3,190
Views
109
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Mentalizing and borderline personality disorder

, PhD, FBA &
Pages 83-101 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

References

  • Akhtar S. Broken structures: Severe personality disorders and their treatment. Jason Aronson, Northvale, NJ 1992
  • Alessandri S. M. Play and social behaviours in maltreated preschoolers. Development and Psychopathology 1991; 3: 191–206
  • Arnsten A. F. T. The biology of being frazzled. Science 1998; 280: 1711–1712
  • Baker L., Silk K. R., Westen D., Nigg J. T., Lohr N. E. Malevolence, splitting, and parental ratings by borderlines. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1992; 180: 258–264
  • Bartels A., Zeki S. The neural basis of romantic love. Neuroreport 2000; 11: 3829–3834
  • Bartels A., Zeki S. The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage 2004; 21: 1155–1166
  • Bateman A. W., Fonagy P. The effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder – a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1563–1569
  • Bateman A. W., Fonagy P. Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001; 158: 36–42
  • Bateman A. W., Fonagy P. Health service utilization costs for borderline personality disorder patients treated with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization versus general psychiatric care. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 169–171
  • Bateman A. W., Fonagy P. Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization based treatment. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004
  • Bateman A. W., Fonagy P. Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder: A practical guide. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006
  • Battle C. L., Shea M. T., Johnson D. M., Yen S., Zlotnick C., Zanarini M. C., et al. Childhood maltreatment associated with adult personality disorders: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Journal of Personality Disorders 2004; 18: 193–211
  • Beeghly M., Cicchetti D. Child maltreatment, attachment, and the self system: Emergence of an internal state lexicon in toddlers at high social risk. Development and Psychopathology 1994; 6: 5–30
  • Belsky J., Fearon R. M. Infant-mother attachment security, contextual risk, and early development: A moderational analysis. Development and Psychopathology 2002; 14: 293–310
  • Betan E., Westen D. Identity disturbance in adolescents with personality pathology. Emory University. 2005, Unpublished manuscript
  • Bradley R., Westen D. The psychodynamics of borderline personality disorder: a view from developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology 2005; 17: 927–957
  • Braungart-Rieker J. M., Garwood M. M., Powers B. P., Wang X. Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: Predictors of later attachment. Child Development 2001; 72: 252–270
  • Caspi A., McClay J., Moffitt T. E., Mill J., Martin J., Craig I. W., et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 2002; 297(5582)851–854
  • Caspi A., Sugden K., Moffitt T. E., Taylor A., Craig I. W., Harrington H., et al. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301(5631)386–389
  • Cassidy J., Parke R. D., Butkovsky L., Braungart J. M. Family-peer connections: The roles of emotional expressiveness within the family and children's understanding of emotion. Child Development 1992; 63: 603–618
  • Chirkov V., Ryan R. M. Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U.S. adolescents: Common effects on well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2001; 32: 618–635
  • Chugani H. T., Behen M. E., Muzik O., Juhasz C., Nagy F., Chugani D. C. Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: A study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans. Neuroimage 2001; 14: 1290–1301
  • Cicchetti D., Rogosch F. A. A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2002; 70: 6–20
  • Cicchetti D., Rogosch F. A., Maughan A., Toth S. L., Bruce J. False belief understanding in maltreated children. Developmental Psychopathology 2003; 15: 1067–1091
  • Cicchetti D., Rogosch F. A., Toth S. L. The efficacy of toddler-parent psychotherapy for fostering cognitive development in offspring of depressed mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2000; 28: 135–148
  • Cohen P., Crawford T. N., Johnson J. G., Kasen S. The Children in the Community Study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006; 19: 466–486
  • Crick N. R., Murray-Close D., Woods K. Borderline personality features in childhood: a short-term longitudinal study. Developmental Psychopathology 2005; 17: 1051–1070
  • de Rosnay M., Harris P. L. Individual differences in children's understanding of emotion: the roles of attachment and language. Attachment and Human Development 2002; 4: 39–54
  • Denham S. A. Emotional development in young children. Guilford, New York 1998
  • Depue R. A., Lenzenweger M. F. A neurobehavioral dimensional model of personality disorders. The handbook of personality disorders, W. J. Livesley. Guilford, New York 2001; 136–176
  • Dunn J. The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1995. Children's relationships: Bridging the divide between cognitive and social development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1996; 37: 507–518
  • Dunn J., Brown J., Somkowski C., Telsa C., Youngblade L. Young children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs: Individual differences and their antecedents. Child Development 1991; 62: 1352–1366
  • Ellsworth C. P., Muir D. W., Hains S. M. J. Social competence and person-object differentiation: an analysis of the still-face effect. Developmental Psychology 1993; 29: 63–73
  • Fearon R. M., Belsky J. Attachment and attention: Protection in relation to gender and cumulative social-contextual adversity. Child Development 2004; 75: 1677–1693
  • Feldman R. B., Zelkowitz P., Weiss M., Vogel J., Heyman M., Paris J. A comparison of the families of mothers with borderline and nonborderline personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1995; 36: 157–163
  • Fonagy P., Bateman A. Progress in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006a; 188: 1–3
  • Fonagy P., Bateman A. W. Mechanisms of change in mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2006b; 62: 411–430
  • Fonagy P., Bateman A. W. Mechanisms of change in mentalization-based treatment of BPD. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2006c; 62: 411–430
  • Fonagy P., Gergely G., Jurist E., Target M. Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. Other Press, New York 2002
  • Fonagy P., Gergely G., Target M. The parent-infant dyad and the construction of the subjective self. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, in press
  • Fonagy P., Leigh T., Steele M., Steele H., Kennedy R., Mattoon G., et al. The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996; 64: 22–31
  • Fonagy P., Redfern S., Charman T. The relationship between belief-desire reasoning and a projective measure of attachment security (SAT). British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1997; 15: 51–61
  • Fonagy P., Target M. Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology 1997; 9: 679–700
  • Fonagy P., Target M., Gergely G., Allen J. G., Bateman A. The developmental roots of borderline personality disorder in early attachment relationships: A theory and some evidence. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 2003; 23: 412–459
  • Frank H., Hoffman N. Borderline empathy: An empirical investigation. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1986; 27: 387–395
  • Fruzzetti A. E., Shenk C., Hoffman P. D. Family interaction and the development of borderline personality disorder: A transactional model. Developmental Psychopathology 2005; 17: 1007–1030
  • Gabbard G. O., Wilkinson S. M. Management of contertransference with borderline patients. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994
  • Gergely G. The role of contingency detection in early affect-regulative interactions and in the development of different types of infant attachment. Social Behavior 2004; 13: 468–478
  • Gergely G., Koós O., Watson J. S. Contingency perception and the role of contingent parental reactivity in early socio-emotional development [Perception causale et role des comportements imitatifs des parents dans le développement socio-émotionnel précoce]. Imiter pour découvrir l'human: Psychologie, neurobiology, robotique et philosophie de l'esprit, J. Nadel, J. Decety. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 2002; 59–82
  • Gergely G., Watson J. The social biofeedback model of parental affect-mirroring. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 1996; 77: 1181–1212
  • Green J., Goldwyn R. Annotation: Attachment disorganisation and psychopathology: new findings in attachment research and their potential implications for developmental psychopathology in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry 2002; 43: 835–846
  • Grolnick W. S. The psychology of parental control: How well meant parenting backfires. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 2003
  • Gunderson J. G. The borderline patient's intolerance of aloneness: Insecure attachments and therapist availability. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153: 752–758
  • Gunderson J. G., Bender D., Sanislow C., Yen S., Rettew J. B., Dolan-Sewell R., et al. Plausibility and possible determinants of sudden “remissions” in borderline patients. Psychiatry 2003; 66: 111–119
  • Gunderson J. G., Sabo A. N. The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 150: 19–27
  • Haley D. W., Stansbury K. Infant stress and parent responsiveness: Regulation of physiology and behavior during still-face and reunion. Child Development 2003; 74: 1534–1546
  • Hamilton C. E. Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence. Child Development 2000; 71: 690–694
  • Harris P. L. Individual differences in understanding emotions: The role of attachment status and emotional discourse. Attachment and Human Development 1999; 1: 307–324
  • Harris P. L., de Rosnay M., Pons F. Language and children's understanding of mental states. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2005; 14: 69–73
  • Herman J. L., Perry C., van der Kolk B. A. Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 146: 490–495
  • Hoermann S., Clarkin J. F., Hull J. W., Levy K. N. The construct of effortful control: An approach to borderline personality disorder heterogeneity. Psychopathology 2005; 38: 82–86
  • Horwitz A. V., Widom C. S., McLaughlin J., White H. R. The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: A prospective study. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 2001; 42: 184–201
  • Howes C., Espinosa M. P. The consequences of child abuse for the formation of relationships with peers. International Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect 1985; 9: 397–404
  • Hughes C., Ensor R. Social cognition and disruptive behaviour disorders in young children: Families matter. Social cognition and developmetnal psychopathology, C. Sharp, P. Fonagy, I. Goodyer. OUP, Oxford in press
  • Jacobsen T., Edelstein W., Hofmann V. A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology 1994; 30: 112–124
  • Jacobsen T., Hofmann V. Children's attachment representations: longitudinal relations to school behavior and academic competency in middle childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology 1997; 33: 703–710
  • Jacobsen T., Huss M., Fendrich M., Kruesi M. J. P., Ziegenhain U. Children's ability to delay gratification: Longitudinal relations to mother-child attachment. Journal of Genetic Psychology 1997; 158: 411–426
  • Jenkins J. M., Astington J. W. Theory of mind and social behavior: Causal models tested in a longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 2000; 46: 203–220
  • Johnson J. G., Cohen P., Smailes E., Skodol A., Brown J., Oldham J. Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2001; 42: 16–23
  • Keller M. B., Lavori P. W., Mueller T. I., Endicott J., Coryell W., Hirschfeld R. M., et al. Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression. A 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992; 49: 809–816
  • Kernberg O. F. Object relations theory and character analysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 1983; 31: 247–271
  • Klimes-Dougan B., Kistner J. Physically abused preschoolers' responses to peers' distress. Developmental Psychology 1990; 25: 516–524
  • Kochanska G., Coy K. C., Murray K. T. The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development 2001a; 72: 1091–1111
  • Kochanska G., Coy K. C., Murray K. T. The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development 2001b; 72: 1091–1111
  • Kochanska G., Murray K. T. Mother-child mutually responsive orientation and conscience development: From toddler to early school age. Child Development 2000; 71: 417–431
  • Koós O., Gergely G. A contingency-based approach to the etiology of ‘disorganized’ attachment: The ‘flickering switch’ hypothesis. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 2001; 65: 397–410
  • Koós O., Gergely G. The ‘flickering switch’ hypothesis: A contingency-based approach to the etiology of disorganized attachment in infancy. Contingency perception and attachment in infancy, Special Issue of the Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, J. Allen, P. Fonagy, G. Gergely. Guilford, New York 2001; 397–410
  • Kreppner J. M., O'Connor T. G., Rutter M. Can inattention/overactivity be an institutional deprivation syndrome?. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2001; 29: 513–528
  • Kullgren G. Factors associated with completed suicide in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1988; 176: 40–44
  • Lambert M., Bergin A. E., Garfield S. Introduction and historical overview. Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, M. Lambert. Wiley, New York 2004; 3–15
  • Lenzenweger M. F., Clarkin J. F., Fertuck E. A., Kernberg O. F. Executive neurocognitive functioning and neurobehavioral systems indicators in borderline personality disorder: A preliminary study. Journal of Personality Disorders 2004; 18: 421–438
  • Levy K. N. The implications of attachment theory and research for understanding borderline personality disorder. Developmental Psychopathology 2005; 17: 959–986
  • Ludolph P. S., Westen D., Misle B., Jackson A., Wixom J., Wiss F. C. The borderline diagnosis in adolescents: Symptoms and developmental history. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 470–476
  • Lyons-Ruth K. Dissociation and the parent-infant dialogue: A longitudinal perspective from attachment research. Journal of the American Psychoanalysts' Association 2003; 51: 883–911
  • Lyons-Ruth K., Yellin C., Melnick S., Atwood G. Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: Hostile/helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother-infant communication and infant disorganization. Developmental Psychopathology 2005; 17: 1–23
  • Main M., George C. Responses of abused and disadvantaged toddlers to distress in agemates: A study in the daycare setting. Developmental Psychology 1985; 21: 407–412
  • Mangelsdorf S. C., Shapiro J. R., Marzolf D. Developmental and temperamental differences in emotion regulation in infancy. Child Development 1995; 66: 1817–1828
  • Maughan A., Cicchetti D. Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development 2002; 73: 1525–1542
  • McGlashan T. H., Grilo C. M., Sanislow C. A., Ralevski E., Morey L. C., Gunderson J. G., et al. Two-year prevalence and stability of individual DSM-IV criteria for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: Toward a hybrid model of axis II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 883–889
  • McLean L. M., Gallop R. Implications of childhood sexual abuse for adult borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 369–371
  • Meins E., Fernyhough C., Russel J., Clark-Carter D. Security of attachment as a predictor of symbolic and mentalising abilities: A longitudinal study. Social Development 1998; 7: 1–24
  • Morrison A. P., Frame L., Larkin W. Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2003; 42: 331–353
  • Mundy P., Neal R. Neural plasticity, joint attention, and a transactional social-orienting model of autism. International review of mental retardation: Autism, L. Masters Glidden. Academic Press, San Diego, CA 2001; 23: 139–168
  • Nelson K. Language pathways into the community of minds. Why language matters for theory of mind, J. W. Astington, J. A. Baird. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005; 26–49
  • Ogata S. N., Silk K. R., Goodrich S., Lohr N. E., Westen D., Hill E. Childhood sexual and physical abuse in adult patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1008–1013
  • Ontai L. L., Thompson R. A. Patterns of attachment and maternal discourse effects on children's emotion understanding from 3 to 5 years of age. Social Development 2002; 11: 433–450
  • Paris J. Personality disorders over time: Precursors, course, and outcome. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 2003
  • Paris J. Sociocultural factors in the treatment of personality disorders. Handbook of personality disorders: Theory and practice, W. J. Livesley. Wiley, New York 2004; 135–147
  • Paris J., Frank H. Perceptions of parental bonding in borderline patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1498–1499
  • Pears K. C., Fisher P. A. Emotion understanding and theory of mind among maltreated children in foster care. Development and Psychopathology 2005; 17: 47–65
  • Posner M. I., Rothbart M. K., Vizueta N., Levy K. N., Evans D. E., Thomas K. M., et al. Attentional mechanisms of borderline personality disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2002; 99: 16366–16370
  • Raikes H. A., Thompson R. A. Family emotional climate, attachment security, and young children's emotion knowledge in a high-risk sample. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 2006; 24: 89–104
  • Ruffman T., Slade L., Crowe E. The relation between children's and mothers' mental state language and theory-of-mind understanding. Child Development 2002; 73: 734–751
  • Russ E., Heim A., Westen D. Parental bonding and personality pathology assessed by clinician report. Journal of Personality Disorders 2003; 17: 522–536
  • Ryan R. M. The developmental line of autonomy in the etiology, dynamics, and treatment of borderline personality disorders. Developmental Psychopathology 2005; 17: 987–1006
  • Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. Handbook of self and identity, M. R. Leary, J. P. Tangney. Guilford, New York 2003; 253–272
  • Ryan R. M., Kuczkowski R. The imaginary audience, self-consciousness, and public individuation in adolescence. Journal of Personality 1994; 62: 219–238
  • Ryle A. Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Active participation in change. Wiley, Chichester 1990
  • Shea M. T., Stout R. L., Yen S., Pagano M. E., Skodol A. E., Morey L. C., et al. Associations in the course of personality disorders and Axis I disorders over time. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004; 113: 499–508
  • Shipman K. L., Zeman J. Emotional understanding: A comparison of physically maltreating and nonmaltreating mother-child dyads. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1999; 28: 407–417
  • Siever L. J., Torgersen S., Gunderson J. G., Livesley W. J., Kendler K. S. The borderline diagnosis III: Identifying endophenotypes for genetic studies. Biological Psychiatry 2002; 51: 964–968
  • Silk K. R., Lee S., Hill E. M., Lohr N. E. Borderline personality disorder symptoms and severity of sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1059–1064
  • Skodol A. E., Gunderson J., Shea M. T., McGlashan T., Morey L. C., Sanislow C., et al. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS): Overview and implications. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006; 19: 487–504
  • Soloff P., Millward J. Developmental histories of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1983; 24: 574–588
  • Solomon J., George C., Dejong A. Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and at school. Development and Psychopathology 1995; 7: 447–463
  • Sroufe L. A., Egeland B., Carlson E., Collins W. A. The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. Guilford, New York 2005
  • Steele M., Steele H., Croft C., Fonagy P. Infant mother attachment at one year predicts children's understanding of mixed emotions at 6 years. Social Development 1999; 8: 161–178
  • Steinberg L., Avenevoli S. The role of context in the development of psychopathology: A conceptual framework and some speculative propositions. Child Development 2000; 71: 66–74
  • Stevenson J., Meares R. An outcome study of psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 358–362
  • Stevenson J., Meares R. Psychotherapy with borderline patients: II. A preliminary cost benefit study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 473–477
  • Stevenson J., Meares R., D'Angelo R. Five-year outcome of outpatient psychotherapy with borderline patients. Psychology & Medicine 2005; 35: 79–87
  • Stone M. H. The fate of borderline patients: Successful outcome and psychiatric practice. Guilford Press, New York 1990
  • Stuart J., Westen D., Lohr N. E., Benjamin J., Becker S., Vorus N. Object relations in borderlines, depressives, and normals: An examination of human responses on the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment 1990; 55: 296–318
  • Symons D. K. Mental state discourse, theory of mind, and the internalization of self-other understanding. Developmental Review 2004; 24: 159–188
  • Taylor S. F., Liberson I., Fig L. M., Decker L. R., Minoshima S., Koeppe R. A. The effect of emotional content on visual recognition memory: A PET activation study. Neuroimage 1998; 8: 188–197
  • Thompson R. A. The legacy of early attachments. Child Development 2000; 71: 145–152
  • Torgersen S., Lygren S., Oien P. A., Skre I., Onstad S., Edvardsen J., et al. A twin study of personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2000; 41: 416–425
  • Tyrer P., Bateman A. Drug treatments for personality disorders. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2004; 10: 389–398
  • van IJzendoorn M., Scheungel C., Bakermanns-Kranenburg M. J. Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology 1999; 22: 225–249
  • van Ijzendoorn M. H., van Vliet-Visser S. The relationship between quality of attachment in infancy and IQ in kindergarten. Journal of Genetic Psychology 1988; 149: 23–28
  • Waters E., Merrick S. K., Treboux D., Crowell J., Albersheim L. Attachment security from infancy to early adulthood: A 20 year longitudinal study. Child Development 2000; 71: 684–689
  • Watson J. S. Bases of causal inference in infancy: Time, space, and sensory relations. Advances in infancy research, L. P. Lipsitt, C. Rovee-Collier. Ablex, Norwood, NJ 1984
  • Weinberg K. M., Tronick E. Z. Infant affective reactions to the resumption of maternal interaction after the Still-Face. Child Development 1996; 67: 905–914
  • Weinberg M. K., Tronick E. Z. Beyond the face: An empirical study of infant affective configurations of facial, vocal, gestural, and regulatory behaviors. Child Development 1994; 65: 1503–1515
  • Weinfield N., Sroufe L. A., Egeland B. Attachment from infancy to early adulthood in a high risk sample: Continuity, discontinuity and their correlates. Child Development 2000; 71: 695–702
  • Weinfield N. S., Whaley G. J., Egeland B. Continuity, discontinuity, and coherence in attachment from infancy to late adolescence: Sequelae of organization and disorganization. Attachment and Human Development 2004; 6: 73–97
  • Westen D., Lohr N., Silk K., Gold L., Kerber K. Object relations and social cognition in borderlines, major depressives, and normals: A TAT analysis. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990; 2: 355–364
  • Westen D., Ludolph P., Block M. J., Wixom J., Wiss C. Developmental history and object relations in psychiatrically disturbed adolescent girls. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1061–1068
  • Westen D., Ludolph P., Lerner H., Ruffins S., Wiss F. C. Object relations in borderline adolescents. Journal of Academic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990; 29: 338–348
  • White C. N., Gunderson J. G., Zanarini M. C., Hudson J. I. Family studies of borderline personality disorder: A review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2003; 11: 8–19
  • Wilkinson-Ryan T., Westen D. Identity disturbance in borderline personality disorder: An empirical investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 528–541
  • Winnicott D. W. Mirror role of mother and family in child development. Playing and reality, D. W. Winnicott. Tavistock, London 1956; 111–118
  • Yen S., Shea M. T., Battle C. L., Johnson D. M., Zlotnick C., Dolan-Sewell R., et al. Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: Findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 2002; 190: 510–518
  • Young D. W., Gunderson J. G. Family images of borderline adolescents. Psychiatry 1995; 58: 164–172
  • Youngblade L., Dunn J. Individual differences in young children's pretend play with mother and sibling: Links to relationships and understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs. Child Development 1995; 66: 1472–1492
  • Zanarini M., Gunderson J. G., Frankenburg F. R. Discriminating borderline personality disorder from other Axis II disorders. American Journal Psychiatry 1990; 147: 161–167
  • Zanarini M. C. Role of sexual abuse in the etiology of borderline personality disorder. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 1997
  • Zanarini M. C., Frankenburg F. R., Hennen J., Reich D. B., Silk K. R. Axis I comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder: 6-year follow-up and prediction of time to remission. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 161: 2108–2114
  • Zanarini M. C., Frankenburg F. R., Hennen J., Reich D. B., Silk K. R. The McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD): Overview and implications of the first six years of prospective follow-up. Journal of Personality Disorders 2006; 19: 505–523
  • Zanarini M. C., Frankenburg F. R., Hennen J., Silk K. R. The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6-year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 160: 274–283
  • Zanarini M. C., Williams A. A., Lewis R. E., Reich D. B., Vera S. C., Marino M. F., et al. Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1101–1106
  • Zanarini M. C., Yong L., Frankenburg F. R., Hennen J., Reich D. B., Marino M. F., et al. Severity of reported childhood sexual abuse and its relationship to severity of borderline psychopathology and psychosocial impairment among borderline inpatients. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 2002; 190: 381–387
  • Zittel Conklin C., Westen D. Borderline personality disorder in clinical practice. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 162: 867–875

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.