Intake estimates of naturally occurring phytosterols using deterministic and probabilistic methods in a representative Irish population

References

• Andersson SW, Skinner J, Ellegard L, Welch AA, Bingham S, Mulligan A, Andersson H, Khaw KT. Intake of dietary plant sterols is inversely related to serum cholesterol concentration in men and women in the EPIC Norfolk population: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58: 1378–1385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker M, Thompson KA, McClean SI. Attitudinal dimensions of food choice and nutrient intake. Br J Nutr 1995; 74: 649–659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaxter M. Health and lifestyles. Tavistock/Routledge, London 1990
   Google Scholar
• Burt R, Buss DH, Kirk RS. Fatty acids and sterols in the British diet. Proc Nutr Soc 1983; 42: 71A
   Google Scholar
• Casas JS, Bueno EO, Garcia AMM, Cano MM. Sterol and erythrodiol and uvaol content of virgin olive oils from cultivars of Extremadura (Spain). Food Chem 2004; 87: 225–230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Statistics Office. 2004. Vital statistics. Yearly summary 2003. Dublin: Stationery Office.
   Google Scholar
• Cerqueira MT, McMurry Fry M, Connor WE. The food and nutrient intakes of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 1979; 32: 905–915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CREMe Software. 2005. Central risk and exposure modelling e-solution. CREMe Software Ltd. Available online at: www.cremesoftware.com.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries JHM, Jansen A, Kromhout D, et al. The fatty acid and sterol content of food composites of middle-aged men in seven countries. J Food Comp Anal 1997; 10: 115–141
   Google Scholar
• Duester KC. Avocado is a rich source of beta-sitosterol. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101: 404–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellegard L, Bosaeus I, Andersson H. Will recommended changes in fat and fibre intake affect cholesterol absorption and sterol excretion? An ileostomy study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: 306–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerli RA, Wandel M. Gender differences in opinions and practices with regard to a ‘healthy diet’. Appetite 1999; 32: 171–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner CD, Coulston A, Chatterjee L, Rigby A, Spiller G, Farquhar JW. The effect of a plant-based diet on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 725–733
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilsenan MB, Thompson RL, Lambe J, Gibney MJ. Validation analysis of probabilistic models of dietary exposure to food additives. Food Addit Contam 2003; 20(Suppl 1)S61–S72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Girois SB, Kumanyika SK, Morabia A, Mauger E. A comparison of knowledge and attitudes about diet and health among 35- to 75-year-old adults in the United States and Geneva, Switzerland. Am J Public Health 2001; 91: 418–424
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griffiths S, Chipperfield B, Todd S, Rushton C. Beliefs, dietary practices and attitudes of adults in an inner city population. J Hum Nutr Diet 1994; 7: 319–334
   Google Scholar
• Harrington KE, Robson PJ, Kiely M, Livingstone MB, Lambe J, Gibney MJ. The North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey: Survey design and methodology. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4: 1037–1042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell TJ, MacDougall DE, Jones PJ. Phytosterols partially explain differences in cholesterol metabolism caused by corn or olive oil feeding. J Lipid Res 1998; 39: 892–900
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaijser A, Dutta P, Savage G. Oxidative stability and lipid composition of macadamia nuts grown in New Zealand. Food Chem 2000; 71: 67–70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney M, Kelly A, Gibney MJ. Attitudes towards and beliefs about nutrition and health among a nationally representative sample of Irish adults: application of logistic regression modelling. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 30: 139–148
   Google Scholar
• Kiely M, Flynn A, Harrington KE, Robson PJ, Cran G. Sampling description and procedures used to conduct the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4(5A)1029–1035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee AM, Mok HY, Lees RS, McCluskey MA, Grundy SM. Plant sterols as cholesterol-lowering agents. Clinical trials in patients with hypercholesterolemia and studies of sterol balance. Atherosclerosis 1977; 28: 325–338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtenstein AH. Plant sterols and blood lipid levels. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002; 5: 147–152
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin DS, Connor WE, Phillipson BE. Sterol composition of normal human bile. Effects of feeding shellfish (marine) sterols. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 611–617
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ling WH, Jones PJ. Dietary phytosterols: A review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sci 1995; 57: 195–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire LS, O'Sullivan SM, Galvin K, O'Connor TP, O'Brien NM. Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2004; 55: 171–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen TA, Kesaniemi YA. Cholesterol absorption: Regulation of cholesterol synthesis and elimination and within-population variations of serum cholesterol levels. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 629–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E. Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. New Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1308–1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghadasian MH, Frohlich JJ. Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: Clinical and experimental evidence. Am J Med 1999; 107: 588–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton GM, Lee SM, Buss DH, Lawrance P. Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. J Hum Nutr Diet 1995; 8: 429–440
   Google Scholar
• Nair PP, Turjman N, Kessie G. Diet, nutrition intake and metabolism in populations at high and low risk of colon cancer. Dietary cholesterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40: 927–930
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen TT. The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. J Nutr 1999; 129: 2109–2112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normen L, Johnsson M, Andersson H, van Gameren Y, Dutta P. Plant sterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden. Eur J Nutr 1999; 38: 84–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normen L, Brants HA, Voorrips LE, Andersson H, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Plant sterol intakes and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort study on diet and cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 141–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normen L, Bryngelsson S, Johnsson M, et al. The phytosterol content of some cereal foods commonly consumed in Sweden and in the Netherlands. J Food Comp Anal 2002; 15: 693–704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostlund RE, Spilburg CA, Stenson WF. Sitostanol administered in lecithin micelles potently reduces cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 826–831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostlund RE, Racette SB, Stenson WF. Effects of trace components of dietary fat on cholesterol metabolism: Phytosterols, oxysterols and squalene. Nutr Rev 2002a; 60: 349–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostlund RE, Racette SB, Okeke A, Stenson WF. Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2002b; 75: 1000–1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostlund RE, Racette SB, Stenson WF. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by phytosterol-replete wheat germ compared with phytosterol-depleted wheat germ. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1385–1389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parcerisa J, Richardson DG, Rafecas M, Codony R, Boatella J. Fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol content of some hazelnut varieties (Corylus avellana L.) harvested in Oregon (USA). J Chromatogr A 1998; 805: 259–268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parcerisa J, Casals I, Boatella J, Codony R, Rafecas M. Analysis of olive and hazelnut oil mixtures by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols and gas-liquid chromatography of non-saponifiable compounds (tocopherols and sterols). J Chromatogr A 2000; 881: 149–158
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips KM, Tarrago-Trani MT, Stewart KK. Phytosterol content of experimental diets differing in fatty acid composition. Food Chem 1991; 64: 415–422
   Google Scholar
• Phillips KM, Ruggio DM, Toivo JI, Swank MA, Simpkins AH. Free and esterified sterol composition of edible oils and fats. J Food Comp Anal 2002; 15: 123–142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piironen V, Lindsay DG, Miettinen TA, Toivo JI, Lampi AM. Plant sterols: Biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J Sci Food Agric 2000; 80: 939–966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piironen V, Toivo JI, Lampi AM. Plant sterols in cereals and cereal products. Cereal Chem 2002; 79: 148–154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piironen V, Toivo JI, Puupponen-Pimia R, Lampi AM. Plant sterols in vegetables, fruits and berries. J Sci Food Agric 2003; 83: 330–337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubingh CM, Kruizinga AG, Hulshof KFAM, Brussard JH. Validation and sensitivity analysis of probabilistic models of dietary exposure to micronutrients: An example based on vitamin B6. Food Addit Contam 2003; 20(Suppl 1)S50–S60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toivo JI, Phillips KM, Lampi AM, Piironen V. Determination of sterols in foods: Recovery of free, esterified and glycosidic sterols. J Food Comp Anal 2001; 14: 631–643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Food Standards Agency. 2002. McCance & Widdowson's the composition of foods. 6th summary ed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture. 2004. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. Available online at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/.
   Google Scholar
• Valsta LM, Lemstrom A, Ovaskainen ML, Lampi AM, Toivo J, Korhonen T, Piironen V. Estimation of plant sterol and cholesterol intake in Finland: Quality of new values and their effect on intake. Br J Nutr 2004; 92: 671–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D Vose, 2000. Risk analysis: A quantitative guide. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Weihrauch JL, Gardner JM. Sterol content of plant origin. J Am Diet Assoc 1978; 73: 39–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar