Combining specific task-oriented training with manual therapy to improve balance and mobility in patients after stroke: a mixed methods pilot randomised controlled trial

References

• WHO. International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF. Geneva: World Health Organization, WHO Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence ES, Coshall C, Dundas R, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population. Stroke. 2001;32(6):1279–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weerdesteyn V, de Niet M, van Duijnhoven HJ, et al. Falls in individuals with stroke. JRRD. 2008;45(8):1195–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salbach NM, O’Brien K, Brooks D, et al. Speed and distance requirements for community ambulation: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(1):117–128.e11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durcan S, Flavin E, Horgan F. Factors associated with community ambulation in chronic stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(3):245–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakubowitz E, Yao D, Windhagen H, et al. Treatment options for neurogenic drop foot: a systematic literature research. Z Orthop Unfall. 2017;155(4):402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Given JD, Dewald JP, Rymer WZ. Joint dependent passive stiffness in paretic and contralateral limbs of spastic patients with hemiparetic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995; Sep59(3):271–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung SG, Van Rey E, Bai Z, et al. Biomechanic changes in passive properties of hemiplegic ankles with spastic hypertonia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(10):1638–1646. Oct
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vér C, Emri M, Spisák T, et al. The effect of passive movement for paretic Ankle-Foot and brain activity in post-stroke patients. Eur Neurol. 2016;76(3-4):132–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SL, Lee BH. The effects of posterior talar glide and dorsiflexion of the ankle Plus mobilization with movement on balance and gait function in patient with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2018; 9(1):61–67.
   Google Scholar
• Park D, Lee JH, Kang TW, et al. Four-week training involving ankle mobilization with movement versus static muscle stretching in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2019;26(2):81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An CM, Jo SO. Effects of talocrural mobilization with movement on ankle strength, mobility, and weight-bearing ability in hemiplegic patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017; 26(1):169–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals From the American heart association/American stroke association. Stroke. 2016;47(6):e98–e169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE. Stroke rehabilitation in adults. Clinical guideline. [CG162]. London, UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Teasell R, Salbach NM, Foley N, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: rehabilitation, recovery, and community participation following stroke. Part one: rehabilitation and recovery following stroke; 6th edition update 2019. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(7):763–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohle C, Tholen R, Wittenberg H[, et al. Evidence-based rehabilitation of mobility after stroke. Nervenarzt. 2016;87(10):1062–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse KR, Lang CE, Boyd LA. Is more better? Using metadata to explore dose–response relationships in stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2053–2058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veerbeek JM, van Wegen EEH, van Peppen RPS, et al. KNGF clinical practice guideline for physical therapy in patients with stroke. Amersfoort: Royal Dutch society for physical therapy, KNGF; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Carr J, Shepherd R. Neurological rehabilitation. 2nd ed ed. London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Rensink M, Schuurmans M, Lindeman E, et al. Task-oriented training in rehabilitation after stroke: systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65(4):737–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstein CJ, Kay DB. Translating the science into practice: shaping rehabilitation practice to enhance recovery after brain damage. Progress in Brain Research. 2015;218:331–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billinger SA, Arena R, Bernhardt J, et al. Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors. Stroke. 2014; 45(8):2532–2553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traxler K, Schinabeck F, Baum E, et al. Feasibility of a specific task-oriented training versus its combination with manual therapy on balance and mobility in people post stroke at the chronic stage: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2021;7(1):146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eldridge SM, Chan CL, Campbell MJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2016;2(1):64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, et al. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1988; 19(5):604–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming TB, Churilov L, Linden T, et al. Montreal cognitive assessment and Mini-Mental state examination are both valid cognitive tools in stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(2):122–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Unequal group sizes in randomised trials: guarding against guessing. Lancet. 2002; 359(9310):966–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchignoni F, Horak F, Godi M, et al. Using psychometric techniques to improve the balance evaluation systems test: the mini-BESTest. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(4):323–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer E, Weber F, Faro G, et al. Cross-cultural adaption and validation of the german version of the Mini-BESTest in individuals after stroke: an observational study. Neurol Res Pract. 2020;2:27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsang CS, Liao LR, Chung RC, et al. Psychometric properties of the Mini-Balance evaluation systems test (Mini-BESTest) in community-dwelling individuals with chronic stroke. Phys Ther. 2013;93(8):1102–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991; 39(2):142–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan PP, Si Tou JI, Tse MM, et al. Reliability and validity of the timed up and go test with a motor task in people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(11):2213–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the timed Up & go test. Phys Ther. 2000; 80(9):896–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofheinz M, Schusterschitz C. Dual task interference in estimating the risk of falls and measuring change: a comparative, psychometric study of four measurements. Clin Rehabil. 2010; 24(9):831–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl PS, Gras LZ, Bosch PR, et al. Dual task timed up-and-go for older adults with and without balance deficits. Phys Occup Ther Geriatr. 2019;37(4):247–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JL, Potter K, Blankshain K, et al. A core set of outcome measures for adults With neurologic conditions undergoing rehabilitation: a clinical practice guideline. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2018;42(3):174–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda A, Yuasa T, Nakamura K, et al. Physical performance tests after stroke: reliability and validity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;79(6):519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan K, Lord SE, McNaughton HK, et al. Mobility beyond the clinic: the effect of environment on gait and its measurement in community-ambulant stroke survivors. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(6):556–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Holmbäck AM, Downham D, et al. Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(2):75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, et al. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54(5):743–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumbach SF, Brumann M, Binder J, et al. The influence of knee position on ankle dorsiflexion - a biometric study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debrunner HU. Gelenkmessung (neutral-0-Methode), längenmessung, umfangmessung. Bern: bulletin des Offiziellen Organs der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen; 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen C, Morfeld M, Bullinger M. [Testing and validation of the German version of the stroke impact scale. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2001;69(6):284–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, et al. The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke. 1999;30(10):2131–2140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julious SA. Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Pharmaceut Statist. 2005;4(4):287–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little RJA. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. J Am Stat Assoc. 1988;83(404):1198–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe RG. Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods. Statist Med. 1998; 17(8):857–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown L, Cai T, DasGupta A. Interval estimation for a binomial proportion. Statist Sci. 2001;16(2):101–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353(5):487–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen BH. Explaining psychological statistics. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh H-F, Shannon SE. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual Health Res. 2005;2005/;15(9):1277–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praxisbuch Interview, Transkription & analyse. Anleitungen und regelsysteme für qualitativ forschende. 8. ed. Dresing T, Pehl T, editors. Marburg: Eigenverlag; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Patton MQ. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Noble H, Smith J. Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evid Based Nurs. 2015; 18(2):34–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morse JM, Field PA. Qualitative research methods for health professionals. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Kim S-L, Lee B-H. The effects of posterior talar glide and dorsiflexion of the ankle Plus mobilization with movement on balance and gait function in patient with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2018;09(01):061–067.
   Google Scholar
• Jeon BJ, Kim WH, Park EY. Effect of task-oriented training for people with stroke: a meta-analysis focused on repetitive or circuit training. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2015; 22(1):34–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden MG, Balasubramanian CK, Behrman AL, et al. Validation of a speed-based classification system using quantitative measures of walking performance poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(6):672–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluding PM, Santos M. Effects of ankle joint mobilizations in adults poststroke: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008; 89(3):449–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Port IG, Wevers LE, Lindeman E, et al. Effects of circuit training as alternative to usual physiotherapy after stroke: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012;344:e2672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Effortless motor learning?: an external focus of attention enhances movement effectiveness and efficiency. 2010. Effortless attention: a new perspective in the cognitive science of attention and action. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sekhon M, Cartwright M, Francis JJ. Acceptability of healthcare interventions: an overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017; 17(1):88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar