Local factors driving the adoption of municipal voluntary environmental programs: the case of Sweden’s eco-municipalities

References

• Allison, P. D. 2009. Fixed Effects Regression Models. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• American Planning Association. 2000. Policy Guide on Planning for Sustainability. New York. https://sustainablect.org/fileadmin/media/Content/For_resources/Planning/APA_Guide_sustainability.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anselin, L., A. K. Bera, R. Florax, and M. J. Yoon. 1996. “Simple Diagnostic Tests for Spatial Dependence.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 26 (1): 77–104. doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02111-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anselin, L., J. L. Gallo, and H. Jayet. 2008. Spatial Panel Econometrics, 625–660. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Baltagi, B. H., P. H. Egger, and M. Kesina. 2016. “Bayesian Spatial Bivariate Panel Probit Estimation.” In Spatial Econometrics: Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variables, edited by Badi H. Baltagi, James P. Lesage, and R. Kelley Pace, 119–144. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Baltagi, B. H., S. H. Song, and W. Koh. 2003. “Testing Panel Data Regression Models with Spatial Error Correlation.” Journal of Econometrics 117 (1): 123–150. doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00120-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betsill, M. M., and H. Bulkeley. 2004. “Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Governance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program.” International Studies Quarterly 48 (2): 471–493. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caselli, F., and W. J. Coleman. 2001. “Cross-Country Technology Diffusion: The Case of Computers.” American Economic Review 91 (2): 328–335. doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, J. A. 2015. “Do State-Level RPS Policies in the U.S. Deliver Anticipated Benefits? Examining the Impact of Federalized Energy and Environment Policy on Electricity Price and Quantity, Use of Renewables, and Carbon Emissions.” PhD thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global database (3744306).
   Google Scholar
• Darnall, N., M. Potoski, and A. Prakash. 2010. “Sponsorship Matters: Assessing Business Participation in Government-and Industry-Sponsored Voluntary Environmental Programs.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 20 (2): 283–307. doi:10.1093/jopart/mup014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCanio, S., J., and W., E. Watkins. 1998. “Investment in Energy Efficiency: Do the Characteristics of Firms Matter?” Review of Economics and Statistics 80 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1162/003465398557366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolšak, N., and A. Prakash. 2017. “Join the Club: How the Domestic NGO Sector Induces Participation in the Covenant of Mayors Program.” International Interactions 43 (1): 26–47. doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1226668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egnér, F., and L. Trosvik. 2018. “Electric Vehicle Adoption in Sweden and the Impact of Local Policy Instruments.” Energy Policy 121: 584–596. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.06.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ek, C., and J. Miliute-Plepiene. 2018. “Behavioral Spillovers from Food-Waste Collection in Swedish Municipalities.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 89: 168–186. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ek, K., S. Goytia, M. Pettersson, and E. Spegel. 2016. Analysing and Evaluating Flood Risk Governance in Sweden: Adaptation to Climate Change? Utrecht: Star Flood Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Ek, K., L. Persson, M. Johansson, and Å. Waldo. 2013. “Location of Swedish Wind Power: Random or Not? A Quantitative Analysis of Differences in Installed Wind Power Capacity across Swedish Municipalities.” Energy Policy 58: 135–141. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, M., and N. W. Jager. 2020. “How Policy-Specific Factors Influence Horizontal Cooperation among Subnational Governments: Evidence from the Swiss Water Sector.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 50 (4): 645–671. doi:10.1093/publius/pjaa002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häggquist, E., and I. Nilsson. 2017. “Factors Influencing the Adoption of Geological Information in Swedish Municipalities.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60 (6): 1112–1126. doi:10.1080/09640568.2016.1198252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkinen, M., A. Karimo, J. Klein, S. Juhola, and T. Ylä-Anttila. 2020. “Transnational Municipal Networks and Climate Change Adaptation: A Study of 377 Cities.” Journal of Cleaner Production 257: 120474. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, S. 2012. “Voluntary Environmental Programs in the Public Sector: Evaluating an Urban Water Conservation Program in California.” Policy Studies Journal 40 (4): 650–673. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2012.00468.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, L. M. 2000. “A Comparison of the Environmental Attitudes. Concern, and Behaviors of Native-Born and Foreign-Born U.S. Residents.” Population and Environment 21 (6): 565–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, S., and T. Lahti. 2004a. “The Eco-Municipalities of Sweden: A Little Background.” In The Natural Step for Communities How Cities and Towns Can Change to Sustainable Practices, edited by T. R. Lahti and K.-H. Robèrt, 28–31. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• James, S., and T. Lahti. 2004b. The Natural Step for Communities How Cities and Towns Can Change to Sustainable Practices. 1st ed. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. Y., J. M. Bowker, and H. K. Cordell. 2004. “Ethnic Variation in Environmental Belief and Behavior: An Examination of the New Ecological Paradigm in a Social Psychological Context.” Environment and Behavior 36 (2): 157–186. doi:10.1177/0013916503251478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. K. 2016. “The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative: A Three-Article Study on the Decision to Join and the Impacts of a Cap and Trade Market.” PhD thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global database. (10161974).
   Google Scholar
• Karamanos, P. 2001. “Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Evolution and Definition of a New Environmental Policy Approach.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44 (1): 67–84. doi:10.1080/09640560124364.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna, M., and L. A. Damon. 1999. “EPA’s Voluntary 33/50 Program: Impact on Toxic Releases and Economic Performance of Firms.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 37 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1006/jeem.1998.1057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna, M., P. Koss, C. Jones, and D. Ervin. 2007. “Motivations for Voluntary Environmental Management.” Policy Studies Journal 35 (4): 751–772. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00246.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, I., and A. Prakash. 2022. “Signaling Climate Resilience to Municipal Bond Markets: Does Membership in Adaptation-Focused Voluntary Clubs Affect Bond Rating?” Climatic Change 171 (1–2): 1–2. doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03329-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler, D. A. 2007. “The Effectiveness of Voluntary Environmental Programs: A Policy at a Crossroads?” Policy Studies Journal 35 (4): 689–722. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00244.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauf, T., K. Ek, E. Gawel, P. Lehmann, and P. Söderholm. 2020. “The Regional Heterogeneity of Wind Power Deployment: An Empirical Investigation of Land-Use Policies in Germany and Sweden.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 63 (4): 751–778. doi:10.1080/09640568.2019.1613221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeSage, J. P., and R. K. Pace. 2009. Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mersky, A. C., F. Sprei, C. Samaras, and Z. Qian. 2016. “Effectiveness of Incentives on Electric Vehicle Adoption in Norway.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 46: 6–68. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2016.03.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milfont, T. L., L. Evans, C. G. Sibley, J. Ries, and A. Cunningham. 2014. “Proximity to Coast is Linked to Climate Change Belief.” PloS One 9 (7): e103180. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minx, J., G. Baiocchi, T. Wiedmann, J. Barrett, F. Creutzig, K. Feng, M. Förster, P.-P. Pichler, H. Weisz, and K. Hubacek. 2013. “Carbon Footprints of Cities and Other Human Settlements in the UK.” Environmental Research Letters 8 (3): 035039. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morf, A. 2005. “Public Participation in Municipal Planning as a Tool for Coastal Management: Case Studies from Western Sweden.” AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 34 (2): 74–83. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.74.
   Google Scholar
• Morgenstern, R. D., and W. A. Pizer. 2007. Reality Check: The Nature and Performance of Voluntary Environmental Programs in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Nahlik, M. J., and M. V. Chester. 2014. “Transit-Oriented Smart Growth Can Reduce Life-Cycle Environmental Impacts and Household Costs in Los Angeles.” Transport Policy 35: 21–30. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potoski, M., and A. Prakash. 2005. “Covenants with Weak Swords: ISO 14001 and Facilities’ Environmental Performance.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 24 (4): 745–769. doi:10.1002/pam.20136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, A., and M. Potoski. 2006. The Voluntary Environmentalists: Green Clubs, ISO14001, and Voluntary Environmental Regulations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prakash, A., and M. Potoski. 2012. “Voluntary Environmental Programs: A Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 31 (1): 123–138. doi:10.1002/pam.20617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEKOM. 2022. Sveriges Ekokommuner - Hållbarhetsprinciper. Accessed 12 September 2022. http://www.sekom.se/H%C3%A5llbarhetsprinciper
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, E. B., D. M. Daley, and M. S. Lynch. 2011. “Understanding Local Adoption and Implementation of Climate Change Mitigation Policy.” Urban Affairs Review (Thousand Oaks, CA), 47(3), 433–457. doi:10.1177/1078087410392348.
   Google Scholar
• SKL. 2017. Kommungruppsindelning 2017. https://skl.se/tjanster/kommunerlandsting/faktakommunerochlandsting/kommungruppsindelning.2051.html
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. 2005. Ongoing Management Improvements and Further Evaluation Vital to EPA Stewardship and Voluntary Programs. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.
   Google Scholar
• US EPA. 2010. Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses: Chapter 4 Regulatory and Non-Regulatory Approaches to Pollution Control. (EPA 240-R-10-001). Washington, DC: Office of the Administrator.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. 2011. “Exploring Trends, Sources, and Causes of Environmental Funding: A Study of Florida Counties.” Journal of Environmental Management 92 (11): 2930–2938. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedenhofer, D., B. Smetschka, L. Akenji, M. Jalas, and H. Haberl. 2018. “Household Time Use, Carbon Footprints, and Urban Form: A Review of the Potential Contributions of Everyday Living to the 1.5 °C Climate Target.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 30: 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, S., and M. G. de Matos. 2022. spatialprobit: Spatial Probit Models (Version R package version 1.0). //CRAN.R-project.org/package=spatialprobit
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., B. Dong, Y. Chen, and H. Qin. 2021. “Effect of Industrial Transfer on Carbon Lock-in: A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Chinese Cities.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 65 (6): 1024–1055. doi:10.1080/09640568.2021.1919067.
   Google Scholar
• Zahran, S., S. D. Brody, A. Vedlitz, H. Grover, and C. Miller. 2008. “Vulnerability and Capacity: Explaining Local Commitment to Climate-Change Policy.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 26 (3): 544–562. doi:10.1068/c2g.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar