Mitigating compound coastal water hazards in Eastern North Carolina

References

• Atoba, K. O., S. D. Brody, W. E. Highfield, C. C. Shepard, and L. N. Verdone. 2021. “Strategic Property Buyouts to Enhance Flood Resilience: A Multi-Criteria Spatial Approach for Incorporating Ecological Values into the Selection Process.” Environmental Hazards 20 (3): 229–247. doi:10.1080/17477891.2020.1771251.
   Google Scholar
• BenDor, T. K., D. Salvesen, C. Kamrath, and B. Ganser. 2020. “Floodplain Buyouts and Municipal Finance.” Natural Hazards Review 21 (3): 04020020. 6996.0000380. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berke, P. R. 1998. “Reducing Natural Hazard Risks through State Growth Management.” Journal of the American Planning Association 64 (1): 76–87. doi:10.1080/01944369808975958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berke, P. R., G. Smith, and W. Lyles. 2010. “Planning for Resiliency: An Evaluation of Coastal State Hazard Mitigation Plans.” Working Paper, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Birkland, T. A., R. J. Burby, D. Conrad, H. Cortner, and W. K. Michener. 2003. “River Ecology and River Hazard Mitigation.” Natural Hazards Review 4 (1): 46–54. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:1(46).
   Google Scholar
• Boon, H. J. 2014. “Disaster Resilience in a Flood-Impacted Rural Australian Town.” Natural Hazards 71: 683–701. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0935-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, S. D., and W. E. Highfield. 2005. “Does Planning Work?: Testing the Implementation of Local Environmental Planning in Florida.” Journal of the American Planning Association 71 (2): 159–175. doi:10.1080/01944360508976690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, S. D., J. E. Kang, and S. Bernhardt. 2010. “Identifying Factors Influencing Flood Mitigation at the Local Level in Texas and Florida: The Role of Organizational Capacity.” Natural Hazards 52 (1): 167–184. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9364-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, S. D., S. Zahran, W. E. Highfield, S. P. Bernhardt, and A. Vedlitz. 2009. “Policy Learning for Flood Mitigation: A Longitudinal Assessment of the Community Rating System in Florida.” Risk Analysis 29 (6): 912–929. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01210.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, S. D., S. Zahran, W. E. Highfield, H. Grover, and A. Vedlitz. 2008. “Identifying the Impact of the Built Environment on Flood Damage in Texas.” Disasters 32 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01024.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burby, R. J. 2006. “Hurricane Katrina and the Paradoxes of Government Disaster Policy: Bringing about Wise Governmental Decisions for Hazardous Areas.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 604 (1): 171–191. doi:10.1177/0002716205284676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burby, Raymond J., Timothy Beatley, Philip R. Berke, Robert E. Deyle, Steven P. French, David R. Godschalk, Edward J. Kaiser, et al. 1999. “Unleashing the Power of Planning to Create Disaster-Resistant Communities.” Journal of the American Planning Association 65 (3): 247–258. doi:10.1080/01944369908976055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burby, R. J., R. E. Deyle, D. R. Godschalk, and R. B. Olshansky. 2000. “Creating Hazard Resilient Communities through Land-Use Planning.” Natural Hazards Review 1 (2): 99–106. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2000)1:2(99).
   Google Scholar
• Burby, R. J., and P. J. May. 1998. “Intergovernmental Environmental Planning: Addressing the Commitment Conundrum.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 41 (1): 95–110. doi:10.1080/09640569811812.
   Google Scholar
• Cheong, S. M. 2011. “Policy Solutions in the U.S.” Climatic Change 106 (1): 57–70. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9996-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, S., E. Ganapati, and S. Ganapati. 2015. “Measuring Disaster Recovery: Bouncing Back or Reaching the Counterfactual State?” Disasters 39 (3): 427–446. doi:10.1111/disa.12112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clary, B. B. 1985. “The Evolution and Structure of Natural Hazard Policies.” Public Administration Review 45: 20–28. doi:10.2307/3134994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, E. L., G. M. Sanchez, A. Terando, C. C. Stillwell, H. Mitasova, A. Sebastian, and R. K. Meentemeyer. 2022. “Predicting Flood Damage Probability across the Conterminous United States.” Environmental Research Letters 17 (3): 034006. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac4f0f.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consoer, M., and A. Milman. 2018. “Opportunities, Constraints, and Choices for Flood Mitigation in Rural Areas: Perspectives of Municipalities in Massachusetts.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 11 (2): 141–151. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correll, R. M., N. S. N. Lam, V. V. Mihunov, L. Zou, and H. Cai. 2021. “Economics over Risk: Flooding is Not the Only Driving Factor of Migration Considerations on a Vulnerable Coast.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 111 (1): 300–315. doi:10.1080/24694452.2020.1766409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran-Groome, W., H. Haygood, M. Hino, T. K. BenDor, and D. Salvesen. 2021. “Assessing the Full Costs of Floodplain Buyouts.” Climate Change, 168, 3. doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03178-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L., K. D. Ash, and C. T. Emrich. 2016. “Urban-Rural Differences in Disaster Resilience.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers 106 (6): 1236–1252. doi:10.1080/24694452.2016.1194740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeAngelis, J., J. Pena, A. Gomez, J. Masterson, and P. Berke. 2021. “Building Resilience through Plan Integration.” In Planning Advisory Service (PAS) Memo. (ISSN 2169-1908). Chicago, IL: American Planning Association
   Google Scholar
• Deyle, R. E., T. S. Chapin, and E. J. Baker. 2008. “The Proof of the Planning is in the Platting: An Evaluation of Florida’s Hurricane Exposure Mitigation Planning Mandate.” Journal of the American Planning Association 74 (3): 349–370. doi:10.1080/01944360802229612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber, S. 1996. On Borrowed Land: Public Policies for Floodplains. Cambridge: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Flavelle, C. 2021. “Climate Change is Bankrupting America’s Small Towns.” The New York Times, September 2. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/02/climate/climate-towns-bankruptcy.html.
   Google Scholar
• Gianotti, A. G. S., B. Warner, and A. Milman. 2018. “Flood Concerns and Impacts on Rural Landowners: An Empirical Study of the Deerfield Watershed, MA (USA).” Environmental Science & Policy 79: 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godschalk, D. R. 2003. “Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities.” Natural Hazards Review 4 (3): 136–143. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(136).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godschalk, D. R., T. Beatley, P. Berke, D. J. Brower, E. J. Kaiser, C. C. Bohl, and R. M. Goebel. 1999. Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning. Washington, DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Godschalk, D. R., S. Brody, and R. Burby. 2003. “Public Participation in Natural Hazard Mitigation Policy Formation: Challenges for Comprehensive Planning.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 46 (5): 733–754. doi:10.1080/0964056032000138463.
   Google Scholar
• Godschalk, D. R., D. J. Brower, and T. Beatley. 1989. Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development Management. Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books.
   Google Scholar
• Godschalk, D. R., and R. Norton. 1998. Coastal Hazards Mitigation: Public Notification, Expenditure Limitations, and Hazard Areas Acquisition. Washington, DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Godschalk, D. R., R. Norton, C. Richardson, and D. Salvesen. 2000. “Avoiding Coastal Hazard Areas: Best State Mitigation Practices.” Environmental Geosciences 7 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1046/j.1526-0984.2000.71002.x.
   Google Scholar
• Hamman, J. J., A. F. Hamlet, Se-Yeun Lee, R. Fuller, and E. E. Grossman. 2016. “Combined Effects of Projected Sea Level Rise, Storm Surge, and Peak River Flows on Water Levels in the Skagit Floodplain.” Northwest Science 90 (1): 57–78. doi:10.3955/046.090.0106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling, C. S. 1973. “Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
   Google Scholar
• Horney, J., M. Nguyen, D. Salvesen, C. Dwyer, J. Cooper, and P. Berke. 2017. “Assessing the Quality of Rural Hazard Mitigation Plans in the Southeastern United States.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 37 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1177/0739456X16628605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jalili Pirani, F., and M. R. Najafi. 2020. “Recent Trends in Individual and Multivariate Compound Flood Drivers in Canada’s Coasts.” Water Resources Research 56 (8): e2020WR027785. doi:10.1029/2020WR027785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerolleman, A. 2020. “Challenges of Post-Disaster Recovery in Rural Areas.” In Louisiana’s Response to Extreme Weather, edited by S. Laska, 285–310. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27205-0_11.
   Google Scholar
• Jerolleman, A. 2021. “Building Resilience in Rural America.” Eos. February 23. https://eos.org/opinions/building-resilience-in-rural-america.
   Google Scholar
• Jurjonas, M., and E. Seekamp. 2018. “Rural Coastal Community Resilience: Assessing a Framework in Eastern North Carolina.” Ocean & Coastal Management 162: 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye-Blake, W., K. Stirrat, M. Smith, and S. Fielke. 2019. “Testing Indicators of Resilience for Rural Communities.” Rural Society 28 (2): 161–179. doi:10.1080/10371656.2019.1658285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraan, C. M., M. Hino, J. Niemann, A. R. Siders, and K. J. Mach. 2021. “Promoting Equity in Retreat through Voluntary Property Buyout Programs.” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 11 (3): 481–492. doi:10.1007/s13412-021-00688-z.
   Google Scholar
• Kumbier, K., R. C. Carvalho, A. T. Vafeidis, and C. D. Woodroffe. 2018. “Investigating Compound Flooding in an Estuary Using Hydrodynamic Modelling: A Case Study from the Shoalhaven River, Australia.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18 (2): 463–477. doi:10.5194/nhess-18-463-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., and C. E. Landry. 2018. “Flood Risk, Local Hazard Mitigation, and the Community Rating System of the National Flood Insurance Program.” Land Economics 94 (2): 175–198. doi:10.3368/le.94.2.175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian, J. J., K. Xu, and C. Ma. 2013. “Joint Impact of Rainfall and Tidal Level on Flood Risk in a Coastal City with a Complex River Network: A Case Study of Fuzhou City, China.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17 (2): 679–689. doi:10.5194/hess-17-679-2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv, H., X. Guan, and Y. Meng. 2020. “A Comprehensive Evaluation of Urban Flood‑Bearing Risks Based on Combined Compound Fuzzy Matter‑Element and Entropy Weight Model.” Natural Hazards 103 (2): 1823–1841. doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04056-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyles, L. W., P. Berke, and G. Smith. 2014a. “Do Planners Matter? Examining Factors Driving Incorporation of Land Use Approaches into Hazard Mitigation Plans.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 57 (5): 792–811. doi:10.1080/09640568.2013.768973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyles, L. W., P. Berke, and G. Smith. 2014b. “A Comparison of Local Hazard Mitigation Plan Quality in Six States, USA.” Landscape and Urban Planning 122: 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach, K. J., C. M. Kraan, M. Hino, A. R. Siders, E. M. Johnston, and C. B. Field. 2019. “Managed Retreat through Voluntary Buyouts of Flood-Prone Properties.” Science Advances 5 (10): eaax8995. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax8995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, Wendy, and Cathy O’Mullan. 2016. “Perceptions of Community Resilience after Natural Disaster in a Rural Australian Town.” Journal of Community Psychology 44 (3): 277–292. doi:10.1002/jcop.21764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manyena, S. B., M. Fordham, and A. E. Collins. 2008. “Disaster Resilience and Children: Managing Food Security in Binga District in Zimbabwe.” Children, Youth and Environments 18 (1): 303–331.
   Google Scholar
• Mayunga, J. S. 2007. “Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster Resilience: A Capital-Based Approach.” Draft Paper. Megacities as Hotspots of Risk: Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building, July 22–28, 2007, Munich, Germany. https://www.theisrm.org/documents/Mayunga%20(2007)%20Understanding%20and%20Applying%20the%20Concept%20of%20Community%20Disaster%20Resilience%20-%20A%20Capital-Based%20Aproach.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Merz, B., A. Thieken, and M. Gocht. 2007. “Flood Risk Mapping at the Local Scale: Concepts and Challenges.” In Flood Risk Management in Europe, 231–251. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., and A. M. Huberman. 1994. An Expanded Sourcebook: Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mileti, D. S. 1999. Disaster by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry.
   Google Scholar
• Moftakhari, Hamed R., Gianfausto Salvadori, Amir AghaKouchak, Brett F. Sanders, and Richard A. Matthew. 2017. “Compounding Effects of Sea Level Rise and Fluvial Flooding.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (37): 9785–9790. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10 .1073/pnas.1620325114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC). 2012. Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/13457.
   Google Scholar
• Nowell, L. S., J. M. Norris, D. E. White, and N. J. Moules. 2017. “Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16 (1): 160940691773384. doi:10.1177/1609406917733847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquier, U., Y. He, S. Hooton, M. Goulden, and K. M. Hiscock. 2019. “An Integrated 1D–2D Hydraulic Modelling Approach to Assess the Sensitivity of a Coastal Region to Compound Flooding Hazard under Climate Change.” Natural Hazards 98 (3): 915–937. doi:10.1007/s11069-018-3462-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peek, L. 2008. “Children and Disasters: Understanding Vulnerability, Developing Capacities, and Promoting Resilience: An Introduction.” Children, Youth and Environments 18 (1): 1–29.
   Google Scholar
• Petak, W. J. 1984. “Natural Hazard Mitigation: Professionalization of the Policy Making Process.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 2 (2): 285–302. doi:10.1177/028072708400200205.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, K., E. Apadula, D. Salvesen, M. Hino, R. Kihslinger, and T. K. BenDor. 2020. “A Review of Funding Mechanisms for US Floodplain Buyouts.” Sustainability 12 (23): 10112. doi:10.3390/su122310112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, N., M. Lewis, M. P. Wadey, and I. D. Haigh. 2014. “Assessing the Temporal Variability in Extreme Storm Tide Time Series for Coastal Flood Risk Assessment.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119 (8): 4983–4998. doi:10.1002/2014JC010197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapaport, C., T. Hornik-Lurie, O. Cohen, M. Lahad, D. Leykin, and L. Aharonson-Daniel. 2018. “The Relationship between Community Type and Community Resilience.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 31: 470–477. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.05.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, M. n.d. “A Century of Delineating a Changing Landscape: The Census Bureau’s Urban and Rural Classification, 1910 to 2010.” US Census Bureau, Geography Division. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html.
   Google Scholar
• Remo, J. W. F., N. Pinter, and M. Mahgoub. 2016. “Assessing Illinois’s Flood Vulnerability Using Hazus-MH.” Natural Hazards 81 (1): 265–287. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-2077-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, F. I., N. Kapucu, and C. Hawkins. 2015. “Rural Community Disaster Resiliency: Self-Organizing Collective Action among Farmworkers in Central Florida.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 33 (2): 213–227. doi:10.1177/028072701503300204.
   Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J. 2009. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schwaller, N. L., and T. K. BenDor. 2021. “Differential Residential Perspectives on in Situ Protection and Retreat as Strategies for Climate Adaptation.” Climatic Change 167: 42. doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03055-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, S. L., S. McSpirit, P. Breheny, and B. M. Howell. 2012. “The Long-Term Effects of a Coal Waste Disaster on Social Trust in Appalachian Kentucky.” Organization & Environment 25 (4): 402–418. doi:10.1177/1086026612467983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh-Peterson, L., and S. J. R. Underhill. 2017. “A Multi-Scalar, Mix Methods Framework for Assessing Rural Communities’ Capacity for Resilience, Adaptation, and Transformation.” Community Development 48 (1): 124–140. doi:10.1080/15575330.2016.1250103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skertich, R. L., Johnson, D. E. A, and Comfort, L. K. 2013. “A Bad Time for Disaster: Economic Stress and Disaster Resilience.” Administration & Society 45 (2): 145–166. doi:10.1177/0095399712451884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, M. 2010. “Implementing Natural Hazard Mitigation Provisions: Exploring the Role That Individual Land Use Planners Can Play.” Journal of Planning Literature 24 (4): 362–371. doi:10.1177/0885412210375821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, M. R., P. R. Berke, and Y. Song. 2008. “Protecting People and Property: The Influence of Land-Use Planners on Flood Hazard Mitigation in New Urbanist Developments.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 51 (6): 737–757. doi:10.1080/09640560802423525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sureshwaran, S. 2013. “Foreword.” In Disaster Resiliency: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by N. Kapucu, C. V. Hawkins, and F. I. Rivera. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Thampapillai, D. J., and W. F. Musgrave. 1985. “Flood Damage Mitigation: A Review of Structural and Nonstructural Measures and Alternative Decision Frameworks.” Water Resources Research 21 (4): 411–424. doi:10.1029/WR021i004p00411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman, P. 1981. Vulnerability, Resilience, and the Collapse of Society. Environmental Monograph 1. Toronto, ON: Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Townshend, I., O. Awosoga, J. Kulig, and H. Fan. 2015. “Social Cohesion and Resilience across Communities That Have Experienced a Disaster.” Natural Hazards 76 (2): 913–938. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1526-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traver, R. 2014. Flood Risk Management: Call for a National Strategy. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dolah, E. R., C. D. M. Hesed, and M. J. Paolisso. 2020. “Marsh Migration, Climate Change, and Coastal Resilience: Human Dimensions Considerations for a Fair Path Forward.” Wetlands 40 (6): 1751–1764. doi:10.1007/s13157-020-01388-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahl, T., S. Jain, J. Bender, S. D. Meyers, and M. E. Luther. 2015. “Increasing Risk of Compound Flooding from Storm Surge and Rainfall for Major US Cities.” Nature Climate Change 5 (12): 1093–1097. doi:10.1038/nclimate2736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh, W. L. 2013. “Management Capacity and Rural Community Resilience.” In Disaster Resiliency: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by N. Kapucu, C. V. Hawkins, and F. I. Rivera. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, S., M. Malecha, and P. Berke. 2021. “Examining Factors Influencing Plan Integration for Community Resilience in Six US Coastal Cities Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling.” Landscape and Urban Planning 215: 104224. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., and M. R. Najafi. 2020. “Probabilistic Numerical Modeling of Compound Flooding Caused by Tropical Storm Matthew over a Data‐Scarce Coastal Environment.” Water Resources Research 56 (10): e2020WR028565. doi:10.1029/2020WR028565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zscheischler, J., S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, S. I. Seneviratne, P. J. Ward, A. Pitman, A. AghaKouchak, et al. 2018. “Future Climate Risk from Compound Events.” Nature Climate Change 8 (6): 469–477. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar