Medial calcaneal nerve entrapment as a cause for chronic heel pain

References

• American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS). The diagnosis and treatment of heel pain. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 2001; 40: 329–340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnheim, DD, Prentice, WE. Principles of athletic training 10th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York 2000
   Google Scholar
• Bailie DS, Kelikian AS. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: Diagnosis, surgical technique and functional outcome. Foot and Ankle International 1998; 19: 65–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett SJ, O'Malley. Plantar fasciitis and other causes of heel pain. American Family Physician 1999; 15;59(8)2200–2206
   Google Scholar
• Boissonnault W. Differential diagnosis: Taking a step back before stepping forward. PT Magazine 2000; 8(11)46–54
   Google Scholar
• Coert HJ, Meek MF, Gibeault D, Dellon LA. Documentation of posttraumatic nerve compression in patients with normal electrodiagnostic studies. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 2004; 56: 339–344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coppieters MW, Alsha AM, Babri AS, Souvlis T, Kippers V, Hodges PW. Strain and excursion of the sciatic, tibial and plantar nerves during a modified straight leg raising test. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2006; 24: 1883–1889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford F, Thompson C. Interventions for treating plantar heel pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003; 3: CD000416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Didia BC, Horsefall AU. Medial calcaneal nerve. An anatomical study. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 1990; 80: 115–119
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiMarcangelo MT, Yu TC. Diagnostic imaging of heel pain and plantar fasciitis. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery 1997; 14: 281–301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Govsa F, Bilge O, Ozer MA. Variations in the origin of the medial and inferior calcaneal nerves. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 2006; 126: 6–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henricson AS, Westlin NE. Chronic calcaneal pain in athletes: Entrapment of the calcaneal nerve?. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2003; 31: 268–275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hislop M, Tierney P. Anatomical variations within the deep posterior compartment of the leg and important clinical consequences. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2004; 7: 392–399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irving DB, Cook JL, Menz HB. Factors associated with chronic plantar heel pain. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2006; 9: 11–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson EK, Chiarello CM. The slump test: The effects of head and lower extremity position on knee extension. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1997; 26: 310–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, FP, McCreary, EK, Provance, PG. Muscles: Testing and function with posture and pain 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 1993
   Google Scholar
• Lau JT, Stavrou P. Posterior tibial nerve primary. Foot and Ankle Clinics 2004; 9: 271–285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy JC, Mizel MS, Clifford PD, Temple HT. Value of radiographs in the initial evaluation of nontraumatic adult heel pain. Foot and Ankle International 2006; 27: 427–430
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Louisia S, Masquelet AC. The medial and inferior calcaneal nerves: An anatomic study. Surgical Radiologic Anatomy 1999; 21: 169–173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCrory P, Bell S, Bradshaw C. Nerve entrapments of the lower leg, ankle and foot in sport. Sport Medicine 2002; 32: 371–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer J, Kulig K, Landel R. Differential diagnosis and treatment of subcalcaneal heel pain: A case report. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2002; 32: 114–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelsson O, Konttinen YT, Paavolainen P, Santavirta S. Plantar heel pain and its 3-mode, 4-stage treatment. Modern Rheumatology 2005; 15: 307–314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park TA, Del Toro DR. The medial calcaneal nerve: Anatomy and nerve conduction technique. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18: 1348–1350
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peer S, Kovacs P, Harpf C, Bodnar G. High-resolution sonography of lower extremity peripheral nerves: Anatomic correlation and spectrum of disease. Journal of Ultrasound Medicine 2002; 21: 315–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, J. Gait analysis: Normal and pathologic function. Slack Inc, Thorofare, NJ 1992
   Google Scholar
• Reese, NB, Bandy, WD. Joint range of motion and muscle length testing. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 2001
   Google Scholar
• Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Pidcoe P, Johnson RE. Risk factors for plantar fasciitis: A matched case-control study. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American 2003; 85-A: 872–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Sparrow K. Impact of demographic and impairment related variables on disability associated with plantar fasciitis. Foot and Ankle International 2004; 25: 311–317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose JD, Malay DS, Sorrento DL. Neurosensory testing of the medial calcaneal and medial plantar nerves in patients with plantar heel pain. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 2003; 42: 173–177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saggini R, Bellomo RG, Affaitati G, Lapenna D, Giamberardino MA. Sensory and biomechanical characterization of two painful syndromes in the heel. The Journal of Pain 2007; 8: 215–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schon LC, Glennon TP, Baxter DE. Heel pain syndrome: Electrodiagnostic support for nerve entrapment. Foot and Ankle 1993; 14: 129–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sormaala MJ, Niva MH, Kiurur MJ, Mattila VM, Pihlajamaki HK. Stress injuries of the calcaneus detected with magnetic resonance imaging in military recruits. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American 2006; 88: 2237–2242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanz SS. Heel pain. Clinical Orthopaedics 1963; 28: 169–178
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theobald P, Bydder G, Dent C, Nokes L, Pugh N, Benjamin M. The functional anatomy of Kagar's fat pad in relation to retrocalcaneal problems and other hindfoot disorders. Journal of Anatomy 2006; 208: 91–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing SC, Smeathers JE, Urry SR, Hennig EM, Hills AP. The pathomechanics of plantar fasciitis. Sports Medicine 2006; 36: 585–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams PL, Smibert JG, Cox R, Mitchell R, Klenerman L. Imaging study of the painful heel syndrome. Foot and Ankle 1987; 7: 345–349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uzel M, Cetinus E, Bilgic E, Ekerbicer H, Karaoguz A. Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography in assessment of the heel pad compressibility index of patients with plantar heel pain syndrome. Measurement of the fat pad in plantar heel pain syndrome. Joint Bone Spine 2006; 73: 196–199
   Google Scholar