The use of exercises in the treatment of scoliosis: an evidence-based critical review of the literature

References

• Clayman, CB.: American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine (New York: Random House), 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Bleck, E.: AIS. Developmental Medicine in Child Neurology, 33: 167–176, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boachie-Adjei, O. and Onner, B.: Spinal deformity (common orthopedic problems I). Pediatric Clinics NA, 43: 883–897, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunnell, W. P.: Nonoperative treatment of spinal deformity: the case for observation. Instructional Course Lectures, 34: 106–109, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson, R. A. and Weinstein, S. L.: Bracing (and screening)— yes or no? Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 81-B: 193–198, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Farady, J. A.: Current principles in the nonoperative manage- ment of structural AIS. Physical Therapy, 63: 512–523, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haasbeek, J. F.: AIS; recognizing patients who need treatment. Postgraduate Medicine, 101: 207–216, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin, D. L., Oh, T. H., Lim, P. A. C. et al. : Rehabilitation of orthopedic and rheumatologic disorders. 4. Musculoskeletal disorders. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 81: S-73–77, 2000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killian, J. T., Mayberry, S. and Wilkinson, L.: Current concepts in AIS. Pediatric Annals, 28: 755–761, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonstein, J. E.: AIS. Lancet, 344: 1407–1412, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonstein, J. E.: Patient evaluation. In: J. Lonstein, D. Bradford, R. Winter et al. (editors) Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: WB Saunders), pp. 45–86, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Reamy, B. V. and Slakey, J. B.: AIS: review and current concepts. American Family Physician, 64: 111–116, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinsky, L. A.: Advances in management of IS. Hospital Practice, 27: 49–55, 1992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinsky, L. A. and Gamble, J. G.: AIS. Western Journal of Medicine, 148: 182–191, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roach, J. W.: 353 Disorders of the pediatric and adolescent spine. Orthopedic Clinics NA, 30: 353–365, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, S. L.: Natural history. Spine, 24: 2592–2600, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel, D.: Diagnosis and Treatment of the Spine. Nonoperative Orthopaedic Medicine and Manual Therapy (Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers), 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Hungerford, D. S.: Spinal deformity in adolescence: early detec- tion and nonoperative treatment. Medical Clinics of NA, 59: 1517–1525, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keim, H. A.: The Adolescent Spine, 2nd edn (New York, Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Lonstein, J. E. and Winter, R. B.: AIS; nonoperative treatment. Orthopedic Clinics NA, 19: 239–245, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassella, M. C. and Hall, J. E.: Current treatment approaches in the nonoperative and operative management of AIS. Physical Therapy, 71: 897–909, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, R. A.: Spinal deformity—AIS. Nonoperative treat- ment. Spine, 24: 2601–2606, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, D. S., Rogala, E. and Gurr, J.: Spinal deformity: natural history and the role of screening. Orthopedic Clinics of NA, 10: 751–759, 1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, M. S., Mayo, N. E., Poitras, B. et al. : The Ste. Justine AIS cohort study: II. Perception of health, self and body image, and participation in physical activities. Spine, 19: 1562, 1994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, C. J., Dowling, F. E., Fogarty, E. E. et al. : School scoliosis screening and the United States Preventive Services Task Force. An examination of long-term results. Spine, 20: 1368–1374, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazebrook-Kampschreuer, A.: The effect of school screening on surgery for AIS: a comment. European Journal of Public Health, 9: 152–153, 1999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, W. J.: A new challenge in scoliosis care. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 64-A: 479–480, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Lonstein, J. E.: Natural history and school screening for scoliosis. Orthopedic Clinics of NA, 19: 227–237, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonstein, J. E.: AIS. Lancet, 344: 1407–1412, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, F., Pehrsson, U., Benoni, G. et al. : Screening for scoliosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Spine, 15: 67–70, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Morrissy, R. T.: School screening for scoliosis. Spine, 24: 2584–2591, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijneveld, S. A. and Hirasing, R. A.: The effect of school screening on surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: reanalysis is needed. European Journal of Public Health, 10: 153–155, 2000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renshaw, T. S.: Screening school children for scoliosis. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 229: 26–33, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, D., Bernstein, S., Riddick, M. F. et al. : A meta-analysis of the efficacy of nonoperative treatments for IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 79-A: 664–669, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R.: Letters. Spine, 26: 2058–2059, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegersma, P. A., Hofman, A. and Zielhuis, G. A.: The effect of school screening on surgery for AIS. European Journal of Public Health, 8: 237–240, 1998.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, R. B.: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 314: 1379–1380, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf, S. H.: Screening for AIS—policy statement. JAMA, 269: 2664–2666, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf, S. H.: Screening for AIS—review article. JAMA, 269: 2667–2672, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascani, E., Bartolozzi, P., Logroscino, C. A. et al. : Natural history of untreated IS after skeletal maturity. Spine, 11: 784–789, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjure, J. and Nachemson, A.: Non-treated scoliosis. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 93: 44–52, 1973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerkreim, R. and Hassan, I.: Progression in untreated IS after the end of growth. Acta Orthopedica Scandinavica, 53: 897–900, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, H. L., Azen, S. P., Gerberg, E. et al. : Scoliosis: a pros- pective epidemiological study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 57-A: 968–972, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Bunnell, W. P.: The natural history of IS before skeletal maturity. Spine, 11: 773–776, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collis, D. K. and Ponseti, I. V.: Long-term follow-up of patients with IS scoliosis not treated surgically. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 51-A: 425–445, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Fowles, J. V., Drummond, D. S., L’Ecuyer, S. et al. : Untreated scoliosis in the adult. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 134: 212–224, 1978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachemson, A.: A long term follow-up study of nontreated scoliosis. Acta Orthopedica Scandinavica, 39: 466–476, 1968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponseti, I. V. and Friedman, B.: Prognosis in IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 32-A: 381–395, 1950.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, S. L.: Long term follow-up of pediatric orthopedic conditions; natural history and outcomes of treatment. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 82-A: 980–990, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, S. L.: Letter to the editor, response, health and func- tion of patients with untreated IS (50). JAMA, 289: 2643, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Irvin, R. E.: Reduction of lumbar scoliosis by use of a heel lift to level the sacral base. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 91: 34–44, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabzek, K. F., Leroux, M. A., Moillard, C. et al. : Acute postural adaptations induced by a shoe lift in IS patients. European Spine Journal, 10: 107–113, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogon, M., Riedl-Huter, C., Sterzinger, W. et al. : Radiologic abnormalities and low back pain in elite skiiers. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 390: 151–162, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Tanchev, P. I., Dzerov, A. D., Parushev, A. D. et al. : Scoliosis in rhythmic gymnasts. Spine, 25: 1367–1371, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes, M. C.: Scoliosis and the Human Spine: A critical review of clinical approaches to the treatment of spinal deformity in the United States, and a proposal for change (Tucson, AZ: West Press), www.scoliosis.org, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Hawes, M. C.: Letter to the editor, Health and function of patients with untreated IS. JAMA, 289: 2644, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Jaremko, J. L., Poncet, P., Ronsky, J. et al. : Estimation of spinal deformity in scoliosis from torso surface cross sections. Spine, 26: 1583–1591, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima, T. and Kurokawa, T.: Quantitation of three- dimensional deformity of IS. Spine, 17: S22–S29, 1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poncet, P., Dansereau, J. and Labelle, H.: Geometric torsion in IS; three-dimensional analysis and proposal for a new classifi- cation. Spine, 26: 2235–2243, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villemure, I., Aubin, C. E., Grimard, G. et al. : Progression of vertebral and spinal three-dimensional deformities in AIS. A longitudinal study. Spine, 26: 2244–2250, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roaf, R.: Scoliosis (Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins), 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, I. A. F.: Hueter-Volkmann Effect; state of the art reviews. Spine, 14: 349–357, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, I. A. F. and Gardner-Morse, M.: The role of muscles and effects of load on growth. Research into Spinal Deformity, 4: 314–317, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Korovessis, P., Piperos, G., Sidiropoulos, P. et al. : Adult idiopathic lumbar scoliosis: a formula for prediction of progres- sion and review of the literature. Spine, 19: 1926–1932, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, S. L. and Ponseti, I. V.: Curve progression in IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 65-A: 447–455, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein, S. L., Dolan, L. A., Spratt, K. F. et al. : Health and function of patients with untreated IS: a 50-year natural history study. JAMA, 289: 559–567, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D.: The pain drawing in AIS. Proceedings of the Scoliosis Research Society, 36th Annual Meeting, Cleveland, OH, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Balague, F., Dutoit, G. and Waldburger, M.: Low back pain in schoolchildren. An epidemiological study. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 20: 175–179, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edgar, M. A.: Back pain assessment from a long term follow-up of operated and unoperated patients with AIS. Spine, 4: 519–521, 1979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank, J. C., Pynsent, P. B., Van Poortvliet, J. A. et al. : Influence of anthropometric factors and joint laxity in the incidence of adolescent back pain. Spine, 9: 461–464. 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostuik, J. P. and Bentivoglio, J.: The incidence of low back pain in adult scoliosis. Spine, 6: 268–273, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, R. P., Simmons, E. H. and Stripinis, D.: Incidence and severity of back pain in adult idiopathic scoliosis. Spine, 8: 749–756, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo, N. E., Goldberg, M. S., Poitras, B. et al. : The Ste-Justine AIS cohort study. Part III: Back pain. Spine, 14: 1573–1581, 1994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nastasi, A. J., Levine, D. B. and Veliskakis, K. P.: Pain patterns in AIS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 54-A: 1575, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsonne, U. and Lundgren, K.: Long term prognosis in IS. Acta Orthopedica Scandinavica, 39: 456–465, 1968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez, N., Johnston, C. E. and Browne, R. H.: The preva- lence of back pain in children who have IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 79-A: 364–368, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Vitale, M. G., Levy, D. E., Johnson, M. G. et al. : Assessment of quality of life in adolescent patients with orthopedic problems: are adult measures appropriate? Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 21: 622–628, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, S. L., Zavala, D. C. and Ponseti, I. V.: Idiopathic scoliosis: long term follow-up and prognosis in untreated patients. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 63-A: 702–712, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson, G., Fallstrom, K., Jansson, B. et al. : A psycholo- gical and psychiatric investigation of the adjustment of female scoliosis patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 50: 50–59, 1974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayson, D. and Levine, D. B.: AIS: personality patterns and effects of corrective surgery. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 116: 99–102, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Clayson, D., Luz-Alterman, S., Cataletto, M. M. et al. : Long-term psychological sequelae of surgically vs nonsurgically treated scoliosis. Spine, 12: 983–987, 1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar, M. A. and Mehta, M. H.: Long term follow-up of fused and unfused IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 70-B: 712–716, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Fallstrom, K., Cochran, T. and Nachenson, A.: Long term effects on personality development in patients with AIS; influence of type of treatment. Spine, 11: 756–758, 1986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, L. A., Schatzinger, L. A., Nash, C. L. et al. : Emotional adjustment in scoliosis. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 125: 145–150, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Kahanovitz, N. and Weiser, S.: The psychological impact of IS on the adolescent female; a preliminary multi center study. Spine, 14: 483–487, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean, W. E., Green, N. E., Pierre, C. B. et al. : Stress and coping with scoliosis: psychological effects on adolescents and their families. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 9: 257–260, 1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, W. K., Ogilvie, J. W., Resnick, M. D. et al. : Does scoliosis have a psychological impact and does gender make a difference? Spine, 22: 1380–1384, 1997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, R. M.: Respiratory management in scoliosis. In: J. Lonstein, D. Bradford, R. Winter et al. (editors) Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: WB Saunders), pp. 572–581, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• George, R. B., Light, R. W., Matthay, M. A. et al. : Chest Medicine: Essentials of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 3rd edn (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins), 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Seaton, A., Seaton, D. and Leitch, A. G.: Crofton and Douglas’s Respiratory Diseases, 5th edn (Oxford: Blackwell Science), p. 90, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, R. S., Muller, N. L., Colman, N. et al. : Fraser and Pare’s Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest, 4th edn (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company), 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hitosugi, M., Shigeta, A. and Takatsu, A.: An autopsy case of sudden death in a patient with IS. Medicine Science and the Law, 40: 175–178, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, J. F. and Nadel, J. A.: Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: WB Saunders), 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Pehrsson, K., Larsson, S., Oden, A. et al. : Long term follow- up of patients with untreated scoliosis. A study of mortality, causes of death and symptoms. Spine, 17: 1091–1096, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Schneerson, J. M., Sutton, G. C. and Zorab, P. A.: Causes of death, right ventricular hypertrophy, and congenital heart dis- ease in scoliosis. Clinical Orthopedic Related Research, 135: 52–57, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Boyer, J., Amin, N., Taddonio, R. et al. : Evidence of airway obstruction in children with IS. Chest, 109: 1532–1535, 1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, K. C., Letts, R. M. and Cumming, G. R.: Influence of spinal curvature on exercise capacity. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 1: 251–254, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiRocco, P., Breed, A. L., Carlin, J. I. et al. : Physical work capacity in adolescents with mild IS. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 64: 476–479, 1983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiRocco, P. and Vaccaro, P.: Cardiopulmonary functioning in adolescent patients with mild IS. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation, 69: 198–199, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes, M. C. and Brooks, W. J.: Improved chest expansion in IS after intensive, multiple modality, nonsurgical treatment in an adult. Chest, 120: 672–674, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon, C., Viviani, G. R. and Killian, K. J.: Factors influ- encing work capacity in thoracic AIS. American Reviews in Respiratory Disease, 148: 295–303, 1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesten, S., Garfinkel, S. K., Wright, T. et al. : Impaired exercise capacity in adults with moderate scoliosis. Chest, 99: 663–666, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Olgiati, R., Levine, D., Smith, J. P. et al. : Diffusing capacity in IS and its interpretation regarding alveolar development. American Reviews in Respiratory Disease, 126: 229–234, 1982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, R. J., Chapman, K. R., Wright, T. A. et al. : Pulmonary function in adolescents with mild IS. Thorax, 39: 901–904, 1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, R. J., Chapman, K. R., Wright, T. A. et al. : Ventilatory patterns during hypoxia, hypercapnia, and exercise in adolescents with mild scoliosis. Pediatrics, 77: 692–696, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Szeinberg, A., Canny, G. J., Rashed, N. et al. : Forced VC and maximal respiratory pressures in patients with mild and moderate scoliosis. Pediatric Pulmonaries, 4: 8–12, 1988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, B., Smith, J. P., Briscoe, W. A. et al. : Pulmonary function in asymptomatic adolescents with IS. American Reviews in Respiratory Disease, 111: 389–397, 1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branthwaite, M. A.: Cardiorespiratory conequences of unfused IS. British Journal of Diseases of the Chest, 80: 360–369, 1986.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies, G. and Reid, L.: Effect of scoliosis on growth of alveoli and pulmonary arteries and on the right ventricle. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 46: 623–632, 1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, D. S.: Spinal deformity: natural history and the role of screening. In: D.S. Bradford and R. M. Densinger (editors) The Pediatric Spine (Stuttgard, NY: Georg Thieme Verlag), pp. 167–180, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Leatherman, K. and Dickson, R.: The Management of Spinal Deformities (London, Boston, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto, Wellington: Wright Press), 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Deviren, V., Berven, S., Kleinstueck, F. et al. : Predictors of flexibility and pain patterns in thoracolumbar and lumbar IS. Spine, 27: 2346–2349, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, F.: Hippocrates. The Genuine Works of Hippocrates. Translated by Francis Adams and L. L. D. Surgeon (Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Company), 1939.
   Google Scholar
• Moen, K. Y. and Nachemson, A. L.: Treatment of scoliosis: an historical perspective. Spine, 24: 2570–2575, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, J. W.: Historical aspects of scoliosis. In: J. Lonstein, D. Bradford, R. Winter et al. (editors) Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: WB Saunders), pp. 1–5, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Focarile, F. A., Bonaldi, A., Giarolo, M. et al. : Effectiveness of nonsurgical treatment for IS; overview of available evidence. Spine, 16: 395–401, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Bridwell, K. H.: Spine update—surgical treatment of AIS: the basics and the controversies. Spine, 19: 1095–1100, 1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridwell, K. H.: Surgical treatment of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Spine, 24: 2607–2616, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunnell, W. P.: An objective criterion for school screening. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 66: 1381–1387, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Hensinger, R. N., Cowell, H. R. and MacEwen, G. D.: Orthopedic screening of school age children. Review of a ten- year experience. Orthopedic Reviews, 4: 23–28, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Lonstein, J. E.: IS. In: J. Lonstein, D. Bradford, R. Winter et al. (editors) Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: WB Saunders), pp. 219–256, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Shands, A. R., Barr, J. S., Colonna, P. C. et al. : Research committee of the American Orthopedic Association: end-result study of the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 23: 963–977, 1941.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, B., Beekman, C., Hall, V. et al. : Physical effects of an exercise program on change in curvature in adolescents with minimal idiopathic scoliosis: a preliminary study. Therapy, 59: 760–763, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, B., Miller, N. E., Sworkin, S. et al. : Behavioral method for treatment of IS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 82: 2493–2497, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, N. C., Schultz, M., Javech, N. et al. : Miami TLSO in the management of scoliosis: preliminary results in 100 cases. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 1: 141–152, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carman, D., Roach, J. W., Speck, G. et al. : Role of exercises in the Milwaukee brace treatment of scoliosis. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics, 5: 65–68, 1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasopoulos, S., Paxinos, T., Tsafantakis, E. et al. : The effect of aerobic training in girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Scandinavian. Journal of Medical SciSports, 9: 36–40, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstens, T.: Exercise therapy in postural weakness. Zeitschrift fu¨r Orthopa¨die und ihre Grenzgebiete, 135: 16–17, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro, C., Masiero, S., Venturin, A. et al. : Effects of exercise therapy on mild idiopathic scoliosis. Preliminary results. Europa Medicophysica, 34: 25–31, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Maruyama, T., Kitagawa, T., Takeshita, K. et al. : Side shift exercise for the treatment of IS after skeletal maturity. Research into Spinal Deformities, 5: 231, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, M. H.: Active auto-correction for early adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 68: 682, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Mooney, V., Gulick, J. and Pozos, R.: A preliminary report on the effect of measured strength training in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 68: 682, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Solberg, G.: Scoliosis: plastic changes in spinal function of pre-pubescent scoliotic children engaged in an exercise therapy programme. South African Journal of Physiotherapy, 52: 19–24, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington, P.: Is scoliosis reversible? In vivo observations of reversible morphological changes in the production of scoliosis in mice. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 116: 103–111, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• McMaster, M. J.: Infantile IS. In: D. S. Bradford and R.M. Hensinger (editors) The Pediatric Spine (Stuttgart, NY: Georg Thieme Verlag), pp. 218–232, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Ceballos, R., Ferrer-Torreles, M., Castillo, F. et al. : Prognois in infantile IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 62A: 863–875, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• McMaster, M. J.: Infantile IS: Can it be prevented? Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 65B: 612–617, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Wynne-Davies, R.: Infantile IS: causative factors, particularly in the first six months of life. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 57B: 138–141, 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Roberts, G. C. and Pilcher, M. F.: 1965 Structural IS in infancy. A study of the natural history of 100 patients. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 47B: 520–523, 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, J. H. and James, J. I. P.: Progressive and resolving infantile IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 54B: 648–655, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, M.: The rib-vertebra angle in the early diagnosis between resolving and progressive infantile scoliosis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 54B: 230–243, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• James, J. I. P.: Idiopathic scoliosis. The prognosis, diagnosis, and operative indications related to curve patterns and age of onset. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 36B: 36–49, 1954.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. and Morgan, T. H.: The natural history and prognosis of infantile IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 37B: 400–412, 1955.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, M. H.: Infantile idiopathic scoliosis. In: D. S. Bradford and R. Dickson (editors) Management of spinal deformities. (Boston, MA: Butterworths), pp. 101–120, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, M. H.: Pain provoked scoliosis. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 135: 58–65, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, D. S. and Bueff, H. U.: Benign and malignant tumors of the Spine. In: J. Lonstein, D. Bradford, R. Winter et al. (editors) Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: WB Saunders), pp. 483–501, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Dickson, R. A. and Leatherman, K. D.: Cotrel traction, exercises, casting in the treatment of IS: a pilot study and pro- spective randomized controlled clinical trial. Acta Orthopedica Scandinavica, 49: 46–48, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Block, A. J., Waxler, J. and McDonnell, E. J.: Cardiopul- monary failure of the hunchback: a possible therapeutic approach. JAMA, 212: 1520–1522, 1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher, M.: Harrington’s: the human spine. In: R. R. Joabobs (editor) Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Scoliosis (Chicago, IL: Scoliosis Research Society), pp. 1–10, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, M. H.: Preserving function in the treatment of IIS, Orthopedic Transactions, 3: 59, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, I. A. F.: ‘Stress-modulated growth’ and the progression of scoliosis. In: I. A. F. Stokes (editor) Research into Spinal Deformities 2 (IOS Press), pp. 205–208, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R.: Scoliosis related pain in adults–treatment influences. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 3: 91–94, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R., Verres, C., Lohschmidt, L. et al. : Pain and scoliosis—is there any relationship? Orthopadische Praxis, 34: 602–606, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R., Verres, Ch. and El-Obeidi, N.: Evaluation of the result quality in spinal deformities rehabilitation by objective back shape analysis. Physikalische Medizin, 9: 41–47 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R.: Influence of an in-patient exercise program on scoliotic curve. Italian Journal of Orthopedic Trauma, 18: 394–406, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R.: The progression of idiopathic scoliosis under the influence of a physiotherapy rehabilitation programme. Physiotherapy, 78: 815–821, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R.: Particularities of rehabilitative physiotherapy in adults with scoliosis. Rehabilitation, 31: 38–42, 1992.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss, H. R., Lohschmidt, K., El-Obeidi, N. et al. : Preliminary results and worst-case analysis of inpatient scoliosis rehabilitation. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 1: 35–40, 1997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss, H. R. and Cherdron, J.: The psychical and physical effect of physiotherapeutical rehabilitative inpatient treat- ment on patients with scoliosis. Orthopadische Praxis, 28: 87–90,1992.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R. and Cherdron, J.: The impact of Schroth’s rehabilitation programme on the self-concept of patients with scoliosis. Rehabilitation, 33: 31–34, 1994.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss, H. R., Verres, C. and Neumann, S.: Scoliosis and psyche: a study on juveniles and young adolescents. Orthopa¨dische Praxis, 34: 367–372, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R.: The effect of an exercise programme on VC and rib mobility in patients with IS. Spine, 16: 88–93, 1991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R. and Bickert, W.: Improvement of the parameters of right-heart stress evidenced by electrocardiographic examina- tions by the in-patient rehabilitation program according to Schroth in adult patients with scoliosis. Orthopa¨dische Praxis, 32: 450–453, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, D. S.: Adult scoliosis In: J. Lonstein, D. Bradford, R. Winter et al. (editors) Moe’s Textbook of Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: WB Saunders), pp. 369–386, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, D. S., Tay, B. K. and Hu, S. S.: Adult scoliosis: surgical indications, operative management, complications, and outcomes. Spine, 24: 2617–2629, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metha, M. H.: Infantile idiopathic scoliosis. In: D. S. Bradford and R. Dickson (editors) Management of Spinal Deformities (Boston, MA: Butterworths), p. 114, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R.: Scoliosis related pain in adults—treatment influences. European Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 3: 91–94, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, H. R., Verres, C. H., Lohschmidt, K. et al. : Pain and scoliosis—is there any relationship? Orthopadische Praxis, 34: 602–606, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Lonstein, J. E.: Scoliosis. In: R. T. Morrissy and A. L. Weinstein (editors) Winter’s Pediatric Orthopedics, 4th edn (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers), pp. 625–683, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Balady, G. F.: Survival of the fittest—more evidence. New England Journal of Medicine, 346: 852–854, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson, B. W., Sjolin, M., Lindqvist, J. et al. : Ten-year mortality rate in relation to observations of a bicycle exercise test in patients with a suspected or confirmed ischemic event but no or only minor myocardial damage. American Heart Journal, 141: 977–984, 2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V. et al. : Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. New England Journal of Medicine, 346: 793–801, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corwin, M. J., Lesko, S. M. and Heeren, T.: Secular changes in sleep position during infancy, 1995–1998. Pediatrics, 111: 52–60, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mau, H.: The changing concept of infantile scoliosis. International Orthopedics, 5: 131–137, 1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar