References
- Johannes CB, Le TK, Zhou X, et al. The prevalence of chronic pain in United States adults: results of an Internet-based survey. J Pain. 2010;11:1230–1239.
- Leadley RM, Armstrong N, Lee YC, et al. Chronic diseases in the European Union: the prevalence and health cost implications of chronic pain. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2012;26:310–325.
- Ehde DM, Osborne TL, Jensen MP. Chronic pain in persons with multiple sclerosis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2005;16:503–512.
- Calmels P, Mick G, Perrouin-Verbe B, SOFMER. Neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: identification, classification, evaluation. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2009;52:83–102.
- Jensen MP, Abresch RT, Carter GT, et al. Chronic pain in persons with neuromuscular disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1155–1163.
- Stoelb BL, Carter GT, Abresch RT, et al. Pain in persons with postpolio syndrome: frequency, intensity, and impact. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:1933–1940.
- Wollaars MM, Post MW, van Asbeck FW, et al. Spinal cord injury pain: the influence of psychologic factors and impact on quality of life. Clin J Pain. 2007;23:383–391.
- Ataoglu E, Tiftik T, Kara M, et al. Effects of chronic pain on quality of life and depression in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2013;51:23–26.
- Sturgeon JA, Zautra AJ. Psychological resilience, pain catastrophizing, and positive emotions: perspectives on comprehensive modeling of individual pain adaptation. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2013;17:317.
- Teasell RW, Mehta S, Aubut JA, et al. A systematic review of pharmacologic treatments of pain after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91:816–831.
- Turk DC. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of treatments for patients with chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2002;18:355–365.
- Finnerup NB, Johannesen IL, Sindrup SH, et al. Pain and dysesthesia in patients with spinal cord injury: a postal survey. Spinal Cord. 2001;39:256–262.
- Boldt I, Eriks-Hoogland I, Brinkhof MW, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in people with spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;11:CD009177.
- Ehde DM, Jensen MP. Feasibility of a cognitive restructuring intervention for treatment of chronic pain in persons with disabilities. Rehabil Psychol. 2004;49:254–258.
- Diener E, Lucas RE, Oishi S. Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In: Snyder CR, Lopez SJ, editors. The handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 63–73.
- Muller R, Gertz KJ, Molton IR, et al. Effects of a tailored positive psychology intervention on well-being and pain in individuals with chronic pain and a physical disability: a feasibility trial. Clin J Pain. 2016;32:32–44.
- Leung L. Pain catastrophizing: an updated review. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34:204–217.
- Cuff L, Fann JR, Bombardier CH, et al. Depression, pain intensity, and interference in acute spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2014;20:32–39.
- Hirsh AT, Bockow TB, Jensen MP. Catastrophizing, pain, and pain interference in individuals with disabilities. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90:713–722.
- Stalnacke BM. Life satisfaction in patients with chronic pain – relation to pain intensity, disability, and psychological factors. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2011;7:683–689.
- Finan PH, Garland EL. The role of positive affect in pain and its treatment. Clin J Pain. 2015;31:177–187.
- Lethem J, Slade PD, Troup JD, et al. Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception-I. Behav Res Ther. 1983;21:401–408.
- Pincus T, Williams A. Models and measurements of depression in chronic pain. J Psychosom Res. 1999;47:211–219.
- Main CJ, Spanswick CC. Models of pain. In: Main CJ, Spanswick CC, editors. Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. p. 3–18.
- Lumley MA, Cohen JL, Borszcz GS, et al. Pain and emotion: a biopsychosocial review of recent research. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67:942–968.
- Upadhyaya AK, Rajagopal M, Gale TM. The Six Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT) as a screening test for dementia: comparison with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Curr Aging Sci. 2010;3:138–142.
- Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, et al. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1911–1920.
- Williamson A, Hoggart B. Pain: a review of three commonly used pain rating scales. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14:798–804.
- Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, et al. Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2005;113:9–19.
- Raichle KA, Osborne TL, Jensen MP, et al. The reliability and validity of pain interference measures in persons with spinal cord injury. J Pain. 2006;7:179–186.
- Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994;23:129–138.
- Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361–370.
- Woolrich RA, Kennedy P, Tasiemski T. A preliminary psychometric evaluation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) in 963 people living with a spinal cord injury. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11:80–90.
- Personal Wellbeing Index: 5th ed. Melbourne: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University. 2013; Available from: http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/wellbeing-index/index.php.
- Lau ALD, Cummins RA, McPherson W. An investigation into the cross-cultural equivalence of the personal wellbeing index. Soc Indic Res. 2005;72:403–432.
- Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:1063–1070.
- Crawford JR, Henry JD. The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2004;43:245–265.
- Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, et al. Relationship of pain-specific beliefs to chronic pain adjustment. Pain. 1994;57:301–309.
- Engel JM, Jensen MP, Ciol MA, et al. The development and preliminary validation of the pediatric survey of pain attitudes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;91:114–121.
- Sullivan MJL, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The pain catastrophizing scale: development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1995;7:524–532.
- Fernandes L, Storheim K, Lochting I, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Norwegian pain catastrophizing scale in patients with low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:111.
- Morris LD, Grimmer-Somers KA, Louw QA, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the South African Pain Catastrophizing Scale (SA-PCS) among patients with fibromyalgia. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10:137.
- Sehn F, Chachamovich E, Vidor LP, et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the pain catastrophizing scale. Pain Med. 2012;13:1425–1435.
- R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2012; Available from: http://www.R-project.org/.
- Rosseel Y. lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Soft. 2012;48:1–36.
- Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge Academic; 2010.
- Weston R, Gore PA Jr, Chan F, et al. An introduction to using structural equation models in rehabilitation psychology. Rehabil Psychol. 2008;53:340–356.
- Curran PJ, West SG, Finch J. The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychol Methods. 1996;1:16–29.
- Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
- Ehde DM, Jensen MP, Engel JM, et al. Chronic pain secondary to disability: a review. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:3–17.
- Weston R, Gore PA Jr. A brief guide to structural equation modeling. Counsel Psychol. 2006;34:719–751.
- Finney SJ, DiStefano C. Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In: Hancock GR, Mueller RO, editors. Structural equation modeling: a second course. Greenwich (CT): Information Age Publishing; 2006. p. 269–314.
- Hu L, Bentler PM. Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychol Methods. 1998;3:424–453.
- Browne MW, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociol Methods Res. 1992;21:230–258.
- Bentler PM. EQS structural equations program manual. Encino (CA): Multivariate Software; 1995.
- Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155–159.
- MacCallum RC, Browne MW, Sugawara HM. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychol Methods. 1996;1:130–149.
- Molton I, Cook KF, Smith AE, et al. Prevalence and impact of pain in adults aging with a physical disability: comparison to a US general population sample. Clin J Pain. 2014;30:307–315.
- Smeets RJ, Vlaeyen JW, Kester AD, et al. Reduction of pain catastrophizing mediates the outcome of both physical and cognitive-behavioral treatment in chronic low back pain. J Pain. 2006;7:261–271.
- Edwards RR, Cahalan C, Mensing G, et al. Pain, catastrophizing, and depression in the rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7:216–224.
- Linton SJ, Nicholas MK, MacDonald S, et al. The role of depression and catastrophizing in musculoskeletal pain. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:416–422.
- Fredrickson BL, Levenson RW. Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cogn Emot. 1998;12:191–220.
- Ong AD, Allaire JC. Cardiovascular intraindividual variability in later life: the influence of social connectedness and positive emotions. Psychol Aging. 2005;20:476–485.
- Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86:320–333.
- Hood A, Pulvers K, Carrillo J, et al. Positive traits linked to less pain through lower pain catastrophizing. Pers Individ Dif. 2012;52:401–405.
- Zautra AJ, Sturgeon JA. Examining the complexities of affective experience will enhance our understanding of pain and inform new interventions designed to bolster resilience. Pain. 2016;157:1586–1587.
- Spinhoven P, Ter Kuile M, Kole-Snijders AM, et al. Catastrophizing and internal pain control as mediators of outcome in the multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain. Eur J Pain. 2004;8:211–219.
- Bolier L, Haverman M, Westerhof GJ, et al. Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:119.
- Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65:467–487.
- Reitsma B, Meijler WJ. Pain and patienthood. Clin J Pain. 1997;13:9–21.