A century of spine surgery: What can patients expect?

References

• Hall J E. Spinal surgery before and after Paul Harrington. Scoliosis Research Society Articles. Spine 1998; 23: 1356–1361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostuik J P. Current concepts review, operative treatment of IS. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1990; 72-A: 1108–1111
   Google Scholar
• Renshaw T S. Role of Harrington instrumentation and posterior spine fusion in the management of AIS. Orthop Clin N Am 1988; 19: 257–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridwell K H. Surgical treatment of AIS. Spine 1999; 24: 2607–2616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shands A R, Barr J S, Colonna P C, Noall L. End-result study of the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Report of the Research Committee of the American Orthopedic Association. J Bone Joint Surg 1941; 23-A: 963–977
   Google Scholar
• Dickson R A, Weinstein S L. Bracing (and screening) – yes or no?. J Bone Joint Surg 1999; 81-B: 193–198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haher T R, Merola A, Zipnick R I, , Meta analysis of surgical outcome in AIS, et al. A 35-year English literature review of 11,000 patients. Spine 1995; 20: 1575–1584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen R M. Respiratory management in scoliosis. Moe's textbook of scoliosis and other spinal deformities3rd ed, J Lonstein, D Bradford, R Winter, J Ogilvie. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1995; 572–580
   Google Scholar
• Hitosugi M, Shigeta A, Takatsu A. An autopsy case of sudden death in a patient with IS. Med Sci Law 2000; 40: 175–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koumbourlis A C. Scoliosis and the respiratory system. Paediatric Respirat Rev 2006; 7: 152–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laghi F, Tobin M J. Disorders of the respiratory muscles. Am J Respirat Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 10–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiRocco P J, Vaccaro P. Cardiopulmonary functioning in adolescent patients with mild IS. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983; 69: 198–201
   Google Scholar
• Mankin H J, Graham J J, Schack J. Cardiopulmonary function in mild and moderate IS. J Bone Joint Surg 1964; 46-A: 53–58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton P O, Faro F D, Gollogly S, et al. Results of preoperative pulmonary function testing of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. A study of 631 patients. J Bone Joint Surg 2005; 87-A: 1937–1946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth R J, Chapman K R, Wright T A, et al. Pulmonary function in adolescents with mild IS. Thorax 1984; 39: 901–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeinberg A, Canny G J, Rashed N, et al. Forced VC and maximal respiratory pressures in patients with mild and moderate scoliosis. Pediatric Pulmonol 1988; 4: 8–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay S S, et al. Relation of spinal and thoracic cage deformities and their flexibilities with altered pulmonary functions in AIS. Spine 1995; 20: 2415–2420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedantam R, Crawford A H. The role of preoperative pulmonary function tests in patients with AIS undergoing posterior spinal fusion. Spine 1997; 22: 2731–2734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collis D K, Ponseti I V. Long-term follow-up of patients with idiopathic scoliosis not treated surgically. J Bone Joint Surg 1969; 51-A: 425–445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branthwaite M A. Cardiorespiratory consequences of unfused IS. Br J Dis Chest 1980; 80: 360–369
   Google Scholar
• Davies G, Reid L. Effect of scoliosis on growth of alveloli and pulmonary arteries and on right ventricle. Arch Dis Childhood 1971; 46: 623–632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino D M, Buis A S, Petty T L, et al. Lung function and mortality in the U.S. data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up study. Thorax 2003; 58: 388–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro C G, Butler J, DuBois A B. Some effects of restriction of chest cage expansion on pulmonary function in man: An experimental study. J Clin Investig 1960; 39: 573–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPier T K, Cook A, Droege K, et al. Intertester and intratestor reliability of chest excursion measurements in subjects without impairment. Cardiopulm Phys Ther 2000; 11: 94–98
   Google Scholar
• LaPier T K. Chest wall expansion values in supine and standing across the adult lifespan. Phys Occupat Ther Geriatrics 2002; 21: 65–81
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein S L, Dolan L A, Spratt K F, et al. Health and function of patients with untreated IS: A 50-year natural history survey. JAMA 2003; 298: 559–567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss H R. The effect of an exercise programme on vital capacity and rib mobility in patients with IS. Spine 1991; 16: 88–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrios C, Perez-Encinas C, Maruenda J I, Laguia M. Significant ventilatory functional restriction in adolescents with mild or moderate scoliosis during maximal exercise tolerance test. Spine 2005; 30: 1610–1615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong K C, Letts R M, Cumming G R. Influence of spinal curvature on exercise capacity. J Pediatric Orthopedics 1981; 1: 251–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesten S, Garfinkel S K, Wright T, Rebuck A S. Impaired exercise capacity in adults with moderate scoliosis. Chest 1991; 99: 663–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson B W, Sjolin M, Lindqvist J, et al. Ten-year mortality rate in relation to observations of a bicycle exercise test in patients with a suspected or confirmed ischemic event but no or only minor myocardial damage. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 977–984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, et al. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. New Eng J Med 2002; 348: 793–801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascani E, Bartolozzi P, Logroscino C A, et al. Natural history of untreated IS after skeletal maturity. Spine 1986; 11: 784–789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjure J, Nachemson A. Non-treated scoliosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1973; 93: 44–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deviren V, Berven S, Kleinstueck F, et al. Predictors of flexibility and pain patterns in thoracolumbar and lumbar IS. Spine 2002; 27: 2346–2349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank J C, Pynsent P B, Van Poortvliet J A, Phillips H. Influence of anthropometric factors and joint laxity in the incidence of adolescent back pain. Spine 1984; 9: 461–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowles J V, Drummond D S, L'Ecuyer S, et al. Untreated scoliosis in the adult. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1978; 134: 212–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez N, Johnston C, Browne R. Prevalence of back pain in children who have IS. J Bone Joint Surg 1997; 79-A: 364–368
   Google Scholar
• Schwab F, Smith V A, Bisemi M, et al. Adult scoliosis: Quantitative radiographic and clinical analysis. Spine 2002; 27: 387–392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab F, Dubey A, Pagala M, et al. Adult scoliosis: A health assessment analysis by SF-36. Spine 2003; 28: 602–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dam B. Non-operative treatment in adult scoliosis. Orthop Clin N Am 1988; 19: 347–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo N E, Goldberg M S, Poitras B, et al. The Ste-Justine AIS cohort study: Back pain. Spine 1994; 19: 1573–1581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop C. Where are the missing elders? The decline in nursing home use, 1985 – 1995. Health Affairs 1999; 18: 146–155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher M, Lai S M, Burton D, Manna B. The influence of spine and trunk deformity on preoperative IS patients' health-related quality of life questionnaire responses. Spine 2004; 29: 861–868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson G, Fallstrom K, Jansson B, Nachemson A. A psychological and psychiatric investigation of the adjustment of female scoliosis patients. Acta Psychiat Scand 1974; 50: 50–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjure J, Nachemson A. Non-treated scoliosis. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1973; 93: 44–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayson D, Luz-Alterman S, Cataletto M M, Levine D B. Long-term psychological sequelae of surgically vs. non-surgically treated scoliosis. Spine 1987; 12: 983–986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallstrom K, Cochran T, Nachemson A. Long term effects on personality development in patients with AIS; influence of type of treatment. Spine 1986; 11: 756–758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M S, Mayo N E, Poitras B, et al. The Ste. Justine AIS cohort study: II. Perception of health, self and body image, and participation in physical activities. Spine 1994; 19: 1562–1572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean W E, Green N E, Pierre C B, Ray D C. Stress and coping with scoliosis: Psychological effects on adolescents and their families. J Pediat Orthop 1989; 9: 257–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan K J, Dolan L A, Jacobson W C, Weinstein S L. Long term psychosocial characteristics of patients treated for IS. J Pediatr Orthop 1997; 17: 712–717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne W K, Ogilvie J W, Resnick M D, et al. Does scoliosis have a psychological impact and does gender make a difference?. Spine 1997; 22: 1380–1384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith F M, Latchford G, Hall R M, et al. Indications of disordered eating behaviour in adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 2002; 84-B: 392–394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridwell K H, Shufflebarger H L, Lenke L G, et al. Parents and patients preferences and concerns in AIS. A cross-sectional preoperative analysis. Spine 2000; 25: 2392–2399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch K D, Buchanan R, Birch J G, et al. Adolescents undergoing surgery for IS: How physical and psychological characteristics relate to patient satisfaction with the cosmetic result. Spine 2001; 26: 2119–2124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson S, Stephens D, Howard A, et al. Surgical decision making in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2007; 32: 1526–1532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar M A. Back pain assessment from a long term follow-up of operated and unoperated patients with AIS. Spine 1979; 4: 519–521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran T, Irstam L, Nachemson A. Long-term anatomic and functional changes in patients with AIS treated by Harrington rod fusion. Spine 1983; 8: 576–584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovallo J L, Banta J, Renshaw T. AIS treated by Harrington-rod distraction and fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1986; 68-A: 1326–1330
   Google Scholar
• Edgar M A, Mehta M H. Long-term follow-up of fused and unfused IS. J Bone Joint Surg 1988; 70-B: 712–716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielke C H, Lonstein J E, Denis F, et al. Surgical treatment of AIS: A comparative analysis. J Bone Joint Surg 1989; 71-A: 1170–1177
   Google Scholar
• Dickson J H, Erwin W D, Rossi D. Harrington instrumentation and arthrodesis for idiopathic scoliosis: A 21-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg 1990; 72-A: 678–690
   Google Scholar
• Dowell J K, Powell J M, Webb P J, Morley T R. Factors influencing the result of posterior spinal fusion in the treatment of AIS. Spine 1990; 15: 803–807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler R, Galland O, Mechin H, et al. The Dwyer procedure in the treatment of IS; a ten-year follow-up of 21 patients. Spine 1990; 15: 75–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cundy P J, Paterson D C, Hillier T M, et al. Cotrel-Dubosset instrumentation and vertebral rotation in AIS. J Bone Joint Surg 1990; 72-B: 670–674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boachie-Adjei O, Bradford D S. The Cotrel-Dubousset system: Early results in spinal reconstruction. Spine 1991; 16: 1155–1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMaster M J. Luque rod instrumentation in the treatment of AIS: A comparative study with Harrington instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg 1991; 73-B: 982–989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey C J, Betz R R, Clements D H, et al. Are there indications for partial rib resection in patients with AIS treated with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation?. Spine 1993; 18: 1593–1598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeng C L, Sponseller P D, Tolo V T. Outcome of Wisconsin instrumentation in IS; minimum five-year follow-up. Spine 1993; 18: 1584–1590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullaji A B, Upadhyady S S, Luk K DK, Leong J CY. Vertebral growth after posterior spinal fusion for IS in skeletally immature adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg 1994; 76-B: 870–875
   Google Scholar
• Hsu L CS, Upadhyay S S. Effect of spinal fusion on growth of the spine and lower limbs in girls with AIS: A longitudinal study. J Pediatric Orthop 1994; 14: 564–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards B S, Herring J A, Johnston C E, et al. Treatment of AIS using Texas Scottish Rite Hospital instrumentation. Spine 1994; 19: 1598–1605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly P J, Von Schroeder H P, Johnson G E, Kostuik J P. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): Long-term effect of instrumentation extending to the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg 1995; 77-A: 1210–1216
   Google Scholar
• Korovessis P, Filos K S, Zielke K. Effects of the combined VDS-Zielke and Harrington operation on the frontal rib cage deformity of double major curves in IS. Spine 1995; 20: 1061–1067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenke L G, Bridwell K H, Blanke K, Baldus C. Analysis of pulmonary function and chest cage dimension changes after thoracoplasty in IS. Spine 1995; 20: 1343–1350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosman A J, Slot G H, van Limbeek J, Beijneveld W J. Rib hump correction and rotation of the lumbar spine after selective thoracic fusion. Eur Spine J 1996; 5: 394–399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaneda K, Shono Y, Satoh S, Abumi K. New instrumentation for the management of thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis. Application of the Kaneda two-rod system. Spine 1996; 21: 1250–1261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antuna S A, Mendez J G, Lopez-Fanjul, et al. Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation in IS: A 5-year follow-up. Acta Orthop Belgica 1997; 63: 74–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barr S, Schuette A, Emans J. Lumbar pedicle screws vs. hooks; results in double major curves in AIS. Spine 1997; 22: 1369–1379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauduin G, Damas A, Medina J R, Dorantes F. IS instrumentation using the Lea Plaza sublaminar frame. A preliminary report. Int Orthop 1997; 21: 383–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christodoulou A G, Kapetanos G, Apostolou T, et al. Segmental spinal correction of IS. Luque rods and Harshill rectangle in 30 patients followed for 2 – 6 years. Acta Orthop Scand 1997; 275: 3–7
   Google Scholar
• Kaneda K, Shono Y, Satoh S, Abumi K. Anterior correction of thoracic scoliosis with Kaneda anterior spinal system. A preliminary report. Spine 1997; 22: 1358–1368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otani K, Saito M, Sibasaki K. Anterior instrumentation in IS: A minimum follow-up of ten years. Int Orthop 1997; 21: 4–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi S, Delecrin J, Passuti N. Changes in the unfused lumbar spine in patients with IS. A five- to nine-year assessment after Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 1997; 22: 517–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein R M, Hall J E. Solid rod short segment anterior fusion in thoracolumbar scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop Part B 1998; 7: 124–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenke L G, Bridwell K H, Blanke K, et al. Radiographic results of arthrodesis with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for the treatment of AIS; a five to ten year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg 1998; 80-A: 807–814
   Google Scholar
• McCance S E, Denis F, Lonstein J E, Winter R B. Coronal and sagittal balance in surgically treated AIS with the King II curve pattern; a review of 67 consecutive cases having selective thoracic arthrodesis. Spine 1998; 23: 2063–2073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasikelis P J, Pugh L I, Ferguson R L, Allen B L. Distraction instrumentation outcomes in scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop B 1008; 7: 106–110
   Google Scholar
• Arlet V, Papin P, Marchesi D, Aebi M. Thoracic AIS: Apical correction with specialized pedicle hooks. Eur Spine J 1999; 8: 266–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton D C, Asher M A, Lai S M. The selection of fusion levels using torsional correction techniques in the surgical treatment of IS. Spine 1999; 24: 1728–1739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann B S, Sarwark J F, Lim R D, et al. Modification of Cotrel-Dubousset's original hook constructs for IS. J Pediatr Orthop 1999; 19: 500–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenke L G, Betz R R, Bridwell K H, et al. Spontaneous lumbar curve coronal correction after selective anterior or posterior thoracic fusion in AIS. Spine 1999; 24: 1663–1671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monney G, Kaelin A J. Short posterior fusion for patients with thoracolumbar IS. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1999; 364: 32–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet F A, Lenke L G, Bridwell K H, Blanke K M. Maintaining lumbar lordosis with anterior single solid-rod instrumentation in thoracolumbar and lumbar AIS. Spine 1999; 24: 1655–1662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers H, Hresko T, Carlson J, Hall J E. Comparison of single and dual rod techniques for posterior spinal instrumentation in the treatment of AIS. Spine 2000; 25: 1944–1949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benli I T, Akalin S, Kis M, et al. The results of anterior fusion and Cotrel-Dubousset-Hopf instrumentation in IS. Eur Spine J 2000; 9: 505–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton D C, Asher M A, Lai S M. Scoliosis correction maintenance in skeletally immature patients with IS. Spine 2000; 25: 61–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frez R, Cheng J CY, Wong E. Longitudinal changes in trunkal balance after selective fusion of King II curves in AIS. Spine 2000; 25: 1352–1359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halm H, Niemeyer T, Link T, Liljenqvist U. Segmental pedical screw instrumentation in idiopathic thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis. Eur Spine J 2000; 9: 191–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Grueso F S, Fernandez-Baillo N, de Robles S A, Fernandez A G. The low lumbar spine below Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 2000; 25: 2333–2341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattenbarger M J, Richards B S, Herring J A. A comparison of single-rod instrumentation with double rod instrumentation in AIS. Spine 2000; 25: 1680–1688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benli I T, Akalin S, Aydin E, et al. Isola spinal instrumentation system for IS. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2001; 121: 17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore L C, Scoles P V, Poe-Kochert C, Thompson G H. Submuscular isola rod with or without limited apical fusion in the management of severe spinal deformities in young children. Spine 2001; 26: 2044–2048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson J, Nachemson A. Radiologic findings and curve progression 22 years after treatment for AIS: Comparison of brace and surgical treatment with matching control group of straight individuals. Spine 2001; 26: 516–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson A J, Wiklund I, Pehrsson K, Nachemson A L. Health-related quality of life in patients with AIS: A matched follow-up at least 20 years after treatment with brace or surgery. Eur Spine J 2001; 10: 278–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson A J, Cederlund C G, Ekholm S, Nachemson A L. The prevalence of disc aging and back pain after fusion extending into the lower lumbar spine. A matched MR study 25 years after surgery for AIS. Acta Radiologica 2001; 42: 187–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pehrsson K, Danielsson A, Nachemson A. Pulmonary function in AIS: A 25 year follow-up after surgery or start of brace treatment. Thorax 2001; 56: 388–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi F P, Boachie-Adjei O, Burke S W, Rawlins B A. Surgical treatment of AIS: A comparative study of two segmental instrumentation systems. J Spinal Disorders 2001; 14: 46–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gogus A, Talu U, Akman S, et al. Anterior instrumentation for AIS. Int Orthop 2001; 25: 317–321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenke L G, Engsberg J R, Ross S A, et al. Prospective dynamic functional evaluation of gait and spinal balance following spinal fusion in AIS. Spine 2001; 26: E330–337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Padua R, Padua S, Aulisa L, et al. Patient outcomes after Harrington instrumentation for IS; a 15 – 28 year evaluation. Spine 2001; 26: 1268–1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet F A, Lenke L G, et al. Prospective radiographic and clinical outcomes and complications of single solid rod instrumented anterior spinal fusion in AIS. Spine 2001; 26: 1956–1965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer C, Gluch H, Nogler M, Walochnik N. Treatment of IS with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation: Lumbar pedicle screws vs. laminar hooks in 66 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 2001; 72: 615–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitan F D, Neuwirth M G, Kuflik P L, et al. The use of short and rigid anteriour instrumentation in the treatment of idiopathic thoracolumbar scoliosis; a retrospective review of 24 cases. Spine 2002; 17: 1553–1557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridwell K H, Hanson D S, Rhee J M, et al. Correction of thoracic AIS with segmental hooks, rods, and Wisconsin wires posteriorly. It's bad and obsolete, correct?. Spine 2002; 27: 2059–2066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton D C, Asher M A, Lai S M. Patient-based outcomes analysis of patients with single torsion thoracolumbar-lumbar scoliosis treated with anterior or posterior instrumentation. An average 5- to 9-year follow-up. Spine 2002; 27: 2363–2367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burwell R G, Aujla K K, Cole A A, et al. Anterior universal spine system for AIS: A follow-up study using scoliometer, real-time ultrasound and radiographs. Studies Health Technol Informatics 2002; 91: 473–476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Jonge T, Dubousset J F, Illes T. Sagittal plane correction in IS. Spine 2002; 27: 754–760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotze C, Liljenqvist U R, Slomka A, et al. Quality of life and back pain: Outcome 16.7 years after Harrington instrumentation. Spine 2002; 27: 1456–1463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helenius I, Remes V, Vrjonen T, et al. Comparison of long-term functional and radiological outcomes after Harrington instrumentation and spondylodesis in AIS: A review of 78 patients. Spine 2002; 27: 176–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merola A A, Haher T R, Brkaric M, et al. A multicenter study of the outcomes of the surgical treatment of AIS using the SRS outcome instrument. Spine 2002; 27: 2046–2051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet J A, Johnston C E. Effective of grafting technique on the maintenance of coronal and sagittal correction in anterior treatment of scoliosis. Spine 2002; 27: 2129–2136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picetti G D, Pang D, Bueff H U. Thoracoscopic techniques for the treatment of scoliosis: Early results in procedure