Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of Mental Health Volume 11, 2002 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
2,356
Views
109
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Psychosocial interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and mental health problems: A review

Chris Hatton Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Pages 357-374 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

  • American Psychiatrie Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Arscott, K., Dagnan, D. & Kroese, B.S. (1998). Consent to psychological research by people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 11, 77-83.
  • Arscott, K., Dagnan, D. & Kroese, B.S. (1999). Assessing the ability of people with a learning disability to give informed consent to treatment Psychological Medicine, 29, 1367-1375.
  • Beail, N. (1998). Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with men with intellectual disabilities: a preliminary outcome study. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 1-11.
  • Beail, N. & Warden, S. (1996). Evaluation of a psychodynamic psychotherapy service for adults with intellectual disabilities: rationale, design and pre- liminary outcome data. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 9, 223-228.
  • Beardsmore, A., Dorman, T., Cooper, S.A. & Webb, T. (1998). Affective psychosis and Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 463-471.
  • Benson, B. A. & Ivins, J. (1992). Anger, depression and self-conceptin adults with mental retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36, 169-175.
  • Benson, B.A., Rice, C.J. & Miranti, S.V. (1986). Effects of anger management training with mentally retarded adults in group treatment Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 54,728-729.
  • Black, L. & Novaco, R.W. (1993). Treatment of anger with a developmentally handicapped man. In R.A. Wells & V.J. Gianetti (Eds.), Casebook of the Brief Psychotherapies. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Black, L., Cullen, C. & Novaco, R.W. (1997). Anger assessmentfor people with mild learning disabilities in secure settings. In B. Stenfert Kroese, D. Dagnan & K. Loumidis (Eds.), Cognitive-Behaviour The ropy for People with Learning Disabilities (pp. 33-52). London: Routledge.
  • Bodfish, J.W., Crawford, T.W., Powell, S.B., Parker, D.E., Golden, R.N. & Lewis, M.H. (1995). Compulsions in adults with mental retardation: Prevalence, phenomenology, and comorbidity with stereotypy and self-injury. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 100, 183-192.
  • Borthwick-Duffy, S.A. (1994). Epidemiology and prevalence of psychopathology in people with mental retardation. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 62, 17-27.
  • Borthwick-Duffy, S.A. & Eyman, R.K. (1990). Who are the dually diagnosed? American Journal of Mental Retardation, 94, 586-595.
  • Bouras, N. & Drummond, C. (1992). Behaviour and psychiatric disorders of people with mental handicaps living in the community. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36, 349-357.
  • Bouras, N. & Holt, G. (1997). Mental Health in Learning Disabilities: Training Package (2nd edn.). Brighton: Pavilion Publishing.
  • Bramston, P. & Fogarty, G. (2000). The assessment of emotional distress experienced by people with an intellectual disability: A study of different methodologies. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21, 487-500.
  • Brylewski, J. & Duggan, L. (1999). Antipsychotic medication for challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disability: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 360-371.
  • Caine, A. & Hatten, C. (1998). Working with people with mental health problems. In E. Emerson, C. Hatten, J. Bromley & A. Caine (Eds), Clinical Psychology & People with Intellectual Disabilities (pp. 210-230). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Campbell, M. & Malone, R.P. (1991). Mental retardation & psychiatric disorders. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 374-379.
  • Chaplin, R.H., Thorp, C., Ismail, I.A., Collacott, R.A. & Bhaumik, S. (1996). Psychiatric disorder in Asian adults with learning disabilities: Patterns of service use. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40, 298-304.
  • Clare, I.C.H. & Murphy, G.H. (1998). Working with offenders or alleged offenders with intellectual disabilities. In E. Emerson, C. Hatten, J. Bromley & A. Caine (Eds), Clinical Psychology & People with lntellectual Disabilities (pp. 154-176). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Clare, I.C.H. Murphy, G.H., Cox, D. & Chaplin, E.H. (1992). Assessment and treatment of fire-setting: a single-case investigation using a cognitive-behavioural model. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health, 2, 253-268.
  • Clarke, D. (1998). Prader-Willi syndrome and psychotic symptoms 2: A preliminary study of prevalence using the Psychopathology Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disability checklist Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 451-454.
  • Clarke, D. (1999). Functional psychoses in people with mental retardation. In N. Bouras (e.d.), Psychiatric & Behavioural Disorders in Developmental Disabilities & Mental Retardation (pp. 188-199). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clarke, D.J. & Gomez, G.A. (1999). Utility of modified DCR-10 criteriain the diagnosis of depression associated with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 413-420.
  • Collacott, R.A., Cooper, S.A. & McGrother, C. (1992). Differential rates of psychiatric disorders in adults with Downs syndrome compared with other mentally handicapped adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 671-674.
  • Cooper, S.A. (1997). Psychiatric symptoms of dementia among elderly people with learning disabilities. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 662-666.
  • Cooper, S.A. & Prasher, V.P. (1998). Maladaptive behaviours and symptoms of dementia in adults with Down's syndrome compared with adults with intellectual disability of other aetiologies. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 293-300.
  • Costello, H., Moss, S., Presser, H. & Hatten, C. (1997). Reliability of the ICD-10 version of the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disability (PAS-ADD). Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 339-343.
  • Dagnan, D. & Chadwick, P. (1997). Assessment and intervention. In B. Stenfert Kroese, D. Dagnan & K. Loumidis (Eds.), Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities (pp. 110-123). London: Routledge.
  • Dagnan, D., Chadwick, P. & Proudlove, J. (2000). Toward an assessment of suitability of people with mental retardation for cognitive therapy. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 24, 627-636.
  • Davis, J.P., Judd, F.K. & Herrman, H. (1997). Depression in adults with intellectual disability. Part 1 : A review. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 232-242.
  • Day, K. (1999). Professional training in the psychiatry of mental retardation in the UK. In N. Bouras (Ed.), Psychiatric & Behavioural Disorders in Developmental Disabilities & Mental Retardation (pp. 439-457). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Deb, S. & Joyce, J. (1998). Psychiatric illness and behavioural problems in adults with learning disability and epilepsy. Behavioural Neurology, 11, 125-129.
  • Deb, S., Matthews, T., Holt, G. & Bouras, N. (2001). Practice Guidelines for the Assessment and Diagnosis of Mental Health Problems in Adults with Intellectual Disability. Brighton: Pavilion.
  • Department of Health (2001). Valuing People: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century (Cm. 5086). London: Department of Health.
  • Dixon, M.S. & Gunary, R.M. (1986). Fear of dogs: group treatment of people with mental handicaps. Mental Handicap, 14, 6-9.
  • Einfeld, S.L. & Tonge, B.J. (1999). Observations on the use of the ICD-10 Guide for Mental Retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 408-413.
  • Emerson, E. & Hatten, C. (2000). Residential supports for people with learning disabilities in 1997 in England. Tizard Learning Disability Review, S, 41-44.
  • Emerson, E., Hatten, C., Felce, D. & Murphy, G. (2001). Learning Disabilities: The Fundamental Facts. London: The Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities.
  • Emerson, E., Moss, S. & Kiernan, C. (1999). The relationship between challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorders in people with severe devel- opmental disabilities. In N. Bouras (Ed.), Psychiatric & Behavioural Disorders in Developmental Disabilities & Mental Retardation (pp. 38-48). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gaedt, C. (1995). Psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of mental illness and behavioural disorders in mentally retarded people: The significance of a psychoanalytic perspective. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 233-239.
  • Gibbs, M. & Priest, H.M. (1999). Designing and implementing a 'dual diagnosis' module: A review of the literature and some preliminary findings. Nurse Education Today, 19, 357-363.
  • Gillberg, C., Persson, E., Grufman, M. & Themner, U. (1986). Psychiatric disorders in mildly and severely mentally retarded urban children and adolescents: Epidemiological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 68-74.
  • Goldberg, D.P. & Huxley, P. (1980). Mental Illness in the Community: The Pathway to Psychiatric Care. London: Tavistock.
  • Gravestock, S. (2000). Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 625-637.
  • Hatten, C., Hastings, R.P. & Vetere, A. (1999). A case for inclusion? Introduction to special feature on learning disabilities and mental health. The Psychologist, 12, 231-233.
  • Iverson, J.C. & Fox, R.A. (1989). Prevalence of psychopathology among mentally retarded adults. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10, 77-83.
  • Kavanagh, S. & Opit, L. (1998) The Cost of Caring: The Economics of Providing for the Intellectually Disabled. London: Politeia Press.
  • Kellett, S.C., Beail, N., Newman, D.W. & Mosley, E. (1999). Indexing psychological distress in people with an intellectual disability: Use of the Symptom Checklist-90-R. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 12, 323-334.
  • Kirkpatrick-Sanchez, S., Williams, D.E., Matson, J.L., Anderson, S.J. & Gardner, W.I. (1996). An evaluation of age and intellectual functioning on rates of psychopathology. Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities, 8, 21-27.
  • Leggett, J., Hurn, C. & Goodman, W. (1997). Teaching psychological strategies for managing auditory hallucinations: A case report. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 158-162.
  • Lindsay, W.R. (1999). Cognitive therapy. The Psychologist, 12, 238-241.
  • Lindsay, W.R. & Baty, F.J. (1986). Behavioural relaxation training: Explorations with adults who are mentally handicapped. Mental Handicap, 14, 160-162.
  • Lindsay, W.R. & Michie, A.M. (1988). Adaptation of the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale for people with a mental handicap. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 32, 485-490.
  • Lindsay, W.R. & Smith, A.H.W. (1998). Responses to treatment for sex offenders with intellectual disability: A comparison of men with 1- and 2- year probation sentences. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 346-353.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Howells, L. & Pitcaithly, D. (1993). Cognitive therapy for depression with individuals with intellectual disabilities. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 66, 135-141.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Neilson, C. & Lawrenson, H. (1997). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for anxiety in people wi th learning disabilities. In B. Stenfert Kroese, D. Dagnan & K. Loumidis (Eds.), Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities (pp. 124-140). London: Routledge.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Baty, F.J., Michie, A.M. & Richardson, I. (1989). A comparison of anxiety treatments with adults who have moderate and severe mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10, 129-140.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Michie, A.M., Baty, F.J. & MacKenzie, K. (1988). Dog phobia in people with mental handicaps: anxiety management training and exposure treatments. Mental Handicap Research, 1, 39-48.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Neilson, C.Q., Morrison, F. & Smith, A.H.W. (1998c). The treatment of six men with a learning disability convicted of sex offences with children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 83-98.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Olley, S., Baillie, N. & Smith, A.H.W. (1999). Treatment of adolescent sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Mental Retardation, 37, 201-211.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Marshall, I., Neilson, G., Quinn, K. & Smith, A.H.W. (1998). The treatment of men with a learning disability convicted of exhibitionism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 19, 295-316.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Michie, A.M., Baty, F.J., Smith, A.H.W. & Miller, S. (1994). The consistency of reports about feelings and emotions from people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 61-66.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Olley, S., Jack, C., Morrison, F. & Smith, A.H.W. (1998d). The treatment of two stalkers with intellectual disabilities using c cognitive approach. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 11, 333-344.
  • Lindsay, W.R., Overend, H., Allan, R., Williams, C. & Black, L. (1998b). Using specific approaches for individual problems in the management of anger and aggression. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 26,44-50.
  • Linna, S.L., Moilanen, I., Ebeling, H., Piha, J., Kumpulainen, K., Tamminen, T. & Almqvist, F. (2000). Psychiatric symptoms in children with intellectual disability. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8, 77-82.
  • Lowry, M.A. (1998). Assessment and treatment of mood disorders in persons with developmental disabilities. Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities, 10, 387-406.
  • Lowry, M.A. & Sovner, R. (1992). Severe behaviour problems associated with rapid cycling bipolar disorder in two adults with profound mental retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36, 269-281.
  • Lund, J. (1985). The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in mentally retarded adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 72, 563-70.
  • McGillicuddy, N.B. & Blane, H.T. (1999). Substance use in individuals with mental retardation. Addictive Behavior, 24, 869-878.
  • McNaIIy, R.J. & Calamari, J.E. (1989). Obsessivecompulsive disorder in a mentally retarded woman. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 116-117.
  • Mace, F.C., Webb, M.E., Sharkey, R.W., Mattson, D.M. & Rosen, H.S. (1988). Functional analysis andtreatmentof bizarre speech. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 19, 289-296.
  • Marston, G.J., Perry, D.W. & Roy, A. (1997). Manifestations of depression in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 476-480.
  • Masi, G. (1998). Psychiatric illness in mentally retarded adolescents: Clinical features. Adolescence, 33, 425-434.
  • Matson, J.L., Gardner, W.J. Coe, D.A. & Sovner, R. (1991). A scale for evaluating emotional disorders in severely and profoundly mentally retarded persons: Development of the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped (D ASH) Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 404-409.
  • Matson, J.L., Kazdin, A.E. & Senatore, V. (1984). Psychometric properties of the Psychopalhology Instrument for Menially Retarded Adults. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5, 881-889.
  • Matson, J.L., Smiroldo, B.B., Hamilton, M. & Baglio, C.S. (1997). Do anxiety disorders exist in persons with severe and profound mental retardation? Research in Developmental Disorders, 18, 39-44.
  • Meins, W. (1993). Assessment of depression in mentally retarded adults: Reliability and validity of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 14, 299-312.
  • Meins, W. (1995). Symptoms of major depression in mentally retarded adults. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 41-45.
  • Meins, W. (1996). A new depression scaledesigned for use with adults with mental retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40, 222-226.
  • Morrison, F.J. & Lindsay, W.R. (1997). Reductions in self-assessedanxiety and concurrent improvements in cognitive performance in adults who have moderate intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 10, 33-40.
  • Moss, S. (1995). Methodological issues in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in adults with learning disability. Thomfield Journal, 18, 9-18.
  • Moss, S. (1999). Assessment:conceptual issues. In N. Bouras (Ed), Psychiatric & Behavioural Disorders in Developmental Disabilities & Mental Retardation (pp. 18-37). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moss, S., Presser, H. & Goldberg, D. (1996a). Validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis of the psychiatric assessment schedule for adults with developmental disability (PAS-ADD). British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 359-367.
  • Moss, S., Ibbotson, B., Presser, H. & Goldberg, D. (1997). Validity of the PAS-ADD for detecting psychiatric symptoms in adults with learning disability (mental retardation). Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 344-354.
  • Moss, S.C., Presser, H., Costello, H., Simpson, N. & Patel, P. (1996c). PAS-ADD Checklist. Manchester: Hester Adrian Research Centre, University of Manchester.
  • Moss, S., Presser, H., Ibbotson, B. & Goldberg, D. (1996b). Respondent and informant accounts of psychiatric symptoms in a sample of patients with learning disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40, 457-465.
  • Moss, S., Emerson, E., Kiernan, C., Turner, S., Hatton, C. & Alborz, A. (2000). Psychiatric symptoms in adults with learning disability and challenging behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 452456.
  • Moss, S., Goldberg, D., Patel, P., Prasser, H., Ibbotson, B., Simpson, N. & Rowe, S. (1996d). The Psychi- atric Assessment Schedule for Adults with a Developmental Disability: PAS-ADD. Manchester: Hester Adrian Research Centre, University of Manchester.
  • Moss, S., Presser, H., Costello, H., Simpson, N., Pate l, P., Rowe, S., Turner, S., & Hatten, C. (1998). Reliability and validity of the PAS-ADD Checklist for detecting psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 173-183.
  • Murphy, G.H. & Clare, I.C.H. (1991). MIETS: a service option for people with mild mental handicaps and challenging behaviour or psychiatric problems 2: Assessment, treatment, and outcome for service users and service effectiveness. Mental Handicap Research, 4, 180-206.
  • Novaco, R.W. (1986). Anger as a clinical and social problem. In R. Blanchard & C. Blanchard (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Aggression (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press.
  • Pary, R.J. (1993). Acute psychiatric hospital admissions of adults and elderly adults with mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 98, 434-436.
  • Prasher, V.P. (1995). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with Down syndrome. European Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 77-82.
  • Presser, H., Moss, S.C., Costello, H., Simpson, N. & Patel, P. (1996). The Mini PAS-ADD: A Preliminary Assessment Schedule for the Detection of Mental Health Needs in Adults with Learning Disabilities. Manchester: Hester Adrian Research Centre, University of Manchester.
  • Presser, H., Moss, S., Costello, H., Simpson, N., Patel, P. & Rowe, S. (1998). Reliability and validity of the Mini PAS-ADD for assessing mental health problems in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 264-272.
  • Reed, J. (1997). Understanding and assessing depression in people with learning disabilities: A cognitive-behavioural approach. In B. Stenfert Kroese, D. Dagnan & K. Loumidis (Eds.), Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities (pp. 53-66). London: Routledge.
  • Reed, J. & Clements, J. (1989). Assessing the understanding of emotional states in a population of adolescents and young adults with mental handicaps. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 33, 229-233.
  • Reiss, S. (1988a). Reis s Screen for Maladaptive Behavior. Worthington, Ohio: IDS.
  • Reiss, S. (1988b). The development of a screening measure for psychopathology in people with mental retardation. In E. Dibble & D. Gray (Eds.), Assessment of Behavior Problems in Persons with Mental Retardation Living in the Community. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental health.
  • Reiss, S. (1990). Prevalence of dual diagnosis in community-based day programs in the Chicago metropolitan area. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94, 578-585.
  • Reiss, S. & Benson, B.A. (1984). Awareness of negative social conditions among mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 88-90.
  • Reiss, S., Levitan, G.W. & McNaIIy, R.J. (1982). Emotionally disturbed mentally retarded people: an underserved population. American Psychologist, 37, 361-367.
  • Robertson, J., Emerson, E., Gregory, N., Hatten, C., Turner, S., Kessissoglou, S. & Hal lam, A. (2000). Lifestyle related risk factors for poor health in residential settings for people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21, 479-486.
  • Rojahn, J., Rabold, D.E. & Schneider, F. (1995). Emotion specificity in mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 99, 477-486.
  • Rose, J. (1996). Anger management: a group treatment program for people with mental retardation. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 8, 133-149.
  • Rose, J. & West, C. (1999). Assessment of anger in people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 12, 211-224.
  • Rose, J., West, C. & Clifford, D. (2000). Group intervention for anger in people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21, 171-181.
  • Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001). DC-LD: Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation. Occasional Paper OP 48. London: Gaskell.
  • Rush, A.J. & Frances, A. (2000) (Eds.). Expert consensus guidelines series: Treatment of psychiatric and behavioural problems in mental retardation: special issue. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 105, 159-226.
  • Senatore, V., Maison, J.L. & Kazdin, A.E. (1985). An inventory to assess psychopathology in mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 89, 459-466.
  • Simpson, N. (1999). Psychiatrie disorders in people with learning disabilities: Measuring prevalence and validating a screening instrument. PhD Thesis, University of Manchester: Manchester.
  • Sinason, V. (1992). Mental Handicap and the Human Condition. London: Free Association Books.
  • Sovner, R. & Hurley, A.D. (1983). Do the mentally retarded suffer from affective illness? Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 61-67.
  • Spence, S. (1988). Social Skills Training with Children and Adolescents. Windsor: NFER.
  • Stavrakaki, C. (1999). Depression, anxiety and adjustment disorders in people with developmental disabilities. In N. Bouras (Ed), Psychiatric & Behavioural Disorders in Developmental Disabilities & Mental Retardation (pp. 175-187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stavrakaki, C. & Mintsioulis, G. (1997). Anxiety disorders in persons with mental retardation: diagnostic, clinical, and treatment issues. Psychiatric Annals, 27, 182-189.
  • Stenfert Kroese, B., Dagnan, D. & Loumidis, K. (1997) (eds.), Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities. London: Routledge.
  • Stephens, R.M., Maison, J.L., Westmoreland, T. & Kulpa, J. (1981). Modification of psychotic speech with mentally retarded patients. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 25, 187-197.
  • Sturmey, P. (1999). Classification: concepts, progress and future. In N. Bouras (ed), Psychiatric & Behavioural Disorders in Developmental Disabilities & Mental Retardation (pp. 3-17). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sturmey, P. & Bertman, L.J. (1994). Validity of the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviors. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 99, 201-206.
  • Sturmey, P., Jamieson, J., Burcham, J., Shaw, B. & Bertman, L. (1996). The factor structure of the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviors in institutional and community populations. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 17, 285-291.
  • Sturmey, P., Reed, J. & Corbett, J. (1991). Psychometric assessment of psychiatric disorders in people with learning difficulties (mental handicap): a review of the measures. Psychological Medicine, 21, 143-155.
  • Szymanski, L.W. (1994). Mental retardation and mental health: concepts, aetiology and incidence. In N. Bouras (Ed.), Mental Health in Mental Retardation: Recent Advances and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tonge, B. & Einfeld, S. (2000). The trajectory of psychiatric disorders in young people with intellec- tual disabilities. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 80-84.
  • Turner, T.H. (1989). Schizophrenia and mental handicap: An historical review, with implications for further research. Psychological Medicine, 19, 301-314.
  • Wong, J.G., Clare, I.C.H., Holland, A.J., Watson, P.C. & Gunn, M. (2000). The capacity of people with a 'mental disability' to make a health care decision. Psychological Medicine, 30, 295-306.
  • World Health Organization ( 1992). SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Geneva: WHO Division of Mental Health.
  • World Health Organization (1993). The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders (ICD-10): Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: WHO.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.