- AOAC (1980): AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
- Beaton GH, Milner J, Corey P, McGuire V, CousinsM, Stewart E, de Ramos M, Hewitt D, Grambsch PV, Kassim N & Little JA (1979): Sources of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32, 2546-2559.
- Beckles GLA, Kirkwood BR, Carson DC, Miller GJ, Alexis SD & Byam NTA (1986): High total and cardiovascula r mortality in adults of Indian descent in Trinidad, unexplained by major coronary risk factors. Lancet 1, 1298-1301.
- Brand Miller JC & Colagiuri S (1994): The carnivore connection: dietary carbohydrate in the evolution of noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetologia 37, 1280-1286.
- Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute (1995): Food Composition Tables for use in the English Speaking Caribbean, Kingston: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute.
- Chen M, Bergman RN & Porte D Jr (1988): Insulin resistance and b-cell dysfunction in aging: the importance of dietary carbohydrate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 67, 951- 957.
- Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Kaufman JS, Owoaje EE, Fraser H, Forrester T, Wilks R, Riste LK & Cruickshank JK (1997): Prevalence of NIDDM among populations of the African diaspora. Diabetes Care 20, 343- 348.
- Cruickshank JK, Cooper J, Burnett M, MacDuff J & Drubra U (1991): Ethnic differences in fasting plasma C-peptide and insulin in relation to glucose tolerance and blood pressure. Lancet 338, 842- 847.
- Del Prato S, Leonitti F, Simonson DC, Sheehan P, Matsuda M & DeFronzo RA (1994): Effect of sustained physiologic hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemic on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in man. Diabetologia 37, 1025-1035.
- FAO/WHO (1998): Carbohydrates in human nutrition. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, Rome, 14-18 April 1997, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 66. Rome: FAO.
- Ferrannini E (1998): Insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: problems and prospects. Endocrine Rev. 19, 477- 490.
- Foster-Powell K & Brand Miller J (1995): International tables of glycemic index. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62, 869S- 893S.
- Gerich JE (1998): The genetic basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: impaired insulin secretion versus impaired insulin sensitivity. Endocrine Rev. 19, 491- 503.
- Goldberg GR, Black SA, Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Murgatroyd PR, Coward WA & Prentice AM (1991): Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 45, 569-581.
- Gulliford MC (1996): Epidemiological transition in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies 1953-1992. Int. J. Epidemiol. 25, 357- 365.
- Heart Health Program (1990): Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey: Interviewer's Manual. Halifax: Department of Health and Fitness, Heart Health Program.
- Hegele RA, Ban MR, Busch CP, Ramsewak S & Ramdath DD (1999): Lipoprotein-genotype associations in Trinidadian neonates. Clin. Biochem. 32, 429- 437.
- Holt SHA & Brand Miller J (1994): Particle size, satiety and the glycaemic response. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48, 496-502.
- Holt SHA & Brand Miller J (1995): Increased insulin responses to ingested foods are associated with lessened satiety. Appetite 24, 43- 54.
- Indar PB, Ramesar DB & Bissessar S (1988): Naparima Girls' High School Diamond Jubilee 1912-1987: Trinidad & Tobago Recipes. San Fernando: Naparima Girls High School.
- Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (1962): The West Indies Nutrition Survey, August-September, 1961. Kingston: Her Majesty's Printery.
- Jenkins DJA, Cuff D, Wolever TMS, Knowland D, Thompson LU, Cohen Z & Prokipchuk E (1987): Digestibility of carbohydrate foods in an ileostomate: relationship to dietary fiber, in vitro digestibility, and glycemic response. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82, 709-717.
- Lee BM & Wolever TMS (1998): Effect of glucose, sucrose and fructose on plasma glucose and insulin responses in normal humans: comparison with white bread. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 924- 928.
- Lichtman SW, Pisarska K, Berman ER, Pestone M, Dowling H, Offenbacher E, Weisel H, Heshka S, Matthews DE & Heymsfield SB (1992): Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. N. Engl. J. Med. 327, 1893-1898.
- Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I & Roberts SB (1999): High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity. Pediatrics, 103, E261-E266.
- Marshall JA, Hamman RF & Baxter J (1991): High-fat, low-carbohydrate diet and the etiology of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus: The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134, 590- 603.
- Marshall JA, Hoag S, Shetterly S & Hamman RE (1994): Dietary fat predicts conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 17, 50- 56.
- Ministry of Health (1996): Report on the Trinidad and Tobago National Health Survey, 1994-1995. Port of Spain: Government of Trinidad and Tobago Printery.
- Poon-King T, Henry MV & Rampersad F (1968): Prevalence and natural history of diabetes in Trinidad. Lancet 1, 155-160.
- Porte D Jr (1991): Banting Lecture 1990: b-cells in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 40, 166-180.
- Posner BM, Smigelski C, Duggal A, Morgan JL, Cobb J & Cupples LA (1992): validation of two-dimensional models for estimation of portion size in nutrition research. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 92, 738-741.
- Prentice AM, Black AE, Coward WA, Davies HL, Goldberg GR, Murgatroyd PR, Ashford J, & Whitehead RG (1986): High levels of energy expenditure in obese women. Br. Med. J. 292, 983- 987.
- Prosky L, Asp N-G, Furda I, DeVries JW, Schweizer TF & Harland BF (1985): Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 68, 677- 679.
- Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office (1996): Population and Vital Statistics Report 1993. Port of Spain: Government of Trinidad and Tobago Printery.
- Salmeron J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Spiegelman D, Jenkins DJ, Stampfer MJ, Wing AL & Willett WC (1997a): Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 20, 545- 550.
- Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL & Willett WC (1997b): Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 277, 472-477.
- Simko MD, Cowell C & Gilbride JA (1995): Nutrition Assessment-A Comprehensive Guide for Planning Intervention, 2nd edn. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers.
- Sinha DP (1995): Changing patterns of food, nutrition and health in the Caribbean. Nutr. es. 15, 899- 938.
- Swinburn BA, Boyce VL, Bergman RN, Howard BV & Bogardus C (1991): Deterioration in carbohydrate metabolism and lipoprotein changes induced by modern, high fat diet in Pima Indians and Caucasians. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73, 156-165.
- Tarasuk V & Beaton GH (1992): Statistical estimation of dietary parameters: implications of patterns in withinsubject variation-a case study of sampling strategies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55, 22- 27.
- Tsunehara CH, Leonetti DL & Fujimoto WY (1990): Diet of second-generation Japanese-American men with and without non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 731-738.
- US Agricultural Research Service (1992): Composition of Foods. Agriculture Handbook No. 8. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture.
- Whitney EN & Rolfes SR (1993): Understanding Nutrition. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
- Wolever TMS & Bolognesi C (1996): Source and amount of carbohydrate affect postprandial glucose and insulin in normal subjects. J. Nutr. 126, 2798-2806.
- Wolever TMS, Jenkins DJA, Jenkins AL & Josse RG (1991): The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 846-854.
- Wolever TMS, Katzman-Relle L, Jenkins AL, Vuksan V, Josse RG & Jenkins DJA (1994a): Glycaemic index of 102 complex carbohydrate foods in patients with diabetes. Nutr. Res. 14, 651- 669.
- Wolever TMS, Nguyen PM, Chiasson J-L, Hunt JA, Josse RG, Palmason C, Rodger NW, Ross SA, Ryan EA & Tan MH (1994b): Determinants of diet glycemic index calculated retrospectively from diet records of 342 individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 1265-269.
- Wolever TMS, Hamad S, Gittelsohn J, Gao J, Hanley AJG, Harris SB & Zinman B (1997): Low dietary fiber and high protein intakes associated with newly diagnosed diabetes in a remote aboriginal community. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 1470-1474.
- Zimmet P (1995): The pathogenesis and prevention of diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care 18, 1050-1060.
Lower diet glycaemic index in African than South Asian men in Trinidad and Tobago
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.