10.15388/AOV.2007.1.3749.
  • Srikantan, G. 2017. “Reexamining Secularism: The Ayodhya Dispute and the Equal Treatment of Religions.” Journal of Law, Religion and State 5 (2): 117–147. doi:10.1163/22124810-00502002.
  • Srivastava, A. L. 1939. Shuja-ud-Daulah, Vol I. 1757-1765. Calcutta: S.N. Sarkar, The Midland Press.
  • Trigger, D., M. Forsey, and C. Meurk. 2012. “Revelatory Moments in Fieldwork.” Qualitative Research 12 (5): 513–527. doi:10.1177/1468794112446049.
  • Udayakumar, S. P. 2005. ‘Presenting’ the Past: Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India. Westport: Praeger.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.