Reconciling movement and exercise with pain neuroscience education: A case for consistent education

References

• Alkhasawneh IM, Mrayyan MT, Docherty C, Alashram S, Yousef HY 2008 Problem-based learning (PBL): Assessing students’ learning preferences using vark. Nurse Education Today 28: 572–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blickenstaff C 2015 Novel Movement Opportunities Using the Edgework Approach. San Diego Pain Summit, San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Boersma K, Linton S, Overmeer T, Jansson M, Vlaeyen J, de Jong J 2004 Lowering fear-avoidance and enhancing function through exposure in vivo: A multiple baseline study across six patients with back pain. Pain 108: 8–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousema EJ, Verbunt JA, Seelen HA, Vlaeyen JW, Knottnerus JA 2007 Disuse and physical deconditioning in the first year after the onset of back pain. Pain 130: 279–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosseau L, Wells GA, Tugwell P, Egan M, Wilson KG, Dubouloz CJ, Casimiro L, Robinson VA, McGowan J, Busch A, Poitras S, Moldofsky H, Harth M, Finestone HM, Nielson W, Haines-Wangda A, Russell-Doreleyers M, Lambert K, Marshall AD, Veilleux L; Ottawa Panel Members 2008 Ottawa Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for aerobic fitness exercises in the management of fibromyalgia: Part 1. Physical Therapy 88: 857–871.
   Google Scholar
• Catley MJ, O’Connell NE, Berryman C, Ayhan FF, Moseley GL 2014 Is tactile acuity altered in people with chronic pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pain 15: 985–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Cleland JA, Elliott JM, Teyhen DS, Wainner RS, Whitman JM, Sopky BJ, Godges JJ, Flynn TW;American Physical Therapy Association 2008 Neck pain: Clinical practice guidelines linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 38: a1–a34.
   Google Scholar
• Coombes BK, Bisset L, Vicenzino B 2012 Thermal hyperalgesia distinguishes those with severe pain and disability in unilateral lateral epicondylalgia. Clinical Journal of Pain 28: 595–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa L, Maher CG 2011 Self-efficacy is more important than fear of movement in mediating the relationship between pain and disability in chronic low back pain. European Journal of Pain 15: 213–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuesta-Vargas AI, González-Sánchez M, Casuso-Holgado MJ 2013 Effect on health-related quality of life of a multimodal physiotherapy program in patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 11: 19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daenen L, Varkey E, Kellmann M, Nijs J 2015 Exercise, not to exercise, or how to exercise in patients with chronic pain? Applying science to practice. Clinical Journal of Pain 31: 108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling M 1991 Exercise and migraine. A critical review. Journal of Sports medicine and Physical Fitness 31: 294–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong JR., Vlaeyen JW, Onghena P, Cuypers C, Hollander M den, Ruijgrok J 2005 Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type I: The application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain 116: 264–275.
   Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Diehl AK, Rosenthal M 1986 How many days of bed rest for acute low back pain? A randomized clinical trial. New England Journal of Medicine 315: 1064–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flink IK, Boersma K, Linton SJ 2010 Catastrophizing moderates the effect of exposure in vivo for back pain patients with pain -related fear. European Journal of Pain 14: 887–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor H, Denke C, Schaefer M, Grüsser S 2001 Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain. Lancet 357(9270): 1763–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George SZ, Wittmer VT, Fillingim RB, Robinson ME 2010 Comparison of graded exercise and graded exposure clinical outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 40: 694–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodin BR, McGuire LM, Stapleton LM, Quinn NB, Fabian LA, Haythornthwaite JA, Edwards RR 2009 Pain catastrophizing mediates the relation between self-reported strenuous exercise involvement and pain ratings: The moderating role of anxiety sensitivity. Psychosomatic Medicine 71: 1018–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasenbring MI, Verbunt JA 2010 Fear-avoidance and endurance-related responses to pain: New models of behavior and their consequences for clinical practice. Clinical Journal of Pain 26: 747–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iles RA, Davidson M, Taylor NF, O’Halloran P 2009 Systematic review of the ability of recovery expectations to predict outcomes in non-chronic non-specific low back pain. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 19: 25–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen MJ, Viechtbauer W, Lenssen AF, Hendriks EJM, de Bie RA 2011 Strength training alone, exercise therapy alone, and exercise therapy with passive manual mobilisation each reduce pain and disability in people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy 57: 11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J, Beller E 2007 Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash? – A preliminary RCT. Pain 129: 28–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannersten L, Kosek E 2010 Dysfunction of endogenous pain inhibition during exercise with painful muscles in patients with shoulder myalgia and fibromyalgia. Pain 151: 77–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JW 2006 The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: Current state of scientific evidence. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 30: 77–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeuw M, Goossens ME, van Breukelen GJ, de Jong JR, Heuts PH, Smeets RJ, Köke AJ, Vlaeyen JW 2008 Exposure in vivo versus operant graded activity in chronic low back pain patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Pain 138: 192–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis GN, Rice DA, McNair PJ 2012 Conditioned pain modulation in populations with chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Journal of Pain 13: 936–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindström I, Öhlund C, Lindström I, Ohlund C, Eek C, Wallin L, Peterson LE, Fordyce WE, Nachemson AL 1992 The effect of graded activity on patients with subacute low back pain: A randomized prospective clinical study with an operant-conditioning behavioral approach. Physical Therapy 72: 279–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Boersma K, Jansson M, Overmeer T, Lindblom K, Vlaeyen JW 2008 A randomized controlled trial of exposure in vivo for patients with spinal pain reporting fear of work-related activities. European Journal of Pain 12: 722–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Buer N, Vlaeyen J, Hellsing AL 2000 Are fear-avoidance beliefs related to the inception of an episode of back pain? A prospective study. Psychology and Health 14: 1051–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loggia ML, Juneau M, Bushnell MC 2011 Autonomic responses to heat pain: Heart rate, skin conductance, and their relation to verbal ratings and stimulus intensity. Pain 152: 592–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, Muñoz-García D, Gil-Martínez A, Pardo-Montero J, Muñoz-Plata R, Angulo-Díaz-Parreño S, Gómez-Martínez M, La Touche R 2015 A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of graded activity and graded exposure for chronic nonspecific low back pain. Pain Medicine: Aug 3 [ Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Louw A, Diener I, Butler DS, Puentedura EJ 2011 The effect of neuroscience education on pain, disability, anxiety, and stress in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 92: 2041–2056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Diener I, Landers MR, Puentedura EJ 2014 Preoperative pain neuroscience education for lumbar radiculopathy: A multicenter randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine 39: 1449–1457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon P, Cohen M, Quintner J 2011 An evolutionary stress-response hypothesis for chronic widespread pain (fibromyalgia syndrome). Pain Medicine 12: 1167–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macedo LG, Smeets RJ Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH 2010 Graded activity and graded exposure for persistent nonspecific low back pain: A systematic review. Physical Therapy 90: 860–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes S, Karoly P 2005 Self-regulation assessment and intervention in physical health and illness: A review. Applied Psychology 54: 267–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main CJ, Keefe FJ, Jensen MP, Vlaeyen JW, Volwes KE 2015 Fordyce’s Behavioral Methods for Chronic Pain and Illness: Republished with Invited Commentaries. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• McBeth J, Chiu YH, Silman AJ, Ray D, Morriss R, Dickens C, Gupta A, Macfarlane GJ 2005 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis function and the relationship with chronic widespread pain and its antecedents. Arthritis Research and Therapy 7: R992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKnight PE, Afram A, Kashdan TB, Kasle S, Zautra A 2010 Coping self-efficacy as a mediator between catastrophizing and physical functioning: treatment target selection in an osteoarthritis sample. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 33: 239–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Nijs J, Vanderheiden T, Baert I, Descheemaeker F, Struyf F 2015 The effect of relaxation therapy on autonomic functioning, symptoms and daily functioning, in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia: A systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation 29: 221–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Nijs J, Van Oosterwijck J, Van Alsenoy V, Truijen S 2010 Pain physiology education improves pain beliefs in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared with pacing and self-management education: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 91: 1153–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith PJ, Rappel G, Strong J, Bailey KJ 2015 Sensory sensitivity and strategies for coping with pain. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 69: 6904240010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moseley GL 2002 Combined physiotherapy and education is efficacious for chronic low back pain. Austrailian Journal of Physiotherapy 48: 297–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL 2003 Joining forces – combining cognition-targeted motor control training with group or individual pain physiology education: A Successful treatment for chronic low back pain. Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy 11: 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Moseley GL 2004 Evidence for a direct relationship between cognitive and physical change during an education intervention in people with chronic low back pain. European Journal of Pain 8: 39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL 2005 Widespread brain activity during an abdominal task markedly reduced after pain physiology education: fMRI evaluation of a single patient with chronic low back pain. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 51: 49–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Butler DS 2015 Fifteen years of explaining pain: The past, present, and future. Journal of Pain 16: 807–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Nicholas MK, Hodges PW 2004 A randomized controlled trial of intensive neurophysiology education in chronic low back pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 20: 324–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Vlaeyen JW 2015 Beyond nociception: The imprecision hypothesis of chronic pain. Pain 156: 35–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy RJ, Gray SA, Straja SR, Bogert MC 2004 Student learning preferences and teaching implications. Journal of Dental Education 68: 859–866.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naugle KM, Fillingim RB, Riley JL 2012 A meta-analytic review of the hypoalgesic effects of exercise. Journal of Pain 13: 1139–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielson WR, Jensen MP, Karsdorp PA, Vlaeyen JWS 2013 Activity pacing in chronic pain: Concepts, evidence, and future directions. Clinical Journal of Pain 29: 461–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Lluch Girbés E, Lundberg M, Malfliet A, Sterling M 2015 Exercise therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: Innovation by altering pain memories. Manual Therapy 20: 216–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Meeus M 2015 Five Requirements for Effective Pain Neuroscience Education in Physiotherapy Practice, Canadian Physiotherapy Association. Pain science Division. http://www.physiotherapy.ca/Pain-Science-Division/Featured-Articles/Latest-articles/Neuroimmune-interactions-in-CRPS-Luke-Parkitny,-PT?lang=en-ca.
   Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Paul van Wilgen C, Van Oosterwijck J, van Ittersum M, Meeus M 2011 How to explain central sensitization to patients with ‘unexplained’ chronic musculoskeletal pain: practice guidelines. Manual Therapy 16: 413–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan K, Dankaerts W, O’Sullivan L, O’Sullivan PB 2015 Cognitive functional therapy for disabling nonspecific chronic low back pain: Multiple case-cohort study. Physical Therapy 95:1478–1488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul TM, Soo Hoo J, Chae J, Wilson RD 2012 Central hypersensitivity in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93: 2206–2209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson N 2015 Yoga therapy for people in pain. In: Thompson D, Brooks M (eds) Integrative Pain Medicine. Handspring Publishers Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Peters ML, Vlaeyen JW, Weber WE 2005 The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic back pain disability. Pain 113: 45–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen-Barr E, Äng B, Arvidsson I, Nilsson-Wikmar L 2009 Graded exercise for recurrent low-back pain: a randomized, controlled trial with 6-, 12-, and 36-month follow-ups. Spine 34: 221–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riecke J, Holzapfel S, Rief W, Glombiewski JA 2013 Evaluation and implementation of graded in vivo exposure for chronic low back pain in a German outpatient setting: A study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 14: 203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel NA, Nijs J, Meeus M, Mylius V, Fayt C, Oostendorp R 2013 Central sensitization and altered central pain processing in chronic low back pain: Fact or myth? Clinical Journal of Pain 29: 625–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan CG, Gray HG, Newton M, Granat MH 2010 Pain biology education and exercise classes compared to pain biology education alone for individuals with chronic low back pain: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Manual Therapy 15: 382–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemonsma PC, Schröder CD, Roorda LD, Lettinga AT 2010 Benefits of treatment theory in the design of explanatory trials: Cognitive treatment of illness perceptions in chronic low back pain rehabilitation as an illustrative example. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 42: 111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemonsma PC, Schröder CD, Schroder CD, Dekker JH, Lettinga AT 2008 The benefits of theory for clinical practice: Cognitive treatment for chronic low back pain patients as an illustrative example. Disability Rehabilitation 30: 1309–1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemonsma PC, Stuive I, Roorda LD, Vollebregt JA, Lankhorst GJ, Lettinga AT 2011 Best candidates for cognitive treatment of illness perceptions in chronic low back pain: Results of a theory-driven predictor study. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 43: 454–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemonsma PC, Stuive I, Roorda LD, Vollebregt JA, Walker MF, Lankhorst GJ, Lettinga AT 2013 Cognitive treatment of illness perceptions in patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 93: 435–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeets RJ, Vlaeyen JW, Kester AD, Knottnerus JA 2006 Reduction of pain catastrophizing mediates the outcome of both physical and cognitive-behavioral treatment in chronic low back pain. Journal of Pain 7: 261–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BE, Littlewood C, May S 2014 An update of stabilisation exercises for low back pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 15: 416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart MJ, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Bogduk N, Nicholas M 2007 Randomized controlled trial of exercise for chronic whiplash-associated disorders. Pain 128: 59–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MJ, Bishop SR, J Pivik 1995 The pain catastrophizing scale: Development and validation. Psychological Assessment 7: 524–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MJ, Lynch ME, Clark AJ 2005 Dimensions of catastrophic thinking associated with pain experience and disability in patients with neuropathic pain conditions. Pain 113: 310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suokas AK, Walsh DA, McWilliams DF, Condon L, Moreton B, Wylde V, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zhang W 2012 Quantitative sensory testing in painful osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 20: 1075–1085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B 2010 A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): Part 4 – Noninvasive interventions for chronic WAD. Pain Research and Management 15: 313–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsay A, Allen TJ, Proske U, Giummarra MJ 2015 Sensing the body in chronic pain: A review of psychophysical studies implicating altered body representation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 52: 221–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JA, Mancl L, Aaron LA 2004 Pain-related catastrophizing: A daily process study. Pain 110: 103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaegter HB, Handberg G, Graven-Nielsen T, Edwards R 2016 Hypoalgesia after exericse and cold pressor test are reduced in chronic musculuskeletal pain patients with high pain sensitivity. Clinical Journal of Pain 32: 58–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, Koes BW, van Tulder MW 2010 Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology 24: 193–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oosterwijck J, Meeus M, De Schryver M, Pascal A, Lambrecht L, Nijs J 2013 Pain physiology education improves health status and endogenous pain inhibition in fibromyalgia: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clinical Journal of Pain 29: 873–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oosterwijck J, Nijs J, Meeus M, Truijen S, Craps J, Van den Keybus N, Paul L 2011 Pain neurophysiology education improves cognitions, pain thresholds, and movement performance in people with chronic whiplash: A pilot study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 48: 43–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wilgen CP, Konopka KH, Keizer D, Zwerver J, Dekker R 2013 Do patients with chronic patellar tendinopathy have an altered somatosensory profile? A Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) study. Scandanavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 23: 149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vase L, Petersen GL, Riley JL 3rd, Price DD 2009 Factors contributing to large analgesic effects in placebo mechanism studies conducted between 2002 and 2007. Pain 145: 36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, de Jong J, Geilen M, Heuts PH, van Breukelen G 2001 Graded exposure in vivo in the treatment of pain-related fear: a replicated single-case experimental design in four patients with chronic low back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39: 151–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen JW, Morley SJ, Linton SJ, Boersma K, de Jong J 2012 Pain-Related Fear: Exposure-Based Treatment of Chronic Pain. Seattle, IASP.
   Google Scholar
• Vohs KD, Baumeister RF, Schmeichel BJ, Twenge JM, Nelson NM, Tice DM 2008 Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94: 883–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell G, Feder G, Lewis M 1997 Systematic reviews of bed rest and advice to stay active for acute low back pain. British Journal of General Practice 47(423): 647–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wand BM, Parkitny L, O’Connell NE, Luomajoki H, McAuley JH, Thacker M, Moseley GL 2011 Cortical changes in chronic low back pain: Current state of the art and implications for clinical practice. Manual Therapy 16: 15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss S, Sack M, Henningsen P, Pollatos O 2014 On the interaction of self-regulation, interoception and pain perception. Psychopathology 47: 377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods MP, Asmundson GJ 2008 Evaluating the efficacy of graded in vivo exposure for the treatment of fear in patients with chronic back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Pain 136: 271–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarnitsky D, Bouhassira D, Drewes AM, Fillingim RB, Granot M, Hansson P, Landau R, Marchand S, Matre D, Nilsen KB, Stubhaug A, Treede RD, Wilder-Smith OH 2015 Recommendations on practice of conditioned pain modulation (CPM) testing. European Journal of Pain 19: 805–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoris A, Esteves S, Couto B, Melloni M, Kichic R, Cetkovich M, Favaloro R,Moser J, Manes F, Ibanez A, Sedeño L 2015 The roles of interoceptive sensitivity and metacognitive interoception in panic. Behavioral and Brain Functions 11:14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zale EL, Lange KL, Fields SA, Ditre JW 2013 The relation between pain-related fear and disability: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pain 14: 1019–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zusman M 2004 Mechanisms of musculoskeletal physiotherapy. Physical Therapy Reviews 9: 39–49.
   Google Scholar