6
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Pharmacotherapy of alcohol and drug problems

&
Pages 215-224 | Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • Sellers EM, Kalant H. Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 757–762
  • Victor M, Brausch C. The role of abstinence in the genesis of alcoholic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1967; 8: 1–20
  • Gross M, Lewis E, Nagarajan M. An improved quantitative system for assessing the acute alcohol psychoses and related states (TSA and SSA). Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Volume 35: Alcohol intoxication and withdrawal experimental studies, MM Gross. Plenum Press, New York 1973; 365–376
  • Knott DH, Lerner WD, Davis-Knott T, Fink RD. Decision for alcohol detoxification. A method to standardize patient evaluation. Postgrad Med 1981; 69(5)65–78
  • Shaw JM, Kolesar GS, Sellers EM, Kaplan HL, Sandor P. Development of optimal treatment tactics for alcohol withdrawal: I. Assessment and effectiveness of supportive care. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981; 1: 382–389
  • Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM. Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar). Br J Addict 1989; 84: 1353–1357
  • Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Chater K, Iversen P, Roach C, Sykora K. Nonpharmacologic intervention in acute alcohol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 34: 214–219
  • Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Harrison M, Devenyi P, Roach C, Sykora K. Diazepam loading: Simplified treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983; 34: 822–826
  • Adinoff B, Bone GHA, Linnoila M. Acute ethanol poisoning and the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Med Toxicol 1988; 3: 172–196
  • Sellers EM. Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: clinical management. Can Med Ass J 1988; 139: 113–118
  • Romach MK, Sellers EM. Management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Annual review of medicine, WP Creger, CH Coggins, EW Hancock. Annual Review Inc., Palo Alto 1991; 42: 322–340, In
  • Heinala P, Piepponen T, Heikkinen H. Diazepam loading in alcohol withdrawal. Clinical pharmacokinetics. Int. J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1990; 28(5)212–217
  • Bjorkqvist SE, Isohanni M, Makela R, Malinen L. Ambulant treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms with carbazepine: A formal multi-centre double-blind comparison with placebo. Acta Psychiatria Scand 1976; 53: 333–342
  • Ritola E, Malinen L. A double-blind comparison of carbamazepine and clomethiazole in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Acta Psychiat Scand 1981; 64: 254–259
  • Butler D, Messiha FS. Alcohol withdrawal and carbamazepine. Alcohol 1986; 3: 113–129
  • Malcolm R, Ballenger JC, Sturgis ET, Anton R. Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiat 1989; 146: 617–621
  • Lambie DG, Johnson RH, Vijayasenan ME, Whiteside EA. Sodium valproate in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Aust NZ J Psychiat 1980; 14: 213–215
  • Wilbur R, Kulik FA. Anticonvulsant drugs in alcohol withdrawal: use of phenytoin, primidone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and the sedative anti-convulsants. Am J Hosp Pharm 1981; 38: 1138–1143
  • Gold MS, Redmond DE, Kleber HD. Noradrenergic hyperactivity in opiate withdrawal supported by clonidine reversal of opiate withdrawal. Am J Psychiat 1979; 136: 100–102
  • Glassman AH, Jackson WK, Walsh BT, Roose SP. Cigarette craving, smoking, withdrawal and clonidine. Science 1984; 226: 864–866
  • Bjorkqvist SE. Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal. Acta Psychiat Scand 1975; 52: 256–263
  • Manhem P, Nilsson LH, MOberg A-L, Wadstein J, Hokfelt B. Alcohol withdrawal: effects of clonidine treatment on sympathetic activity, the renin-aldosterone system, and clinical symptoms. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 1985; 9(3)238–243
  • Baumgartner GR, Rowen RC. Clonidine vs. chlordiazepoxide in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147: 1223–1226
  • Cushman P, Jr., Sowers JR. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: clinical and hormonal responses to alpha2-adrenergic agonist treatment. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 1989; 13: 361–364
  • Liskow BL, Goodwin DW. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol intoxication, withdrawal and dependence: A critical review. J Stud Alcohol 1987; 48: 356–370
  • Robinson BJ, Robinson GM, Maling TJB, Johnson RH. Is clonidine useful in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal?. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 1989; 13: 95–98
  • wilson A, Vulcano B. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of magnesium sulfate in the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 1984; 8: 542–545
  • Naranjo CA, Sellers EM. Clinical assessment and pharmacotherapy of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Recent Development in Alcoholism, M Galanter. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York 1986; 4: 264–281, In
  • Young GP, Rores C, Murphy C, Dailey RH. Intravenous phenobarbital for alcohol withdrawal and convulsions. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 847–850
  • Borg V, Weinholdt T. Bromocriptine in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Acta Psychiatria Scand 1982; 65: 101–111
  • Burroughs AK, Morgan MY, Sherlock S. Double-blind controlled trial of bromocriptine, chlordiazepoxide, and chlormethiazole for alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol Alcoholism 1985; 20: 263–271
  • Kaim SC, Klett CJ, Rothfield B. Treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal state: a comparison of four drugs. Am J Psychiat 1969; 125: 1640–1646
  • Koppi S, Eberhardt G, Haller R, Konig P. Calcium channel blocking agent in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal—caroverine versus meprobamate in a randomized double-blind study. Neuropsychobiology 1987; 17: 49–52
  • Gross MM, Lewis E, Hastey J. Acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The Biology of Alcoholism, B Kissin, H Begleiter. Plenum Publishing, New York 1974; 3: 191–263, In
  • Devenyi P, Harrison ML. Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with oral diazepam loading. Can Med Ass J 1985; 132: 798–800
  • Alldredge BK, Lowenstein DH, Simon RP. Placebo-controlled trial of intravenous diphenylhydantoin for short-term treatment of alcohol withdrawal seizures. Am J Med 1989; 87: 645–648
  • Sellers EM, Kalant H. Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens. Encyclopedic handbook of alcoholism, EM Pattison, E Kaufman. Gardner Press, New York 1982; 147–166, In
  • Zilm DH, Jacob MS, MacLeod SM, Sellers EM, Ti TY. Propranolol and chloradiazepoxide effects on cardiac arrhythmias during alcohol withdrawal. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 1980; 4: 400–405
  • Hesselbrock MN, Meyer RE, Keener JJ. Psychopathology in hospitalized alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 1050–1055
  • Ross HE, Glaser FB, Germanson T. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with alcohol and other drug problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 1023–1031
  • Alling, C, Balldin, J, Bokstrom, K, Gottfries, CG, Karlsson, I, et al. Studies on duration of a late recovery period after chronic abuse of ethanol. A cross-sectional study of biochemical and psychiatric indicators. Acta Psychiatria Scand 1982; 66: 384–397
  • De Soto CB, O'Donnell WE, Allred LJ, Lopes CE. Symptomatology in alcoholics at various stages of abstinence. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res 1985; 9: 505–512
  • Roelofs SM, Dikkenberg GM. Hyperventilation and anxiety: alcohol withdrawal symptoms decreasing with prolonged abstinence. Alcohol 1987; 4: 215–220
  • Rounsaville BJ, Dolinsky ZS, Babor TF, Meyer RE. Psychopathology as a predictor of treatment outcome in alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiat 1987; 44: 505–513
  • Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH. Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981; 1: 146–150
  • Ciraulo DA, Sands BF, Shader RI. Critical review of liability for benzodiazeprine abuse among alcoholics. Am J Psychiat 1988; 145: 1501–1506
  • Kahn RS, van Praag HM, Wetzler S, Asnis GM, Barr G. Serotonin and anxiety revisited. Biol Psychiat 1988; 23: 189–208
  • Meyer RE. Anxiolytics and the alcoholic patient. J Stud Alcohol 1986; 47(4)269–273
  • Kranzler HR. Preliminary studies on the effects of bupsirone on craving in alcoholics. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1987
  • The barbiturate withdrawal syndrome, MH Wolff. Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1959
  • Ewing JA, Bakewell WE. Diagnosis and management of depressant drug dependence. Am J Psychiat 1967; 123: 909–917
  • Smith DE, Wesson DR. Phenobarbital technique for treatment of barbituate dependence. Arch Gen Psychiat 1971; 24: 56–60
  • Martin PR, Kapur BM, Whiteside EA, Sellers EM. Intravenous phenobarbital therapy in barbiturate and other hypnosedative withdrawal reactions: A kinetic approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979; 26: 356–364
  • Robinson GM, Sellers EM, Janecek E. Barbiturate and hypnosedative withdrawal by a multiple oral phenobarbital loading dose technique. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 71–76
  • Busto U, Sellers EM, Naranjo C, Cappell H, Sanchez-Craig M, Sykora K. Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 854–859
  • Griffiths RR, Sannerud CA. Abuse of and dependence on benzodiazepines and other anxiolytic/sedative drugs. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress, HY Meltzer. Raven Press, New York 1987; 1535–1542, In
  • Petursson H, Lader MH. Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment. Br Med J 1981; 283: 643–645
  • Owen RT, Tyrer P. Benzodiazepine dependence: a review of the evidence. Drugs 1983; 25: 385–398
  • Tyrer P, Owen R, Dawling S. Gradual withdrawal of diazepam after long-term therapy. Lancet 1983; i: 1402–1406
  • Romach MK, Busto U, Sobell L, Sobell M, Sellers EM. Long-term alprazolam use: abuse, dependence or treatment?. 29th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San JuanPuerto Rico, 1990, (accepted)
  • Harrison M, Busto U, Naranjo CA, Kaplan H, Sellers EM. Diazepam tapering and detoxification of high-dose benzodiazepine abusers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 36: 527–535
  • Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Peachey JE. Drugs to decrease alcohol consumption. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1255–1262
  • Fuller RK, Branchey L, Brightwell DR, Derman RM, Emerick CV, Iber FL, James KE, Lacoursiere RB, Lee KK, Lowenstam R, Maany I, Neiderhiser D, Knocks JJ, Shaw S. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism: A Veterans Administration cooperative study. J Am Med Ass 1986; 256: 1449–1455
  • Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Roach CA, Woodley DV, Sanchez-Craig M, Sykora K. Zimelidine-induced variations in alcohol intake in nondepressed heavy drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 35: 374–381
  • Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Sullivan JT, Woodley DV, Kadlec K, Sykora K. The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram attenuates ethanol intake. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987; 41(3)266–274
  • Naranjo CA, Sullivan JT, Kadlec KE, Woodley-Remus DV, Kennedy G, Sellers EM. Differential effects of viqualine on alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 46(3)301–309
  • Naranjo CA, Kadlec KE, Sanhueza P, Woodley-Remus D, Sellers EM. Fluoxetine differentially alters alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors in problem drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990; 47(4)490–498
  • Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Kadlec KE, Poulos CX. Citalopram decreases the desire for alcohol. Abstracts of Satellite Symposium ‘Novel Pharmacological Interventions for Alcoholism’, 5th ISBRA Conference, Toronto, Ontario, 1990
  • Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Kadlec K, Sanhueza P, Grupp L. Enalapril does not decrease alcohol intake in normotensive alcoholics. Abstracts of Satellite Symposium ‘Novel Pharmacological Interventions for Alcoholism’, 5th ISBRA Conference, Toronto, Ontario, 1990
  • Reynolds TB, Benhamou J-P, Blakd J, Naccarato R, Orrego H. Treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterol Int 1989; 2: 208–216

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.