Mediterranean diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular mechanisms of protection

References

• Abdelmalek MF, Angulo P, Jorgensen RA, Sylvestre PB, Lindor KD. 2001. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol. 96:2711–2717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abenavoli L, Milic N, Peta V, Alfieri F, De Lorenzo A, Bellentani S. 2014. Alimentary regimen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Mediterranean diet. World J Gastroenterol. 20:16831–16840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D. 2014. Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 100:278–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre L, Portillo MP, Hijona E, Bujanda L. 2014. Effects of resveratrol and other polyphenols in hepatic steatosis. World J Gastroenterol. 20:7366–7380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allard JP, Aghdassi E, Mohammed S, Raman M, Avand G, Arendt BM, Jalali P, Kandasamy T, Prayitno N, Sherman M, et al. 2008. Nutritional assessment and hepatic fatty acid composition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a cross-sectional study. J Hepatol. 48:300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt BM, Allard JP. 2011. Effect of atorvastatin, vitamin E and C on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: is the combination required? Am J Gastroenterol. 106:78–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assy N, Nassar F, Nasser G, Grosovski M. 2009. Olive oil consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 15:1809–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustin LS, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Willett WC, Astrup A, Barclay AW, Bjorck I, Brand-Miller JC, Brighenti F, Buyken AE, et al. 2015. Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 25:795–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ. 2013. Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 28:845–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baffy G. 2013. Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prevention. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 1:131–137.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrera F, George J. 2014. The role of diet and nutritional intervention for the management of patients with NAFLD. Clin Liver Dis. 18:91–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellentani S, Marino M. 2009. Epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Ann Hepatol. 8:S4–S8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodinham CL, Hitchen KL, Youngman PJ, Frost GS, Robertson MD. 2011. Short-term effects of whole-grain wheat on appetite and food intake in healthy adults: a pilot study. Br J Nutr. 106:327–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozic MA, Subbarao G, Molleston JP. 2013. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract. 28:448–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzetto L, Prinster A, Annuzzi G, Costagliola L, Mangione A, Vitelli A, Mazzarella R, Longobardo M, Mancini M, Vigorito C, et al. 2012. Liver fat is reduced by an isoenergetic MUFA diet in a controlled randomized study in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 35:1429–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brighenti F, Benini L, Del Rio D, Casiraghi C, Pellegrini N, Scazzina F, Jenkins DJ, Vantini I. 2006. Colonic fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates contributes to the second-meal effect. Am J Clin Nutr. 83:817–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugianesi E, Gentilcore E, Manini R, Natale S, Vanni E, Villanova N, David E, Rizzetto M, Marchesini G. 2005. A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 100:1082–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E, Marchesini G, Brunello F, Carucci P, Musso A, De Paolis P, Capussotti L, Salizzoni M, et al. 2002. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 123:134–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buscemi S, Sprini D, Grosso G, Galvano F, Nicolucci A, Lucisano G, Massenti FM, Amodio E, Rini GB. 2014. Impact of lifestyle on metabolic syndrome in apparently healthy people. Eat Weight Disord. 19:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rio D, Costa LG, Lean ME, Crozier A. 2010. Polyphenols and health: what compounds are involved? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 20:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir M, Lang S, Steffen HM. 2015. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current status and future directions. J Dig Dis. 16:541–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Minno MN, Russolillo A, Lupoli R, Ambrosino P, Di Minno A, Tarantino G. 2012. Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 18:5839–5847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Sario A, Candelaresi C, Omenetti A, Benedetti A. 2007. Vitamin E in chronic liver diseases and liver fibrosis. Vitam Horm. 76:551–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ. 2005. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest. 115:1343–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estruch R, Salas-Salvado J. 2013. Towards an even healthier Mediterranean diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 23:1163–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferramosca A, Savy V, Zara V. 2008. Olive oil increases the hepatic triacylglycerol content in mice by a distinct influence on the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 72:62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferramosca A, Zara V. 2014. Modulation of hepatic steatosis by dietary fatty acids. World J Gastroenterol. 20:1746–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Bei R, Mistretta A, Marventano S, Calabrese G, Masuelli L, Giganti MG, Modesti A, Galvano F, Gazzolo D. 2013a. Effects of vitamin C on health: a review of evidence. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 18:1017–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Galvano F, Mistretta A, Marventano S, Nolfo F, Calabrese G, Buscemi S, Drago F, Veronesi U, Scruderi A. 2013b. Red orange: experimental models and epidemiological evidence of its benefits on human health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013:157240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Marventano S, Buscemi S, Scuderi A, Matalone M, Platania A, Giorgianni G, et al. 2013c. Factors associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet among adolescents living in Sicily, Southern Italy. Nutrients. 5:4908–4923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Marventano S, Galvano F, Pajak A, Mistretta A. 2014a. Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a mediterranean population: role of caffeinated beverages. J Epidemiol. 24:327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Marventano S, Giorgianni G, Raciti T, Galvano F, Mistretta A. 2014b. Mediterranean diet adherence rates in Sicily, southern Italy. Public Health Nutr. 17:2001–2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Marventano S, Yang J, Micek A, Pajak A, Scalfi L, Galvano F, Kales SN. 2015a. A comprehensive meta-analysis on evidence of mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: are individual components equal? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1107021.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grosso G, Stepaniak U, Micek A, Stefler D, Bobak M, Pajak A. 2016. Dietary polyphenols are inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in Polish adults of the HAPIEE study. Eur J Nutr. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1187-z.
   Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Stepaniak U, Micek A, Topor-Madry R, Stefler D, Szafraniec K, Bobak M, Pajak A. 2015b. A Mediterranean-type diet is associated with better metabolic profile in urban Polish adults: results from the HAPIEE study. Metabolism. 64:738–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Stepaniak U, Topor-Madry R, Szafraniec K, Pajak A. 2014c. Estimated dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in the Polish arm of the HAPIEE study. Nutrition. 30:1398–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso G, Yang J, Marventano S, Micek A, Galvano F, Kales SN. 2015c. Nut consumption on all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 101:783–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison SA, Torgerson S, Hayashi P, Ward J, Schenker S. 2003. Vitamin E and vitamin C treatment improves fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 98:2485–2490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa T, Yoneda M, Nakamura K, Makino I, Terano A. 2001. Plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 level and efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 15:1667–1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch S, Poniachick J, Avendano M, Csendes A, Burdiles P, Smok G, Diaz JC, de la Maza MP. 2005. Serum folate and homocysteine levels in obese females with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Nutrition. 21:137–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollaender PL, Ross AB, Kristensen M. 2015. Whole-grain and blood lipid changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 102:556–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. 2002. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest. 109:1125–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein O, Grosovski M, Lasri E, Svalb S, Ravid U, Assy N. 2007. Monounsaturated fat decreases hepatic lipid content in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 13:361–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip E, Farrell GC, Robertson G, Hall P, Kirsch R, Leclercq I. 2003. Central role of PPARalpha-dependent hepatic lipid turnover in dietary steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology. 38:123–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksson H, Fredriksson H, Andersson R, Olsson J, Aman P. 2009. Effect of rye bread breakfasts on subjective hunger and satiety: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 8:39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksson H, Rakha A, Andersson R, Fredriksson H, Olsson J, Aman P. 2011. Rye kernel breakfast increases satiety in the afternoon – an effect of food structure. Nutr J. 10:31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksson H, Sundberg B, Aman P, Fredriksson H, Olsson J. 2008. Whole grain rye porridge breakfast improves satiety compared to refined wheat bread breakfast. Food Nutr Res. 52. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v52i0.1809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isaksson H, Tillander I, Andersson R, Olsson J, Fredriksson H, Webb DL, Aman P. 2012. Whole grain rye breakfast - sustained satiety during three weeks of regular consumption. Physiol Behav. 105:877–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Kalmusky J, Guidici S, Giordano C, Patten R, Wong GS, et al. 1987. Low-glycemic index diet in hyperlipidemia: use of traditional starchy foods. Am J Clin Nutr. 46:66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju SY, Jeong HS, Kim do H. 2014. Blood vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome in the general adult population: a dose-response meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 99:1053–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jump DB. 2008. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription. Curr Opin Lipidol. 19:242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak JH, Paik JK, Kim OY, Jang Y, Lee SH, Ordovas JM, Lee JH. 2011. FADS gene polymorphisms in Koreans: association with omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids, lipid peroxides, and coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 214:94–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levene AP, Goldin RD. 2012. The epidemiology, pathogenesis and histopathology of fatty liver disease. Histopathology. 61:141–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Fan Y, Zhang X, Hou W, Tang Z. 2014. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ Open. 4:e005497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. 2000. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 71:1455–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madan K, Batra Y, Gupta DS, Chander B, Anand Rajan KD, Singh R, Panda SK, Acharya SK. 2005. Vitamin E-based therapy is effective in ameliorating transaminasemia in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Indian J Gastroenterol. 24:251–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marventano S, Kolacz P, Castellano S, Galvano F, Buscemi S, Mistretta A, Grosso G. 2015. A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr. 66:611–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx N, Duez H, Fruchart JC, Staels B. 2004. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis: regulators of gene expression in vascular cells. Circ Res. 94:1168–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masterton GS, Plevris JN, Hayes PC. 2010. Review article: omega-3 fatty acids - a promising novel therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 31:679–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miele L, Valenza V, La Torre G, Montalto M, Cammarota G, Ricci R, Masciana R, Forgione A, Gabrieli ML, Perotti G, et al. 2009. Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 49:1877–1887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miglio F, Rovati LC, Santoro A, Setnikar I. 2000. Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucuronate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled prospective clinical study. Arzneimittelforschung. 50:722–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro J, Leslie M, Moghadasian MH, Arendt BM, Allard JP, Ma DW. 2014. The role of n - 6 and n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the manifestation of the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Funct. 5:426–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano T, Cheng YF, Lai CY, Hsu LW, Chang YC, Deng JY, Huang YZ, Honda H, Chen KD, Wang CC, et al. 2011. Impact of artificial sunlight therapy on the progress of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. J Hepatol. 55:415–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan MH, Lai CS, Tsai ML, Ho CT. 2014. Chemoprevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by dietary natural compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res. 58:147–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnell JA, Raman M, Rioux KP, Reimer RA. 2012. The potential role of prebiotic fibre for treatment and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and associated obesity and insulin resistance. Liver Int. 32:701–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawar A, Jump DB. 2003. Unsaturated fatty acid regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activity in rat primary hepatocytes. J Biol Chem. 278:35931–35939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozzi C, Lama A, Simeoli R, Paciello O, Pagano TB, Mollica MP, Di Guida F, Russo R, Magliocca S, Canani RB, et al. 2016. Hydroxytyrosol prevents metabolic impairment reducing hepatic inflammation and restoring duodenal integrity in a rat model of NAFLD. J Nutr Biochem. 30:108–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pol K, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Raben A, Tetens I, Kristensen M. 2013. Whole grain and body weight changes in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 98:872–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postic C, Girard J. 2008. Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: lessons from genetically engineered mice. J Clin Invest. 118:829–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri P, Baillie RA, Wiest MM, Mirshahi F, Choudhury J, Cheung O, Sargeant C, et al. 2007. A lipidomic analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 46:1081–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez-Pinto H, Day C, Marchesini G. 2010. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol. 53:372–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Mateos A, Vauzour D, Krueger CG, Shanmuganayagam D, Reed J, Calani L, Mena P, Del Rio D, Crozier A. 2014. Bioavailability, bioactivity and impact on health of dietary flavonoids and related compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol. 88:1803–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AB. 2012. Present status and perspectives on the use of alkylresorcinols as biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake. J Nutr Metab. 2012:462967.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross AB, Godin JP, Minehira K, Kirwan JP. 2013. Increasing whole grain intake as part of prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Int J Endocrinol. 2013:585876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan M, McInerney D, Owens D, Collins P, Johnson A, Tomkin GH. 2000. Diabetes and the Mediterranean diet: a beneficial effect of oleic acid on insulin sensitivity, adipocyte glucose transport and endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity. QJM. 93:85–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan MC, Itsiopoulos C, Thodis T, Ward G, Trost N, Hofferberth S, O'dea K, et al. 2013. The Mediterranean diet improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 59:138–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomone F, Godos J, Zelber-Sagi S. 2016. Natural anti-oxidants for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: molecular targets and clinical perspectives. Liver Int. 36:5–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samara K, Liu C, Soldevila-Pico C, Nelson DR, Abdelmalek MF. 2006. Betaine resolves severe alcohol-induced hepatitis and steatosis following liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci. 51:1226–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato K, Arai H, Mizuno A, Fukaya M, Sato T, Koganei M, Sasaki H, Yamamoto H, Taketani Y, Doi T, Takeda E. 2007. Dietary palatinose and oleic acid ameliorate disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in Zucker fatty rats. J Nutr. 137:1908–1915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofi F, Casini A. 2014. Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new therapeutic option around the corner? World J Gastroenterol. 20:7339–7346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher G, Scorletti E, Mantovani A, Byrne CD. 2013. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and reduced serum vitamin D(3) levels. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 11:217–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremaroli V, Backhed F. 2012. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature. 489:242–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valtuena S, Pellegrini N, Ardigo D, Del Rio D, Numeroso F, Scazzina F, Monti L, Zavaroni I, Brighenti F. 2006. Dietary glycemic index and liver steatosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 84:136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van De Wier B, Koek GH, Bast A, Haenen GR. 2015. The potential of flavonoids in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2014.952399.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco N, Contreras A, Grassi B. 2014. The Mediterranean diet, hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 17:453–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera-Ramirez L, Perez-Lopez P, Varela-Lopez A, Ramirez-Tortosa M, Battino M, Quiles JL. 2013. Curcumin and liver disease. Biofactors. 39:88–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. 2011. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 34:274–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaglione P, Napolitano A, Fogliano V. 2008. Cereal dietary fibre: a natural functional ingredient to deliver phenolic compounds into the gut. Trends Food Sci Technol. 19:451–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volynets V, Kuper MA, Strahl S, Maier IB, Spruss A, Wagnerberger S, Konigsrainer A, Bischoff SC, Bergheim I. 2012. Nutrition, intestinal permeability, and blood ethanol levels are altered in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Dis Sci. 57:1932–1941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos MB, Colvin R, Belt P, Molleston JP, Murray KF, Rosenthal P, Schwimmer JB, Tonascia J, Unalp A, Lavine JE. NASH CRN Research Group. 2012. Correlation of vitamin E, uric acid, and diet composition with histologic features of pediatric NAFLD. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 54:90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallin A, Di Giuseppe D, Orsini N, Patel PS, Forouhi NG, Wolk A. 2012. Fish consumption, dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. 35:918–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss J, Rau M, Geier A. 2014. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, clinical course, investigation, and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 111:447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Teran-Garcia M, Park JH, Nakamura MT, Clarke SD. 2001. Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 expression by accelerating transcript decay. J Biol Chem. 276:9800–9807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Sheng W, Sun GY, Lee JC. 2011. Effects of fatty acid unsaturation numbers on membrane fluidity and alpha-secretase-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing. Neurochem Int. 58:321–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Rothwell JA, Hemon B, Moskal A, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Kyro C, Fagherazzi G, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al. 2015. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Eur J Nutr. 55:1359–1375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelber-Sagi S, Nitzan-Kaluski D, Goldsmith R, Webb M, Blendis L, Halpern Z, Oren R. 2007. Long term nutritional intake and the risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a population based study. J Hepatol. 47:711–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelber-Sagi S, Ratziu V, Oren R. 2011. Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD: an overview of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol. 17:3377–3389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Picard-Deland E, Marette A. 2013. Fish and marine omega-3 polyunsatured Fatty Acid consumption and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Endocrinol. 2013:501015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar