Serum vitamin D level is negatively associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Korean adults

References

• Al-Shali K, House AA, Hanley AJ, Khan HM, Harris SB, Mamakeesick M, Zinman B, Fenster A, Spence JD, Hegele RA. 2005. Differences between carotid wall morphological phenotypes measured by ultrasound in one, two and three dimensions. Atherosclerosis. 178:319–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mheid I, Patel R, Murrow J, Morris A, Rahman A, Fike L, Kavtaradze N, Uphoff I, Hooper C, Tangpricha V, et al. 2011. Vitamin D status is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular dysfunction in healthy humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 58:186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsheikh-Ali AA, Kitsios GD, Balk EM, Lau J, Ip S. 2010. The vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: scope of the literature. Ann Intern Med. 153:387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atabek ME, Eklioglu BS, Akyürek N, Alp H. 2014. Association between vitamin D level and cardiovascular risk in obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 27:661–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Ramaswami G, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis M, Incandela L, Ferrari P, Geroulakos G, Barsotti A, Griffin M, et al. 2001. Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: a 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study(1)). Atherosclerosis. 156:379–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondon M, Sachs M, Hoofnagle AN, Ix JH, Michos ED, Korcarz C, Gepner AD, Siscovick DS, Kaufman JD, Stein JH, et al. 2013. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone are not associated with carotid intima-media thickness or plaque in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 33:2639–2645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O'garra A. 2001. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol. 167:4974–4980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bots ML. 2006. Carotid intima-media thickness as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular disease in intervention studies. Curr Med Res Opin. 22:2181–2190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnevale V, Minonne R, De Matthaeis A, Annese MA, Tabacco P, D'arcangelo P, D'amico G, Scillitani A. 2014. Carotid intima-media thickness is not associated with vitamin D and PTH levels in patients admitted to an Internal Medicine Department. Endocrine. 47:833–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrelli AL, Walker MD, Lowe H, McMahon DJ, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Silverberg SJ. 2011. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Northern Manhattan study. Stroke. 42:2240–2245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho LS, Sposito AC. 2015. Vitamin D for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: are we ready for that? Atherosclerosis. 241:729–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton C, Froelicher ES, Wu LH, Ho C, Shishani K, Jaarsma T. 2011. The global burden of cardiovascular disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 10:S5–S13.
   Google Scholar
• Deleskog A, Piksasova O, Silveira A, Gertow K, Baldassarre D, Veglia F, Sennblad B, Strawbridge RJ, Larsson M, Leander K, et al. 2013. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 33:2633–2638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Ruijter HM, Peters SA, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Eijkemans MJ, Engström G, Evans GW, de Graaf J, Grobbee DE, et al. 2012. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 308:796–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferder M, Inserra F, Manucha W, Ferder L. 2013. The world pandemic of vitamin D deficiency could possibly be explained by cellular inflammatory response activity induced by the renin–angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 304:C1027–C1039.
   Google Scholar
• Finn AV, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. 2010. Correlation between carotid intimal/medial thickness and atherosclerosis: a point of view from pathology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 30:177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Y, Ma X, Luo Y, Xu Y, Xiong Q, Zhu J, Bao Y, Jia W. 2015. Inverse association of serum vitamin D in relation to carotid intima-media thickness in Chinese postmenopausal women. PLoS One 10:e0122803.
   Google Scholar
• Holick MF. 2004. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 80:1678S–1688S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 357:266–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM. 2011. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96:1911–1930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. 2012. Carotid plaque, compared with carotid intima-media thickness, more accurately predicts coronary artery disease events: a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 220:128–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffery LE, Burke F, Mura M, Zheng Y, Qureshi OS, Hewison M, Walker LS, Lammas DA, Raza K, Sansom DM. 2009. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and IL-2 combine to inhibit T cell production of inflammatory cytokines and promote development of regulatory T cells expressing CTLA-4 and FoxP3. J Immunol. 183:5458–5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen SH, Mathiesen EB, Joakimsen O, Stensland E, Wilsgaard T, Løchen ML, Njølstad I, Arnesen E. 2007. Carotid atherosclerosis is a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in women than in men: a 6-year follow-up study of 6226 persons: the Tromso Study. Stroke. 38:2873–2880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassi E, Adamopoulos C, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. 2013. Role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 128:2517–2531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestenbaum B, Katz R, de Boer I, Hoofnagle A, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG, Jenny NS, Siscovick DS. 2011. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and cardiovascular events among older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 58:1433–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa K, Hougaku H, Yamagami H, Hashimoto H, Itoh T, Shimizu Y, Takahashi D, Murata S, Seike Y, Kondo K, et al. 2007. Carotid intima-media thickness and risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Results of the Osaka Follow-Up Study for Carotid Atherosclerosis 2 (OSACA2 Study). Cerebrovasc Dis. 24:35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson JW, Skerrett PJ, Gaziano JM. 2002. Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease: the role of risk factors. Prev Cardiol. 5:188–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, Marsh J, Stevens LA, Kusek JW, Van Lente F. 2007. Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creatinine values. Clin Chem. 53:766–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. 2004. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 89-90:387–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma H, Lin H, Hu Y, Li X, He W, Jin X, Gao J, Zhao N, Liu Z, Gao X. 2014. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis in normotensive and euglycemic Chinese postmenopausal women: the Shanghai Changfeng study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 14:197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2013. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 34:2159–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathiesen EB, Bønaa KH, Joakimsen O. 2001. Echolucent plaques are associated with high risk of ischemic cerebrovascular events in carotid stenosis: the Tromsø study. Circulation. 103:2171–2175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naqvi TZ, Lee MS. 2014. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in cardiovascular risk assessment. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 7:1025–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman PE, Powell JT. 2014. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 114:379–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prati P, Tosetto A, Casaroli M, Bignamini A, Canciani L, Bornstein N, Prati G, Touboul PJ. 2011. Carotid plaque morphology improves stroke risk prediction: usefulness of a new ultrasonographic score. Cerebrovasc Dis. 31:300–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence JD, Hegele RA. 2004. Noninvasive phenotypes of atherosclerosis: similar windows but different views. Stroke. 35:649–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakasugi M, Noguchi T, Inoue M, Kazama Y, Tawata M, Kanemaru Y, Onaya T. 1991. Vitamin D3 stimulates the production of prostacyclin by vascular smooth muscle cells. Prostaglandins. 42:127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Wolf M, Vasan RS. 2008. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 117:503–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson KE, Abrolat ML, Malone LL, Hoeg JM, Doherty T, Detrano R, Demer LL. 1997. Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification. Circulation. 96:1755–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar