713
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The ‘Year According to the Arabs’: The Rise of the ‘Hijra’-Era in the Context of the Administrative Structures in the Early Islamic Empire

Pages 337-364 | Received 12 Jun 2023, Accepted 09 Nov 2023, Published online: 14 Dec 2023

References

  • Anthony, Sean W. ‘Fixing John Damascene’s Biography: Historical Notes on His Family Background’. Journal of Early Christian Studies 23 (2015): 607–627.
  • Bagnall, Roger S., and Klaas A. Worp. Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt. 2nd ed. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
  • al-Bayrūnī, Abū al-Rayḥān, Al-Āṯār al-bāqiya ʿan al-qurūn al-ḫāliya (Chronologie orientalischer Völker), ed. Eduard C. Sachau. Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1878.
  • Berkes, Lajos. ‘The Latest Identified Greek Documentary Text from Egypt: A Papyrus from 825 AD (SPP III2 577 Reconsidered)’. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 209 (2019): 110–115.
  • Berkes, Lajos. ‘“Peace be Upon You”: Arabic Greetings in Greek and Coptic Letters Written by Christians in Early Islamic Egypt’, in The Ties that Bind, ed. Edmund Hayes and Petra Sijpesteijn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press.
  • Berkes, Lajos, and Jennifer Cromwell. ‘Papyrologica 65: An amīr between Umayyads and Abbasids: A Note on P.KRU 70’. Chronique d’Egypte 93 (2018): 218–220.
  • Berkes, Lajos, and Khaled Younes. ‘A Trilingual Scribe from Abbasid Egypt? A Note on CPR XXII 17’. Archiv für Papyrusforschung 58 (2012): 97–100.
  • Bingen, Jean. ‘Review of “The Arab (Hijra) Era Mentioned in Greek Inscriptions and Papyri from Palestine” by Yannis E. Meimaris’. Chronique d’Égypte 59 (1984): 195.
  • Brock, Sebastian. ‘Syriac Views of Emergent Islam’, in First Century of Islamic Society, ed. Gualtherüs H. A. Juynboll, 9–21. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982.
  • Brock, Sebastian. ‘The Use of Hijra Dating in Syriac Manuscripts: A Preliminary Investigation’, in Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East since the Rise of Islam, ed. Jan J. van Ginkel, Hendrika L. Murre-van den Berg, and Theo M. van Lint, 275–290. Leuven/Paris/Dudley MA: Peeters, 2005.
  • Bruning, Jelle. ‘A Legal Sunna in Dhikr Ḥaqqs from Sufyanid Egypt’. Islamic Law and Society 22 (2015): 352–374.
  • Bruning, Jelle. The Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18/639–132/750. Leiden: Brill, 2018.
  • Bucking, Scott. ‘On the Training of Documentary Scribes in Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic Egypt’. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 159 (2007): 229–247.
  • Cabrol, Cécile. Les secrétaires nestoriens à Bagdad, 762–1258 AD. Beirut: Université Saint-Joseph, 2012.
  • Cadell, Hélène. ‘Nouveaux fragments de la correspondance de Kurrah ben Sharik’. Recherches de papyrologie 4 (1967): 107–160.
  • Casson, Lionel. ‘Tax-Collection Problems in Early Arab Egypt’. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 69 (1938): 274–291.
  • Caussin de Perceval, Armand. Essai sur l’histoire des Arabes avant l’Islamisme pendant l’époque de Mahomet et jusqu’à la réduction de toutes les tribus sous la loi musulmane. Paris: Didot, 1848.
  • Chehab, Hafez K. ‘On the Identification of ʿAnjar (ʿAyn al-Jarr) as an Umayyad Foundation’. Muqarnas 10 (1993): 42–48.
  • Cheiko, Louis. Les vizirs et secrétaires arabes chrétiens en Islam: 622–1517. Rome: Librairie Saint-Paul, 1987.
  • Combe, Etienne, Jean Sauvaget, and Gaston Wiet, ed. Répertoire chronologique d’épigraphie arabe I, Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 1931.
  • Cristoforetti, Simone. Izdilāq: Miti e problemi calendariali del fisco islamico. Venice: Cafoscarina, 2003.
  • Cromwell, Jennifer. ‘Western Thebes and the Arab Administration of Pre-Abbasid Egypt’, in Christians and Muslims in Early Islamic Egypt, ed. Lajos Berkes, 135–149. Durham: American Society of Papyrologists, 2022.
  • Crone, Patricia. ‘The First Century Concept of Hijra’. Arabica 41 (1994): 352–387.
  • Crone, Patricia. Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  • Debié, Muriel. ‘Christians in the Service of the Caliph: Through the Looking Glass of Communal Identities’, in Christians and Others in the Umayyad State, ed. Antoine Borrut, and Fred M. Donner, 53–72. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2016.
  • de Blois, François C. ‘The Ancient Calendar at Mecca and the Origin of the Islamic Calendar’, in Calendars in the Making: The Origins of Calendars from the Roman Empire to the Later Middle Ages, ed. Sacha Stern, 188–209. Leiden: Brill, 2021.
  • de Jong, Janneke. ‘Arabia, Arabs, and “Arabic” in Greek Documents from Egypt’, in New Frontiers of Arabic Papyrology: Arabic and Multilingual Texts from Early Islam, ed. Sohbi Bouderbala, Silvie Denoix, and Matt Malczycki, 3–27. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
  • di Segni, Leah. ‘The Greek Inscriptions of Hammat Gader’, in The Roman Baths of Hammat Gader: Final Report, ed. Yizhar Hirschfeld, 185–266. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1997.
  • di Segni, Leah, and Yotam Tepper. ‘A Greek Inscription Dated by the Era of Hegira in an Umayyad Church at Tamra in Eastern Galilee’. Studii Biblici Franciscani – liber annuus 54 (2004): 343–350.
  • Donner, Fred M. ‘From Believers to Muslims: Confessional Self-Identity in the Early Islamic Community’. Al-Abhath 50–51 (2002–2003): 9–53.
  • Donner, Fred M. ‘Qur’anization of Religio-Political Discourse in the Umayyad Period’. Revue des Mondes Musulmans et Méditerranées 129 (2011): 79–92.
  • Fattal, Antoine. Le statut légal des non-Musulmans en pays d’Islam. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1958.
  • Fiey, Jean-Maurice. Chrétiens syriaques sous les Abbassides, surtout à Bagdad (749–1258). Louvain: Secrétariat du Corpus SCO, 1980.
  • Fischer, August. ‘“Tag und Nacht” im Arabischen und die semitische Tagesberechnung’. Abhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen der Philologisch-Historischen Klasse der Königlich-Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 27 (1909): 742–758.
  • Garosi, Eugenio. ‘Cross-Cultural Parameters of Scribal Politesse in the Correspondence of Arab–Muslim Officials from Early Islamic Egypt’, in Living the End of Antiquity: Individual Histories from Byzantine to Islamic Egypt, ed. Sabine R. Huebner, Eugenio Garosi, Isabelle Marthot-Santaniello, Matthias Müller, Stefanie Schmidt, and Matthias Stern, 73–94. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020.
  • Garosi, Eugenio. Projecting a New Empire: Formats, Social Meaning, and Mediality of Imperial Arabic in the Umayyad and Early Abbasid Periods. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022.
  • Gascou, Jean. ‘Arabic Taxation in the Mid-Seventh-Century Greek Papyri’, in Constructing the Seventh Century, ed. Constantin Zuckerman, 671–677. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, 2013.
  • Gatier, Pierre-Louis. ‘Les Jafnides dans l’épigraphie grecque au VIe siècle’, in Les Jafnides: Des rois arabes au service de Byzance (VIe siècle de l’ère chrétienne), ed. Denis Genequand and Chistian J. Robin, 193–222. Paris: De Boccard, 2015.
  • Gauthier, Philippe, et al. ‘Bulletin épigraphique’. Revue des Études Grecques 110 (1997): 484–617.
  • Ghabbān, ʿAlī. ‘The Inscription of Zuhayr, the Oldest Islamic Inscription (24 AH⁄AD 644–645), the Rise of the Arabic Script and the Nature of the Early Islamic State’. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 19 (2008): 210–237.
  • al-Ghul, Omar. ‘Preliminary Notes on the Arabic Material in the Petra Papyri’. Topoi 14 (2006): 139–169.
  • Gil, Moshe. A History of Palestine: 634–1099 trans. Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  • Gonis, Nikolaos. ‘P. Paramone 18: Emperors, Conquerors and Vassals’. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 173 (2010): 133–135.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. ‘The Manṣūr Family and Saint John of Damascus: Christians and Muslims in Umayyad Times’, in Christians and Others in the Umayyad State, ed. Antoine Borrut and Fred M. Donner, 29–50. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2016.
  • Grohmann, Adolf. Arabic Inscriptions: Expedition Philby-Ryckmans-Lippens en Arabie 2,1. Louvain: Publications universitaires, Institut orientaliste, 1962.
  • Grohmann, Adolf. Arabische Chronologie. Leiden: Brill, 1966.
  • Gundelfinger, Simon, and Peter Verkinderen. ‘The Governors of al-Shām and Fārs in the Early Islamic Empire’, in Transregional and Regional Elites: Connecting the Early Islamic Empire, ed. Hannah-Lena Hagemann, and Stefan Heidemann, 255–327. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020.
  • Hasson, Isaac. ‘Remarques sur l’inscription de l’époque de Mu‘āwiya à Ḥammat Gader’. Israel Exploration Journal 32 (1982): 97–101.
  • el-Hawary, Ḥasan M. ‘The Most Ancient Islamic Monument Known Dated A.H. 31 (A.D. 652), from the Time of the Third Calif ‘Uthman’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2 (1930): 321–333.
  • Heidemann, Stefan. ‘The Evolving Representation of the Early Islamic Empire and its Religion on Coin Imagery’, in The Qurʾan in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qurʾanic Milieu, ed. Angelika Neuwirth, Nicolai Sinai, and Michael Marx, 149–195. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. ‘Arab Kings, Arab Tribes and the Beginnings of Arab Historical Memory in Late Roman Epigraphy’, in From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East, ed. Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price, and David Wasserstein, 374–400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. ‘The Christian Palestinian Aramaic Papyri of Nessana’. Eretz-Israel 21 (2021): 31–36.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. ‘Language and Identity: The Twin Histories of Arabic and Aramaic’. Scripta Classica Israelica 23 (2004): 183–199.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. ‘P. Nessana 56: A Greek-Arabic Contract from Early Islamic Palestine and Its Context’. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 51 (2021): 133–148.
  • Hoyland, Robert G. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1997.
  • Ibn Yūnus, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, b. Aḥmad al-Ṣadafī. Taʾrīkh Ibn Yūnus al-Ṣadafī, ed. Fatḥī ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2000.
  • Innemée, Karel C. ‘The Monastery of Apa Jeremiah at Saqqara’. Saqqara Newsletter 18 (2020): 77–91.
  • al-Jallad, Ahmad. ‘ʾAʿrāb, and Arabic in Ancient North Arabia: The First Attestation of (ʾ)ʿrb as a Group Name in Safaitic’. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 31 (2020): 422–435.
  • al-Jallad, Ahmad. ‘The Arabic of the Petra Papyri’, in The Petra Papyri V, ed. Antti Arjava, Jaakko Frösén, and Jorma Kaimio, 35–55. Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2018.
  • al-Jallad, Ahmad, Omar al-Ghul, and Robert Daniel. ‘The Arabic Toponyms and Oikonyms in 17’, in The Petra Papyri II, ed. Ludwig Koenen, Maarit Kaimio, and Robert Daniel, 23–48. Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2013.
  • Jones, Alan. ‘The Dotting of a Script and the Dating of an Era: The Strange Neglect of PERF 558’. Islamic Culture 62 (1998): 95–103.
  • Kaplony, Andreas. ‘Die Arabisierung der frühislamischen Verwaltung Syrien–Palästinas und Ägyptens im Spiegel der zweisprachigen griechisch–arabischen Dokumente (550–750): Ein Plädoyer für einen regionalen Ansatz’, in Denkraum Spätantike: Szenarien der Reflexion von Antiken im Umfeld des Koran, ed. Nora Schmidt, Nora K. Schmid, and Angelika Neuwirth, 387–404. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016.
  • Kawatoko, Mutsuo. ‘Archaeological Survey of Najran and Madinah 2002’. Aṭlāl: Journal of Saudi Arabian Archaeology 18 (2005): 45–59.
  • Kennedy, Hugh. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge, 2001.
  • al-Kindī, Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf, in Kitāb al-Wulāt wa-Kitāb al-Quḍāt [Governors and Judges of Egypt], ed. Rhuvon Guest. Leiden: Brill, 1912.
  • Kraemer, Casper J. Excavations at Nessana III: Non-literary Papyri. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1958.
  • Legendre, Marie. ‘Landowners, Caliphs and State Policy over Landholdings in the Egyptian Countryside: Theory and Practice’, in Authority and Control in the Countryside: From Antiquity to Islam in the Mediterranean and Near East (6th–10th Century), ed. Alain Delattre, Marie Legendre, and Petra Sijpesteijn, 392–419. Leiden: Brill, 2019.
  • Legendre, Marie. ‘Neither Byzantine nor Islamic? The Duke of the Thebaid and the Formation of the Umayyad State’. Historical Research 89 (2016): 1–18.
  • Lindstedt, Ilkka. ‘Muhājirūn as a Name for the First/Seventh Century Muslims’. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 74 (2015): 67–73.
  • Luiselli, Raffaele. ‘Greek Letters on Papyrus: First to Eighth Century’, in Documentary Letters from the Middle East: The Evidence in Greek, Coptic, South Arabian, Pehlevi, and Arabic (1st–15th c CE), ed. Eva M. Grob and Andreas Kaplony, 677–737. Bern: Peter Lang, 2008.
  • Luisier, Philippe. ‘Les années de l’indiction dans les inscriptions des Kellia’. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 159 (2007): 217–222.
  • MacDonald, Michael C. Literacy and Identity in pre-Islamic Arabia. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009.
  • Mavroudi, Maria. ‘Greek Language and Education under Early Islam’, in Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone, ed. Asad Q. Ahmed, Behnam Sadeghi, Robert G. Hoyland, and Adam Silverstein, 295–342. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • Meimaris, Yannis E. ‘The Arab (Hijra) Era Mentioned in Greek Inscriptions and Papyri from Palestine’. Graeco-Arabica 3 (1984): 177–189.
  • Meimaris, Yannis E. Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia. Athens: Research Center for Greek and Roman Antiquity, 1992.
  • Mikhail, Maged S. From Byzantine to Islamic Egypt: Religion, Identity and Politics after the Arab Conquest. London: I.B. Tauris, 2014.
  • Moberg, Axel. An-Nasí’ (Koran 9, 37) in der islamischen Tradition. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1931.
  • Morelli, Federico. ‘‘Amr e Martina: La reggenza di un’imperatrice o l’amministrazione araba d’Egitto’. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 173 (2010): 136–157.
  • Morelli, Federico. ‘Consiglieri e comandanti: I titoli del governatore arabo d’Egitto symboulos e amîr’. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 173 (2010): 158–166.
  • Morelli, Federico. Documenti greci per la fiscalità e la amministrazione dell’Egitto arabo. 2 vols. Vienna: Hollinek, 2001.
  • Morelli, Federico. ‘Gonachia e kaunakai nei papiri con due documenti inediti (P. Vindob. G 1620e P. Vindob. G 18884) e uno riedito (P. Brook. 25)’. Journal of Juristic Papyrology 32 (2002): 55–81.
  • Morimoto, Kosei. The Fiscal Administration of Egypt in the Early Islamic Period. Kyoto: Dohosha, 1981.
  • Mouterde, Paul. ‘Inscriptions en syriaque dialectal à Kāmed (Beq'a)’. Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph 22 (1939): 71–106.
  • Oates, John F. Checklist of Editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxbow, 2001, The up-to-date electronic version, http://papyri.info/docs/checklist (accessed December 27, 2022).
  • Ochała, Grzegorz. ‘The Era of the Saracens in Non-Arabic Texts from Nubia’. Journal of Juristic Papyrology 39 (2009): 133–160.
  • Papaconstantinou, Arietta. ‘The Rhetoric of Power and the Voice of Reason’, in Official Epistolography and the Language(s) of Power: Proceedings of the First International Conference of the Research Network imperium & officium, ed. Stephan Procházka, Lucian Reinfandt, and Sven Tost, 267–281. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2015.
  • Papaconstantinou, Arietta. ‘‘What Remains Behind’: Hellenism and Romanitas in Christian Egypt after the Arab Conquest’, in From Hellenism to Islam: Cultural and Linguistic Change in the Roman Near East, ed. Hannah M. Cotton, Robert G. Hoyland, Jonathan J. Price, and David Wasserstein, 447–466. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • al-Qāḍī, Wadād. ‘Non-Muslims in the Muslim Conquest Army in Early Islam’, in Christians and Others in the Umayyad State, ed. Antoine Borrut and Fred M. Donner, 83–127. Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2016.
  • Rāġib, Yūsuf. ‘Les esclaves publics aux premiers siècles de l’Islam’, in Figures de l’esclave au moyen âge et dans le monde moderne: Actes de la table ronde, organisée les 27 et 28 octobre 1992, ed. Henri Bresc, 7–30. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1996.
  • Rāġib, Yūsuf. ‘Une ère inconnue d’Égypte musulmane: L’ère de la juridiction des croyantsm’. Annales Islamologiques 41 (2007): 187–207.
  • Reinfandt, Lucian. ‘Petosiris the Scribe’, in Living the End of Antiquity: Individual Histories from Byzantine to Islamic Egypt, ed. Sabine R. Huebner, E. Garosi, I. Marthot-Santaniello, M. Müller, and M. Stern, 141–152. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020.
  • Richter, Tonio S. ‘Coptic Letters’, in Documentary Letters from the Middle East: The Evidence in Greek, Coptic, South Arabian, Pehlevi, and Arabic (1st–15th c CE), ed. Eva M. Grob and Andreas Kaplony, 739–770. Bern: Peter Lang, 2008.
  • Richter, Tonio S. ‘Language Choice in the Qurra-dossier’, in The Multilingual Experience in Egypt, from the Ptolemies to the ‘Abbasids, ed. Arietta Papaconstantinou, 189–220. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.
  • Robin, Christian J. ‘Die Kalender der Araber vor dem Islam’, in Denkraum Spätantike: Szenarien der Reflexion von Antiken im Umfeld des Koran, ed. Nora Schmidt, Nora K. Schmid, and Angelika Neuwirth, 299–386. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2016.
  • Schmidt, Stefanie. ‘The Problem of the Origin of Tombstones from Aswan in the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo’. Chronique d’Égypte 96 (2022): 353–370.
  • Schwabe, Moshe. ‘Khirbat Mafjar: Greek Inscribed Fragments’. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 12 (1946): 20–30.
  • Shaddel, Mehdi. ‘‘The Year According to the Reckoning of the Believers’: Papyrus Louvre inv. J. David-Weill 20 and the Origins of the Hijrī Era’. Der Islam 95 (2018): 291–311.
  • Shahīd, ʿIrfān. ‘Ghassān post Ghassān’, in The Islamic World: From Classical to Modern Times: Essays in Honor of Bernard Lewis, ed. Clifford E. Bosworth, Charles Issawi, Roger Savory, and Abraham L. Udovitch, 321–328. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1989.
  • Shahīd, ʿIrfān. ‘Ghassānid and Umayyad Structures: A Case of Byzance apres Byzance’, in La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam VIIe–VIIIe siecles: Actes du colloque international: Lyon, Maison de l’Orient méditerranéen; Paris, Institut du monde arabe, 11–15 septembre 1990, ed. Pierre Canivet and Jean-Paul Rey-Coquais, 299–307. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1992.
  • Shahīd, ʿIrfān. ‘Sigillography in the Service of History: New Light’, in Novum Millennium: Studies on Byzantine History and Culture Dedicated to Paul Speck, 19 December, 1999, ed. Claudia Sode and Sarolta Takács, 369–378. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1992.
  • Sharon, Moshe. ‘Witnessed by Three Disciples of the Prophet: The Jerusalem 32 Inscription from 32 AH/652 CE’. Israel Exploration Journal 68 (2018): 100–111.
  • Sijpesteijn, Petra M. ‘The Arabic Script and Language in the Earliest Papyri: Mirror of Change’. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 49 (2020): 433–494.
  • Sijpesteijn, Petra M. ‘Landholding Patterns in Early Islamic Egypt’. Journal of Agrarian Change 9 (2009): 120–133.
  • Sijpesteijn, Petra M. ‘Multilingual Archives and Documents in Post-Conquest Egypt’, in The Multilingual Experience in Egypt, from the Ptolemies to the ‘Abbasids, ed. Arietta Papaconstantinou, 105–124. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.
  • Sijpesteijn, Petra M. Shaping a Muslim State: The World of a Mid-Eighth Century Egyptian Official. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Sijpesteijn, Petra M., John F. Oates, and Andreas Kaplony. ‘Checklist of Arabic Papyri’. Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 42 (2005): 127–166, The up-to-date electronic version, http://www.naher-osten.uni-muenchen.de/forschung/papyrologie/apb/index.html (accessed December 27, 2022).
  • Stern, Sacha. Calendars in Antiquity: Empires, States, and Societies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Stroumsa, Rachel. ‘People and Identities at Nessana’. PhD diss., Duke University, 2008.
  • al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Tārīkh al-rusul wa-al-mulūk, ed. Michael J. de Goeje. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1879–1901. English trans. Franz Rosenthal et al., The History of al-Ṭabarī, ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater, 40 vols. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985–2007.
  • Taqizadeh, Ḥasan. ‘Various Eras and Calendars Used in the Countries of Islam’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 9 (1939): 903–922.
  • Thomann, Johannes. ‘The Institution of the Jalālī Calendar in 1079 CE and Its Cohabitation with the Older Persian Calendar’, in Calendars in the Making: The Origins of Calendars from the Roman Empire to the Later Middle Ages, ed. Sacha Stern, 210–244. Leiden: Brill, 2021.
  • Thomann, Johannes. ‘Ritual Time, Civil Time, and Cosmic Time: Three Co-Existing Temporalities in Premodern Islamic Society’. Kronoscope 20 (2020): 41–63.
  • Thomann, Johannes. ‘Tools of Time: Devices for Organizing Public and Private Life in the Premodern Islamic World’, in Re-defining a Space of Encounter: Islam and Mediterranean: Identity, Alterity and Interactions, ed. Antonio Pellitteri, Maria Grazia Sciortino, Daniele Sicari, and Nesma Elsakaan, 87–95. Leuven: Peeters, 2019.
  • Till, Walter C. Die koptischen Rechtsurkunden aus Theben. Graz: Kommissionsverlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1964.
  • Tillier, Mathieu, and Naïm Vanthieghem. ‘Recording Debts in Sufyānid Fusṭāṭ: A Re-examination of the Procedures and Calendar in Use in the First/Seventh Century’, in Geneses: A Comparative Study of the Historiographies of the Rise of Christianity, Rabbinic Judaism, and Islam, ed. Victor Tolan, 148–188. London: Routledge, 2019.
  • Tohme, Lara. ‘Spaces of Convergence: Christian Monasteries and Umayyad Architecture in Greater Syria’, in Negotiating Secular and Sacred in Medieval Art: Christian, Islamic and Buddhist, ed. Alicia Walker and Amanda Luyster, 129–145. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.
  • van Lantschoot, Arnold. Recueil des colophons des manuscrits chrétiens d'Égypte. Leuven: J. B. Istas, 1929.
  • Vierros, Maria. ‘The Greek of the Petra Papyri’, in The Petra Papyri V, ed. Antti Arjava, Jaakko Frösén, and Jorma Kaimio, 8–34. Amman: American Center of Oriental Research, 2018.
  • Vosté, Jean-Marie. Catalogue de la Bibliothèque syro-chaldéenne du Couvent de Notre-Dame des Semences près d’Alqosh (Iraq). Rome/Paris: Bureaux de l’Angelicum and P. Geuthner, 1929.
  • Webb, Peter. Imagining the Arabs: Arab Identity and the Rise of Islam. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016.
  • Wiet, Gaston. Catalogue général du Musée de l’art islamique du Caire: Inscriptions historiques sur pierre. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 1971.
  • Worp, Klaas A. ‘Hegira Years in Greek, Greek-Coptic and Greek-Arabic Papyri’. Aegyptus: Rivista Italiana di Egittologia e Papirologia 65 (1985): 107–115.
  • Wietheger, Cäcilia. Das Jeremias-Kloster zu Saqqara unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Inschriften. Altenberge: Oros, 1992.
  • Yarbrough, Luke. Friends of the Emir: Non-Muslim State Officials in Premodern Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  • Zerubavel, Eviatar. Hidden Rhythms: Schedules and Calendars in Social Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.