Socioeconomic status differentials in life and active life expectancy among older adults in Beijing

References

• National Research Council. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Preston SH, Taubman P. Socioeconomic differences in adult mortality and health status. In: LG Martin, SH Preston (eds) Demography of Aging. Washington: National Academic Press, 1994;279–318.
   Google Scholar
• Kitagawa EM, Hauser PM. Differential Mortality in the United States a Study of Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead M, Townsend P, Davidson N, Davidsen N. Social Inequalities in Health: The Black Report. London: Penguin Books, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Marmot M, Kogevinas M, Elston MA. Social/economic status and disease. Annual Review of Public Health 1987; 8: 111–135.
   Google Scholar
• Robine J-M, Ritchie K. Healthy life expectancy: evaluation of global indicator of change in population health. British Medical Journal 1991; 302: 457–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusselder WJ. Compression of morbidity. In: J-M Robine, C Jagger, CD Mathers, EM Crimmins, RM Suzman (eds) Determining Health Expectancies. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2003;35–58.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell JC. Routes to low mortality in poor countries. Population Development Review 1986; 12: 171–220.
   Google Scholar
• Hermalin AI. Aging in Asia: setting the research foundation. Asia-Pacific Population Research Reports, No. 4. East-West Center, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips DR. Ageing in the Asia-Pacific region: issues, policies and contexts. In: DR Phillips (ed) Ageing in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Policies and Future Trends. New York: Routledge, 2000; 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Berkman CS, Gurland BJ. The relationship among income, other socioeconomic indicators, and functional level in older persons. Journal of Aging and Health 1998; 10: 81–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy E, Sloggett A. Health inequalities in the older population: the role of personal capital, social resources and socio-economic circumstances. Social Sciences and Medicine 2002; 56: 935–947.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan GA, Strawbrige WJ, Camacho T, Cohen RD. Factors associated with change in physical functioning in the elderly: a six-year prospective study. Journal of Aging and Health 1993; 5: 140–153.
   Google Scholar
• Liang J, Bennett J, Krause N, et al. Old age mortality in Japan: does the socioeconomic gradient interact with gender and age? Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2002; 57: 294–307.
   Google Scholar
• Melzer D, Izmirlian G, Leveille SG, Guralnik JM. Educa- tional differences in the prevalence of mobility disability in old age: the dynamics of incidence, mortality, and recovery. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2001;56B:S294 – S301.
   Google Scholar
• Olausson PO. Mortality among the elderly in Sweden by social class. Social Science and Medicine 1991; 32: 437–440.
   Google Scholar
• Ross C, Wu C. Education, age and the cumulative advantage in health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1996; 37: 104–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorslund M, Lundberg O. Health and inequalities among the oldest old. Journal of Aging and Health 1994; 6: 51–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valkonen T. Adult mortality and level of education: a comparison of six countries. In: J Fox (ed) Health Inequalities in European Countries. Aldershot: Gower, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson M, Rowe G, Gentleman JE, Tomiak M. Career earnings and death: a longitudinal analysis of older Canadian men. Journal of Gerontology 1993; 48: S167– S179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tu EJ-C, Kuanjeng C. Changes in active life expectancy in Taiwan: compression or expansion? Social Science and Medicine 1994; 39: 1657–1665.
   Google Scholar
• Doblhammer G, Kytir J. Social inequalities in mortality and morbidity: consequences for dfle. In: V Egidi (ed) Towards an Integrated System of Indicators to Assess the Health Status of the Population. Rome: ISTAT (Essays No. 4), 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Bossuyt N, van Oyen H, Page H. Healthy life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy by educational attainment in Belgium. Paper Presented at the 12th meeting of REVES, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Valkonen T, Sihvonen A-P, Lahelma E. Health expectancy by level of education in Finland. Social Science and Medicine 1997; 44: 801–808.
   Google Scholar
• Cambois E, Robine JM, Hayward M. Social inequalities in disability-free life expectancy in the French male population, 1980–1991. Demography 2001; 38: 513–524.
   Google Scholar
• Crimmins E, Saito Y, Ingegneri D. Changes in life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy in the United States. Population and Development Review 1989; 15: 235–267.
   Google Scholar
• Crimmins E, Saito Y. Trends in disability-free life expectancy in the United States, 1970–1990: gender, racial, and educational differences. Social Science and Medicine 2001; 52: 1629–1641.
   Google Scholar
• Manton KG, Stallard E, Corder L. Education-specific estimates of life expectancy and age-specific disability in the US elderly population, 1982 to 1991. Journal of Aging and Health 1997; 9: 419–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DF. A single index of mortality and morbidity. American Journal of Public Health 1971; 86: 347–354.
   Google Scholar
• Liang J, McCarthy JF, Jain A, Krause N, Bennett JM, Gu S. Socioeconomic gradient in old age mortality in Wuhan, China. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 2000;55B:S2322–2333.
   Google Scholar
• Liang J, Liu X, Gu S. Transitions in functional status among older people in Wuhan, China: socioeconomic differentials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2001; 54: 1126–1138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer Z, Amornsirisomboon P. Socioeconomic status and health among older adults in Thailand: an examination using multiple indicators. Social Science and Medicine 2000; 52: 1297–1311.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer Z, Liu X, Hermalin A, Chuang Y-L. Educational attainment and transitions in functional status among older Taiwanese. Demography 1998; 35: 361–375.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer Z, Kwong J. Socioeconomic status and health among older adults in rural and urban China. Journal of Aging and Health 2004; 16: 44–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crimmins EM, Cambois E. Social inequalities in health expectancy. In: J-M Robine, C Jagger, CD Mathers, EM Crimmins, RM Suzman (eds) Determining Health Expectancies. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2003;111–126.
   Google Scholar
• Guralnik JM, Kaplan GA. Predictors of healthy aging: prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Public Health 1989; 79: 703–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House JS, Lepkowski JM, Kinney AM, Mero RP, Kessler RC, Herzog RA. The social stratification of aging and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1994; 38: 553–578.
   Google Scholar
• Williams DR. Socioeconomic differentials in health: a review and redirection. Social Psychology Quarterly 1990; 53: 81–99.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan GA, Seeman TE, Cohen RD, Knudsen LP, Guralnik J. Mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study: behavioral and demographic risk factors. American Journal of Public Health 1987; 77: 307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermalin AI, Chang M-C, Roan C. Economic well-being: insights from multiple measures of income and assets. In: AI Hermalin (ed) The Well-Being of the Elderly in Asia: A Four- Country Comparative Study. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2002;295–360.
   Google Scholar
• Robert S, House JS. SES differentials in health by age and alternative indicators of SES. Journal of Aging and Health 1996; 8: 359–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arber S, Ginn J. Gender and inequalities in health in later life. Social Science and Medicine 1993; 36: 33–46.
   Google Scholar
• Harrell S. The changing meanings of work in China. In: B Entwisle, GE Henderson (eds) Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households, and Gender in China. Berkeley: Uni- versity of California Press, 2000;67–76.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein MC, Ku Y. Income and family support among rural elderly in Zhejiang Province, China. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology 1993; 8: 197–223.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis-Friedmann D. Long Lives: Chinese Elderly and the Communist Revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Parish WL, Whyte MK. Village and Family in Contemporary China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Olson P. Caregiving and long-term health care in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of Aging and Social Policy 1993; 5: 91–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shi L. Health care in China: a rural-urban comparison after the socioeconomic reforms. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1993; 71: 723–736.
   Google Scholar
• Ikels C. New options for the urban elderly. In: EFV Deborah Davis (ed) Chinese Society on the Eve of Tiananmen, 1990; 215–242.
   Google Scholar
• Liu H-C, Lin K-N, Teng EL, et al. Prevalence and subtypes of dementia in Taiwan: a community survey of 5297 individuals. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995; 43: 144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi L. Access to care in post-economic reform rural China: results from a 1994 cross-sectional survey. Journal of Public Health Policy 1996; 17: 347–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J, Tang Z, Meng XJ, Futatsuka M. Demographic determinants for change in activities of daily living: a cohort study of the elderly people in Beijing. Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 12: 280–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang Z, Wang H-X, Meng C, et al. The prevalence of functional disability in activities of dailiy living among elderly Beijing Chinese. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1999; 29: 115–125.
   Google Scholar
• Katz S, Branch LG, Branson MH, Papsidero JA, Beck JC, Greer DS. Active life expectancy. New England Journal of Medicine 1983; 309: 1218–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagi SZ. Some conceptual issues in disability and rehabilita- tion. In: MB Sussman (ed) Sociology and Rehabilitation. Washington DC: American Sociological Association, 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Lievere A, Brouard N, Heathcote C. The estimation of health expectancies from cross-longitudinal surveys. Mathematical Population Studies 2003; 10: 211–248.
   Google Scholar
• Laditka SB, Wolf DA. New methods for analyzing active life expectancy. Journal of Aging and Health 1998; 10: 214–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar