301
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Restoring balance in focal limb dystonia with botulinum toxin

, MD MBBS, FRACP
Pages 1778-1788 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Brin M. Fundamentals of dystonia. Handbook of botulinum treatment2nd ed, P Moore, M Naumann. Blackwell Science, Massachusetts 2003; 101–118
  • Fahn S, Marsden C D, Calne D B. Classification and investigation of dystonia. Movement Disorders 2, C D Marsden, S Fahn. Butterworths, London 1987; 332–358
  • Nutt J G, Muenter M D, Melton L J, Aronson A, Kurlkand L T. Epidemiology of dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota. Adv Neurol 1988; 50: 361–366
  • Schuele S, Jabusch H C, Lederman R J, et al. Botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of musician's dystonia. Neurology 2005; 64(2)341–343
  • Pearce J M. A note on scrivener's palsy. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76(4)513
  • Newmark J A, Hochberg F H. Isolated painless manual incoordination in 57 musicians. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 291–295
  • Kaji R, Shibasaki H, Kimura J. Writer's cramp: A disorder of motor subroutine?. Ann Neurol 1995; 38(6)837–838
  • Sheehy M P, Marsden C D. Writer's cramp – a focal dystonia. Brain 1982; 105: 461–480
  • Sheehy M P, Rothwell J C, Marsden C D. Writer's cramp. Dystonia 2, Adv Neurology, S Fahn. Raven Press, New York 1988; 50: 457–472
  • Jedynak P C, Tranchant C, de Beyl D Z. Prospective clinical study of writer's cramp. Move Disord 2001; 16(3)494–499
  • Altenmuller E. Focal dystonia: Advances in brain imaging and understanding of fine motor control in musicians. Hand Clinics 2003; 19(3)523–38, xi
  • Dillon J P, Higgins T, Curtin J. Focal dystonia in a professional musician. Irish Med J 2003; 96(6)182–183
  • Kember J M. Focal dystonia in a musician. Manual Ther 1997; 2(4)221–225
  • Ragothaman M, Sarangmath N, Jayaram S, et al. Task-specific dystonia in tabla players. Move Disord 2004; 19(10)1254–1256
  • Lederman R J. Neuromuscular and musculoskeletal problems in instrumental musicians. Muscle Nerve 2003; 27(5)549–561
  • Schuele S, Lederman R J. Long-term outcome of focal dystonia in string instrumentalists. Move Disord 2004; 19(1)43–48
  • Berardelli A, Rothwell J C, Hallett M, et al. The pathophysiology of primary dystonia. Brain 1998; 121: 1195–1212
  • Cohen L G, Hallett M. Hand cramps: Clinical features and electromyographic patterns in a focal dystonia. Neurology 1988; 38: 1005–1012
  • Hughes M, McLellan D L. Increased co-activation of the upper limb muscles in writer's cramp. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48(8)782–787
  • Nakashima K, Rothwell J C, Day B L, Thompson P D, Shannon K, Marsden C D. Reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles in patients with writer's cramp and other occupational cramps, symptomatic hemidystonia and hemiparesis due to stroke. Brain 1989; 112: 681–697
  • Panizza M E, Hallett M, Nilsson J. Reciprocal inhibition in patients with hand cramps. Neurology 1989; 39(1)85–89
  • Valls Sole J, Hallett M. Modulation of electromyographic activity of wrist flexor and extensor muscles in patients with writer's cramp. Move Disord 1995; 10(6)741–748
  • Priori A, Pesenti A, Cappellari A, Scarlato G, Barbieri S. Postcontraction depression of reciprocal inhibition in human forearm muscles. Muscle Nerve 2000; 23(9)1335–1343
  • Berardelli A. New advances in the pathophysiology of focal dystonias. Brain 2006; 129: 6–7
  • Ceballos-Baumann A O, Sheean G, Passingham R E, Marsden C D, Brooks D J. Botulinum toxin does not reverse the cortical dysfunction associated with writer's cramp: A PET study. Brain 1997; 120: 571–582
  • Abbruzzese G, Berardelli A. Sensorimotor integration in movement disorders. Move Disord 2003; 18(3)231–240
  • Ghika J, Regli F, Growdon J H. Sensory symptoms in cranial dystonia: A potential role in the etiology?. J Neurolog Sci 1993; 116(2)142–147
  • Kaji R, Rothwell J C, Katayama M, Ikeda T, Kubori T, et al. Tonic vibration reflex and muscle afferent block in writer's cramp. Ann Neurol 1995; 38(2)155–162
  • Jankovic J. Can peripheral trauma induce dystonia and other movement disorders?. Yes! Move Disord 2001; 16(1)7–12
  • Byl N, Wilson F, Merzenich M, Melnick M, Scott P, et al. Sensory dysfunction associated with repetitive strain injuries of tendinitis and focal hand dystonia: A comparative study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1996; 23(4)234–244
  • Evinger C. Animal models of focal dystonia. NeuroRx 2005; 2(3)513–524
  • Johansson B B. Brain plasticity in health and disease. Keio J Med 2004; 53(4)231–246
  • Classen J. Focal hand dystonia – a disorder of neuroplasticity?. Brain 2003; 126: 2571–2572
  • Quartarone A, Siebner H R, Rothwell J C. Task-specific hand dystonia: Can too much plasticity be bad for you?. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29(4)192–199
  • Byl N N, Merzenich M M, Jenkins W M. A primate genesis model of focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury: I. Learning-induced dedifferentiation of the representation of the hand in the primary somatosensory cortex in adult monkeys. Neurology 1996; 47(2)508–520
  • Elbert T, Candia V, Altenmuller E, Rau H, Sterr A, et al. Alteration of digital representations in somatosensory cortex in focal hand dystonia. Neuroreport 1998; 9(16)3571–3575
  • McKenzie A L, Nagarajan S S, Roberts T P, Merzenich M M, Byl N N. Somatosensory representation of the digits and clinical performance in patients with focal hand dystonia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 82(10)737–749
  • Bara-Jimenez W, Catalan M J, Hallett M, Gerloff C. Somatosensory homunculus in dystonia of the hand. Ann Neurol 1998; 44(5)828–831
  • Byl N N, Nagarajan S S, Merzenich M M, Roberts T, McKenzie A. Correlation of clinical neuromusculoskeletal and central somatosensory performance: Variability in controls and patients with severe and mild focal hand dystonia. Neural Plasticity 2002; 9(3)177–203
  • Rosenkranz K, Williamon A, Butler K, et al. Pathophysiological differences between musician's dystonia and writer's cramp. Brain 2005; 128: 918–931
  • Kaji R, Ikeda A, Ikeda T, Kubori T, Mezaki T, et al. Physiological study of cervical dystonia. Task-specific abnormality in contingent negative variation. Brain 1995; 118: 511–522
  • Hamano T, Kaji R, Katayama M, Kubori T, Ikeda A, et al. Abnormal contingent negative variation in writer's cramp. Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 110(3)508–515
  • Bhidayasiri R, Jen J C, Baloh R W. Three brothers with a very-late-onset writer. Move Disord 2005; 20(10)1375–1377
  • Schicatano E J, Basso M A, Evinger C. Animal model explains the origins of the cranial dystonia benign essential blepharospasm. J Neurophysiol 1997; 77(5)2842–2846
  • Cole R, Cohen L, Hallett M. Treatment of musician's cramp with botulinum toxin. Med Problems Performing Artists 1991; 6: 137–143
  • Rosted P. Acupuncture for treatment of the yips? – a case report. Acupunct Med 2005; 23(4)188–189
  • Deepak K K, Behari M. Specific muscle EMG biofeedback for hand dystonia. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 1999; 24(4)267–280
  • Priori A, Pesenti A, Cappellari A, Scarlato G, Barbieri S. Limb immobilization for the treatment of focal occupational dystonia. Neurology 2001; 57(3)405–409
  • Tas N, Karatas G K, Sepici V. Hand orthosis as a writing aid in writer. Move Disord 2001; 16(6)1185–1189
  • Pohl C, Happe J, Klockgether T. Cooling improves the writing performance of patients with writer. Move Disord 2002; 17(6)1341–1344
  • Tinazzi M, Farina S, Bhatia K, Fiaschi A, Moretto G, et al. TENS for the treatment of writer's cramp dystonia: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 2005; 64(11)1946–1948
  • Siebner H R, Tormos J M, Ceballos Baumann A O, Auer C, Catala M D, et al. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in writer. Neurology 1999; 52(3)529–537
  • Murase N, Rothwell J C, Kaji R, Urushihara R, Nakamura K, et al. Subthreshold low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the premotor cortex modulates writer. Brain 2005; 128(Pt)104–115
  • Byl N N, Nagajaran S, McKenzie A L. Effect of sensory discrimination training on structure and function in patients with focal hand dystonia: A case series. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84(10)1505–1514
  • Candia V, Elbert T, Altenmuller E, Rau H, Schafer T, et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy for focal hand dystonia in musicians. Lancet 1999; 353(9146)42
  • Zeuner K E, Hallett M. Sensory training as treatment for focal hand dystonia: A 1-year follow-up. Move Disord 2003; 18(9)1044–1047
  • Candia V, Schafer T, Taub E, Rau H, Altenmuller E, et al. Sensory motor retuning: A behavioral treatment for focal hand dystonia of pianists and guitarists. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 83(10)1342–1348
  • Jabusch H C, Zschucke D, Schmidt A, et al. Focal dystonia in musicians: Treatment strategies and long-term outcome in 144 patients. Move Disord 2005; 20(12)1623–1626
  • Candia V, Wienbruch C, Elbert T, Rockstroh B, Ray W. Effective behavioral treatment of focal hand dystonia in musicians alters somatosensory cortical organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(13)7942–7946
  • Chen R, Hallett M. Focal dystonia and repetitive motion disorders. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1998; 351: 102–106
  • Rivest J, Lees A J, Marsden C D. Writer's cramp: Treatment with botulinum toxin injections. Move Disord 1991; 6: 55–59
  • Cohen L G, Hallett M, Geller B D, Hochberg F. Treatment of focal dystonias of the hand with botulinum toxin injections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 355–363
  • Wissel J, Kabus C, Wenzel R, Klepsch S, Schwarz U, Nebe A, Schelosky L, Scholz U. Botulinum toxin treatment in writer's cramp: Objective response evaluation in 31 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: 172–175
  • Djebbari R, du Montcel S T, Sangla S, Vidal J S, Gallouedec G, et al. Factors predicting improvement in motor disability in writer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75(12)1688–1691
  • Jankovic J, Schwatrz K S. Use of botulinum toxin treatment of hand dystonia. J Hand Surg 1993; 18A: 883–887
  • Behari M. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of writer. J Assoc Physicians India 1999; 47(7)694–698
  • Turjanski N, Pirtosek Z, Quirk J, Anderson T J, Rivest J, Marsden C D, Lees A J. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of writer's cramp. Clin Neuropharmacol 1996; 19: 314–320
  • Karp B I, Cole R A, Cohen L G, Grill S, Lou J S, Hallett M. Long-term botulinum toxin treatment of focal hand dystonia. Neurology 1994; 44: 70–76
  • Tsui J K, Bhatt M, Calne S, Calne D B. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of writer's cramp: A double-blind study. Neurology 1993; 43: 183–185
  • Yoshimura D M, Aminoff M J, Olney R K. Botulinum toxin therapy for limb dystonias. Neurology 1992; 42: 627–630
  • Cole R, Hallett M, Cohen L G. Double-blind trial of botulinum toxin for treatment of focal hand dystonia. Move Disord 1995; 4: 466–471
  • Curra A, Trompetto C, Abbruzzese G, Berardelli A. Central effects of botulinum toxin type A: Evidence and supposition. Move Disord 2004; 19: S60–64
  • Filippi G M, Errico P, Santarelli R, Bagolini B, Manni E. Botulinum A toxin effects on rat jaw muscle spindles. Acta oto-laryngologica 1993; 113(3)400–404
  • Trompetto C, Curra A, Buccolieri A, et al. Botulinum toxin changes intrafusal feedback in dystonia: A study with the tonic vibration reflex. Move Disord 2006; 21(6)777–782
  • Priori A, Berardelli A, Mercuri B, Manfredi M. Physiological effects produced by botulinum toxin treatment of upper limb dystonia. Changes in reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles. Brain 1995; 118: 801–807
  • Aoki K R. Review of a proposed mechanism for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26(5)785–793
  • Dauer W T, Burke R E, Greene P, Fahn S. Current concepts on the clinical features, aetiology and management of idiopathic cervical dystonia. Brain 1998; 121: 547–560
  • Byrnes M L, Thickbroom G W, Wilson S A, Sacco P, Shipman J M, et al. The corticomotor representation of upper limb muscles in writer. Brain 1998; 121: 977–988
  • Gilio F, Curra A, Lorenzano C, Modugno N, Manfredi M, et al. Effects of botulinum toxin type A on intracortical inhibition in patients with dystonia. Ann Neurol 2000; 48(1)20–26
  • Ridding M C, Sheean G, Rothwell J C, Inzelberg R, Kujirai T. Changes in the balance between motor cortical excitation and inhibition in focal, task specific dystonia. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 59(5)493–498
  • Boroojerdi B, Cohen L G, Hallett M. Effects of botulinum toxin on motor system excitability in patients with writer. Neurology 2003; 61(11)1546–1550
  • Byrnes M L, Mastaglia F L, Walters S E, Archer S A, Thickbroom G W. Primary writing tremor: Motor cortex reorganisation and disinhibition. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12(1)102–104
  • Ceballos Baumann A O, Sheean G, Passingham R E, Marsden C D, Brooks D J. Botulinum toxin does not reverse the cortical dysfunction associated with writer's cramp. Brain 1997; 120: 571–582
  • Giladi N, Meer J, Kidan H, Honigman S. Long-term remission of idiopathic cervical dystonia after treatment with botulinum toxin. Eur Neurol 2000; 44(3)144–146
  • Boyd R N, Morris M E, Graham H K. Management of upper limb dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 150–166
  • Krishnan R V. Relearning toward motor recovery in stroke, spinal cord injury, and cerebral palsy: A cognitive neural systems perspective. Int J Neurosci 2006; 116(2)127–140
  • Page S J, Elovic E, Levine P, Sisto S A. Modified constraint-induced therapy and botulinum toxin A: A promising combination. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 82(1)76–80

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.