development. Neurosurgery 2002; 51: 978–984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullmann V, Halm H F, Niemeyer T, et al. Dual-rod correction and instrumentation of IS with the Halm-Zielke instrumentation. Spine 2003; 28: 1306–1313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang K W. Cantilever bending technique for treatment of large and rigid scoliosis. Spine 2003; 28: 2452–2458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erel N, Sebik A, Karapinar L, Gurbulak E. Transverse process wiring for thoracic scoliosis: A new technique. Acta Orthop Scand 2003; 74: 312–321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helenius I, Remes V, et al. Harrington and Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation in AIS. Long-term functional and radiographic outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg 2003; 85-A: 2303–2309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe T G, Alongi P R, Smith D AB, et al. Anteriour single rod instrumentation for thoracolumbar AIS with and without the use of structural interbody support. Spine 2003; 28: 2232–2242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher M, Lai S M, Burton D, Manna B. Maintenance of trunk deformity correction stability following posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis for IS. Spine 2004; 29: 1782–1788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbs M B, Lenke L G, et al. Can we predict the ultimate lumbar curve in AIS patients undergoing a selective fusion with undercorrection of the thoracic curve?. Spine 2004; 29: 277–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards C C, Lenke L G, et al. Selective thoracic fusion for AIS with C modifer lumbar curves: 2- to 16-year radiographic and clinical results. Spine 2004; 29: 536–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goshi K, Boachie-Adjei O, et al. Thoracic scoliosis fusion in adolescent and adult IS. Spine J 2004; 4: 192–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S M, Suk S, Chung E. Direct vertebral rotation: A new technique of 3-D deformity correction with segmental pedicle screw fixation in AIS. Spine 2004; 29: 343–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shufflebarger H L, Geck M J, Clark C E. The posterior approach for lumbar and thoracolumbar AIS: Posterior shortening and pedicle screws. Spine 2004; 29: 269–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariconda M, Galasso O, Barca P, Milano C. Minimum 20-year follow-up results of Harrington rod fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 2005; 14: 854–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sucato D J, Hedequist D, Karol L A. Operative correction of AIS in male patients. A radiographic and functional outcome comparison with female patients. J Bone Joint Surg 2004; 86-A: 2005–2014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izatt M T, Harvey J R, Adam C J, et al. Recovery of pulmonary function following endoscopic anterior scoliosis correction: Evaluation at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Spine 2006; 31: 2469–2477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonner B S, Kondrachov D, Siddiqi F, et al. Thoracoscopic spinal fusion compared with posterior spinal fusion for the treatment of thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 2006; 88-A: 1022–1034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith P L, Donaldson S, Hedden D, et al. Parents' and patients' perceptions of postoperative appearance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2006; 31: 2367–2374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerkreim I, Steen H, Brox J I. Idiopathic scoliosis treated with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation: Evaluation 10 years after surgery. Spine 2007; 32: 2103–2110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishan S, Bastrom T, Betz R R, et al. Thoracoscopic scoliosis surgery affects pulmonary function less than thoracotomy at 2 years post-surgery. Spine 2007; 32: 453–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S H, Huang T J, Lee Y Y, Hsu R WW. Pulmonary function after thoracoplasty in AIS. Clin Orthop Rel Res 2002; 399: 152–161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faro F D, Marks M C, Newton P O, et al. Perioperative changes in pulmonary function after anterior scoliosis instrumentation: Thoracoscopic versus open approaches. Spine 2005; 30: 1058–1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham E J, Lenke L G, et al. Prospective pulmonary function evaluation following open thoracotomy for anteriour spinal fusion for AIS. Spine 2000; 25: 2319–2325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y J, Lenke L G, Bridwell K H, et al. Pulmonary function in AIS relative to the surgical procedure. J Bone Joint Surg 2005; A87: 1534–1541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnear W JM, Johnston I DA. Does Harrington instrumentation improve pulmonary function in adolescents with IS? A meta-analysis. Spine 1993; 18: 1556–1559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneerson J M, Edgar M A. Cardiac and respiratory function before and after spinal fusion in AIS. Thorax 1979; 34: 658–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay S S, Ho E KW, Gunawardene W MS, et al. Changes in residual volume relative to VC and total lung capacity after arthrodesis of the spine in patients with AIS. J Bone Joint Surg 1993; 75-A: 46–52
   Google Scholar
• Vedantam R, Lenke L G, Bridwell K H, et al. A prospective evaluation of pulmonary function in patients with AIS relative to the surgical approach used for spinal arthrodesis. Spine 2000; 25: 82–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan N, Fraire J A, Margetis M M, Skaggs D L, Tolo V T, Keens T G. The effect of scoliosis surgery on lung function in the immediate postoperative period. Spine 2005; 30: 2182–2185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatehouse S C, Izatt M T, Adam C J, et al. Perioperative aspects of endoscopic anterior scoliosis surgery: The learning curve for a consecutive series of 100 patients. J Spinal Disorders Techniques 2006; 20: 317–323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz A, Moe J H, Winter R B, Binner H. Long term follow-up of scoliosis fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62-A: 364–376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haher T R, Gorup J M, Shin T M, et al. Results of the Scoliosis Research Society instrument for evaluation of surgical outcome in AIS: A multicenter study of 244 patients. Spine 9999; 24: 1435–1440
   Google Scholar
• Weissman J S, Annas C L, Epstein A M, et al. Error reporting and disclosure systems. Views from hospital leaders. JAMA 2005; 293: 1359–1366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shufflebarger H L. Presidential address: Surgeons, societies and companies: Ethics and legalities. Spine 2001; 26: 1947–1949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagchi K, Mohaideen A, Thomson J D, Foley L C. Hardware complications in scoliosis surgery. Pediatric Radiol 2002; 32: 465–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe J D, Arlet V, Donaldson W, et al. Complications in spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the new millennium. A report of the Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality Committee. Spine 2006; 31: 345–349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillaumat M. Distinctive problems of the surgical treatment of scoliosis after 50 years. Bulletin de l'Academie Nationale de Medecine 1999; 183: 743–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney J F, Bernstein R, Hennrikus W L, MacEwen G D. Neurologic risk management in scoliosis surgery. J Pediatr Orthop 2002; 22: 683–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rampersaud Y R, Moro E RP, Neary M A, et al. Intraoperative adverse events and related postoperative complications in spine surgery: Implications for enhancing patient safety founded on evidence based protocols. Spine 2006; 31: 1503–1510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro G, Green D W, Fatica N S, Boachie-Adjei O. Medical complications in scoliosis surgery. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001; 13: 36–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenger D R, Mubarak S J, Leach J. Managing complications of posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1992; 284: 24–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherly C R, Draycott V, O'Brien J, et al. The rib deformity in AIS: A prospective study to evaluate changes after Harrington distraction and posterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg 1987; 68-B2: 179
   Google Scholar
• Harding I J, Chopin D, Charosky S, et al. Long-term results of Schollner costoplasty in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2005; 30: 1627–1031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan R, Birch J G, Morton A A, Browne R H. Do you see what I see? Looking at scoliosis surgical outcomes through orthopedists' eyes. Spine 2003; 28: 2700–2705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson S, Stephens D, Howard A, et al. Surgeon reliability in rating physical deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2007; 32: 363–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poitras B, Mayo N E, Goldberg M S, et al. The Ste-Justine AIS cohort study: IV. Surgical correction and back pain. Spine 1994; 19: 1582–1588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders J O, Haynes R, Lighter D, Niederpruem M, et al. Variation in care among spinal deformity surgeons: Results of a survey of the Shriners hospitals for children. Spine 2007; 32: 1444–1449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White S F, Asher M A, Lai S, Burton D C. Patients' perceptions of overall function, pain, and appearance after primary posterior instrumentation and fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1999; 24: 1693–1699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar