Exercises reduce the progression rate of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Results of a comprehensive systematic review of the literature

References

• Roach J W. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Nonsurgical treatment. The pediatric spine: Principles and practice, S L Weinstein. Raven Press, New York 1997; 497–510
   Google Scholar
• Adams F. Hippocrates. The genuine works of Hippocrates, Francis Adams. The Williams and WIlkins Company, Baltimore 1939
   Google Scholar
• Moen K Y, Nachemson A L. Treatment of scoliosis. An historical perspective. Spine 1999; 24: 2570–2575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirola V. La chinesiterapia nella rieducazione della scoliosied. Sperling & Kupfer, Milano 1999
   Google Scholar
• Lehnert-Schroth C. Three-dimensional treatment for scoliosis. The Schroth Orthopedic Breathing System. A physiotherapeutic method to improve deformities of the spine. Books on Demand, Germany 2007
   Google Scholar
• Stagnara P, Mollon G, De Mauroy J. Reeducation des scoliosesed. Expansion Scientifique Francaise, Paris 1990
   Google Scholar
• Mollon G. Kinesitérapie des scolioses. Encycl Med Chir, 26300.A.10 4.6.07
   Google Scholar
• Souchard PE. Posture Mézièresed: Mediterraneo Edizioni; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Souchard P E, Ollier M. Le scoliosi. Trattamento fisioterapico e ortopedico, fisioterapia, tecniche e metodicheed. UTET, Torino 2002
   Google Scholar
• Dobosiewicz K, Durmala J, Czernicki K, et al. Pathomechanic basics of conservative treatment of progressive idiopathic scoliosis according to Dobosiewicz method based upon radiologic evaluation. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002; 91: 336–341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• den Boer W A, Anderson P G, v Limbeek J, et al. Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with side-shift therapy: An initial comparison with a brace treatment historical cohort. Eur Spine J 1999; 8: 406–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrini S. The evidence-based ISICO approach to spinal deformities1st ed. ISICO, Milan, Boston 2007
   Google Scholar
• Negrini A, Verzini N, Parzini S, et al. Role of physical exercise in the treatment of mild idiopathic adolescent scoliosis. Eur Med Phys 2001; 181–190
   Google Scholar
• Negrini S, Antonini G, Carabalona R, et al. Physical exercises as a treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review. Pediatr Rehabil 2003; 6: 227–235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenssinck M L, Frijlink A C, Berger M Y, et al. Effect of bracing and other conservative interventions in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: A systematic review of clinical trials. Phys Ther 2005; 85: 1329–1339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrini S, Aulisa L, Ferraro C, et al. Italian guidelines on rehabilitation treatment of adolescents with scoliosis or other spinal deformities. Eura Medicophys 2005; 41: 183–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowe D E, Bernstein S M, Riddick M F, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of non-operative treatments for idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79: 664–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss H R, Negrini S, Hawes M C, et al. Physical exercises in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis at risk of brace treatment – SOSORT consensus paper 2005. Scoliosis 2006; 1: 6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Negrini S, Grivas T B, Kotwicki T, et al. Why do we treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? What we want to obtain and to avoid for our patients. SOSORT 2005 Consensus paper. Scoliosis 2006; 1: 4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss H R. The effect of an exercise program on vital capacity and rib mobility in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1991; 16: 88–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanasopoulos S, Paxinos T, Tsafantakis E, et al. The effect of aerobic training in girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1999; 9: 36–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney V, Gulick J, Pozos R. A preliminary report on the effect of measured strength training in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Spinal Disord 2000; 13: 102–107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong M S, Mak A F, Luk K D, et al. Effectiveness of audio-biofeedback in postural training for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Prosthet Orthot Int 2001; 25: 60–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone B, Beekman C, Hall V, et al. The effect of an exercise program on change in curve in adolescents with minimal idiopathic scoliosis. A preliminary study. Phys Ther 1979; 59: 759–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss H R, Weiss G, Petermann F. Incidence of curvature progression in idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with scoliosis in-patient rehabilitation (SIR): An age- and sex-matched controlled study. Pediatr Rehabil 2003; 6: 23–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mollon G, Rodot J. Scolioses structurales mineures et kinèsitherapie. Etude statistique compareative des rèsultas. Kinesithérapie scientifique 1986; 47–56
   Google Scholar
• Ducongè P. La rèèducation de la scoliose. Mythè ou rèalitè?. Rèsonance Europeennes Du Rachis 2002; 1229–1236
   Google Scholar
• Klisic P, Nikolic Z. Scoliotic attitudes and idiopathic scoliosis. Proceedings of the International Congress on Prevention of Scoliosis in Schoolchildren. Edizioni Pro-Juventute, Milan 1985; 91–92
   Google Scholar
• Negrini S, Negrini A, Romano M, et al. A controlled prospective study on the efficacy of SEAS.02 exercises in preventing progression and bracing in mild idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006; 123: 523–526
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Negrini S, Negrini A, Romano M, et al. A controlled prospective study on the efficacy of SEAS.02 exercises in preparation to bracing for idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006; 123: 519–522
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wan L, Wang G-x, Bian R. Exercise therapy in treatment of essential S-shaped scoliosis: Evaluation of Cobb angle in breast and lumbar segment through a follow-up of half a year. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu (Chinese J Clin Rehabil) 2005; 9: 82–84
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro C, Masiero S, Venturin A. Effect of exercise therapy on mild idiopathic scoliosis. Europa Medicophysica 1998; 25–31
   Google Scholar
• Durmala J, Dobosiewicz K, Kotwicki T, et al. Influence of asymmetric mobilisation of the trunk on the Cobb angle and rotation in idiopathic scoliosisin children and adolescents. Ortop Traumatol Rehab 2003; 5: 80–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Negrini S, Marchini G. Efficacy of the Symmetric, Patient-oriented, Rigid, Three-dimensional, active (SPoRT) concept of bracing for scoliosis: A prospective study of the Sforzesco versus Lyon brace. Eura Medicophys 2007; 43(2)171–181, discussion 183 – 184. Epub 2006 Sep 24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rigo M, Negrini S, Weiss H, et al. SOSORT consensus paper on brace action: TLSO biomechanics of correction (investigating the rationale for force vector selection). Scoliosis 2006; 1: 11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss H R, Lohschmidt K, el-Obeidi N, et al. Preliminary results and worst-case analysis of in patient scoliosis rehabilitation. Pediatr Rehabil 1997; 1: 35–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otman S, Kose N, Yakut Y. The efficacy of Schroth's 3-dimensional exercise therapy in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey. Saudi Med J 2005; 26: 1429–1435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamyama T, Kitagawal T, Takeshita K, et al. Side shift exercise for idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity. Stud Health Technol Inform 2002; 91: 361–364
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McIntire K, Asher M, Burton D, et al. Trunk rotational strength training for the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Stud Health Technol Inform 2006; 123: 273–280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss H R. Influence of an in-patient exercise program on scoliotic curve. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 1992; 18: 395–406
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rigo M, Quera-Salva G, Puigdevall N. Effect of the exclusive employment of physiotherapy in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Proceedings Book of the 11th International Congress of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, London, 1991, 1319–1321
   Google Scholar
• Maruyama T, Matsushita T, Takeshita K, et al. Side shift exercises for idiopathic scoliosis after skeletal maturity. J. Bone Joint Surg (Br) 2003; 85B
   Google Scholar
• Negrini S, Romano M. Comment on ‘effect of bracing…’ by Lenssinck et al. Phys Ther 2005; 85: 1329–1339, Phys Ther 2007;87:112; author reply 113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips B, Ball C, Sackett D, et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence [Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine]. 2001, Accessed 31 October 2007 from the website: www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1047
   Google Scholar
• Reilly R P, Findley T W. Research in physical medicine and rehabilitation. IV. Some practical designs in applied research. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 68: 196–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White book on physical and rehabilitation medicine in Europe. Eura Medicophys 2006; 42: 292–332
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Negrini S, Minozzi S, Taricco M, et al. A systematic review of physical and rehabilitation medicine topics as developed by the Cochrane Collaboration. Eura Medicophys 2007; 43: 381–390
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weigl M, Cieza A, Cantista P, et al. Determinants of disability in chronic musculoskeletal health conditions: A literature review. Eura Medicophys 2007, Nov 9; [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Negrini S. Usefulness of disability to sub-classify chronic low back pain and the crucial role of rehabilitation. Eura Medicophys 2006; 42(3)173–175
   PubMedGoogle Scholar