References
- Schuckit MA, Monteiro MG. Alcoholism, anxiety and depression. Br J Addict 1988; 83: 1373–1380
- Shuckit MA. Alcoholic patients with secondary depression. Am J Psychiat 1983; 140: 711–714
- Robins E, Gentry KA, Munoz RA, Marten S. A contrast of the three more common illnesses with the ten less common in a study and 18-month follow-up of 314 psychiatric emergency room patients. II. Characteristics of patients with the three more common illnesses. Arch Gen Psychiat 1977; 34: 269–281
- Winokur G, Reich T, Rimmer J, Pitts FN. Alcoholism. III: Diagnosis and familial psychiatric illness in 259 alcoholic probands. Arch Gen Psychiat 1970; 23: 104–111
- Hesselbrock MN, Hesselbrock VN, Keener JJ. Psychopathology in hospitalized alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiat 1985; 42: 1050–1055
- Boyd JH, Weismann MM, Thompson WD, Myers JK. Different definitions of alcoholism. I: Impact of seven definitions on prevalence rates in a community survey. Am J Psychiat 1883; 140: 1309–1313
- Sashidharan SP. Definitions of psychiatric syndromes—comparison in hospital patients and general population. Br J Psychiat 1985; 147: 547–551
- Hasin DS, Grant BF. Diagnosing depressive disorders in patients with alcohol and drug problems: a comparison of the SADS-L and the DIS. J Psychiat Res 1987; 21: 301–311
- Schuckit MA, Irwin M, Howard T, Smith T. A structured diagnostic interview for identification of primary alcoholism: a preliminary evaluation. J Stud Alcohol 1988; 49: 93–99
- Gorman DM, Peters TJ. Types of life events and the onset of alcohol dependence. Br J Addict 1990; 85: 71–79
- Chick J. Alcohol dependence: methodological issues in its measurement; reliability of the criteria. Br J Addict 1980; 75: 175–186
- Gorman DM. Measuring onset of ‘caseness’ in studies of stressful life events and alcohol abuse. Br J Addict 1987; 82: 1017–1020
- Babor TF, Stephens RS, Marlatt GA. Verbal report methods in clinical research and alcoholism: response bias and its minimization. J Stud Alcohol 1987; 48: 410–424
- Wing JK, Nixon JM, Mann SA, Leff JP. Reliability of the PSE (ninth edition) used in a population study. Psychol Med 1977; 7: 505–516
- Cooper JE, Copeland JRM, Brown GW, Harris T, Gourlay AJ. Further studies in interviewer training and inter-rater reliability of the Present State Examination (PSE). Psychol Med 1977; 7: 517–523
- Finlay-Jones R, Brown GW, Duncan-Jones P, Harris T, Murphy E, Prudo R. Depression and anxiety in the community: replicating the diagnoses of a case. Psychol Med 1980; 10: 445–454
- Wing JK, Cooper JE, Satorius N. The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms: an instruction manual for the Present State Examination and CATEGO Programme. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeUK 1974
- Dean C, Surtees PG, Sashidharan SP. Comparison of research diagnostic systems in an Edinburgh community sample. Br J Psychiat 1983; 142: 247–256
- McGuffin P, Katz R, Aldrich J. Past and present state examination: the assessment of ‘lifetime ever’ psychopathology. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 641–645
- Harris T, Brown GW, Bifulco AT. Loss of parent in childhood and childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: the role of lack of adequate parental care. Psychol Med 1986; 16: 641–659
- Fisher RA. Statistical methods for research workers. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh 1934
- Vaillant GE. The natural history of alcoholism: causes, patterns, and paths to recovery. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Brown GW, Bifulco A, Harris T, Bridge L. Life stress, chronic subclinical symptoms and vulnerability to clinical depression. J. Affect Disorders 1986; 11: 1–19
- Hodgson RJ. Treatment strategies for the early problem drinker. Alcoholism treatment in transition, G Edwards, M Grant. Croom Helm, London 1980, In
- Helzer JE, Robins LN. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its development, evolution, and use. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol 1988; 23: 6–16
- Robins, LN, Wing, JK, Wittchen, HU, et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: an epidemiological instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch Gen Psychiat 1988; 45: 1069–1077
- Cottler LB, Robins LN, Helzer JE. The reliability of the CIDI-SAM: a comprehensive substance abuse interview. Br J Addict 1989; 84: 801–814
- Edwards G, Gross MM. Alcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndrome. Br Med J 1976; i: 1058–1061
- Edwards G, Gross MM, Keller M, Moser J, Room R. Alcohol related disabilities, WHO Offset Publication No. 32. WHO, Geneva 1977
- Gorman DM, Duffy SW, Raine S, Taylor CL. Level of agreement between questionnaire measures of alcohol dependence, alcoholism and problem drinking in a sample presenting at a specialist alcohol treatment service. Drug Alcohol Depend 1989; 24: 227–232
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders3rd edn, revised. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1987