Intra-Party Communication in the Digital Era - An Empirical Case Study of Party Delegates from the German Greens

References

• Aldrich, John H., Rachel K. Gibson, Marta Cantijoch, and Tobias Konitzer. 2016. “Getting Out the Vote in the Social Media Era.” Party Politics 22 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1177/1354068815605304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anan, Deniz. 2012. “Repräsentations- und Entscheidungskulturen im Vergleich: Die Parteitage von FDP und Grünen.” Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 43 (4): 799–816. doi:10.5771/0340-1758-2012-4-799.
   Google Scholar
• Arzheimer, Kai. 2015. “The AfD’s Facebook wall: A new Hub for Far-Right Mobilisation in Germany?” Accessed August 17, 2018. http://www.kai-arzheimer.com/german-right-wing-internet.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, Jamie. 2014. “Populism, Social Media and Democratic Strain.” In European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate, edited by Clara Sandelind. 1. ed., 99–114. Stockholm: Fores.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., Alexandra Segerberg, and Curd B. Knüpfer. 2018. “The Democratic Interface: Technology, Political Organization, and Diverging Patterns of Electoral Representation.” Information, Communication & Society 21 (11): 1655–1680. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1348533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berge, Benjamin von dem, Thomas Poguntke, Peter Obert, and Diana Tipei. 2013. Measuring Intra-Party Democracy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Boczkowski, Pablo, Eugenia Mitchelstein, and Mora Matassi. 2017. “Incidental News: How Young People Consume News on Social Media.” Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017). Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Borz, Gabriela, and Kenneth Janda. 2020. “Contemporary Trends in Party Organization: Revisiting Intra-Party Democracy.” Party Politics 26 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1177/1354068818754605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, Shelley. 2016. “Campaigns and Conflict on Social Media: A Literature Snapshot.” Online Information Review 40 (5): 566–579. doi:10.1108/OIR-03-2016-0086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, Shelley, Karolina Koc-Michalska, and Bruce Bimber. 2020a. “Mobilizing Media: Comparing TV and Social Media Effects on Protest Mobilization.” Information, Communication & Society 23 (5): 642–664. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1713847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, Shelley, Mireille Lalancette, and David Ilkiw. 2020b. ““School Strike 4 Climate”: Social Media and the International Youth Protest on Climate Change.” Media and Communication 8 (2): 208–218. doi:10.17645/mac.v8i2.2768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bright, Jonathan, Scott Hale, Bharath Ganesh, Andrew Bulovsky, Helen Margetts, and Phil Howard. 2020. “Does Campaigning on Social Media Make a Difference? Evidence from Candidate Use of Twitter During the 2015 and 2017 U.K. Elections.” Communication Research 47 (7): 988–1009. doi:10.1177/0093650219872394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukow, Sebastian. 2013. Die professionalisierte Mitgliederpartei: Politische Parteien zwischen institutionellen Erwartungen und organisationaler Wirklichkeit. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Bukow, Sebastian, and Thomas Poguntke. 2013. “Innerparteiliche Organisation und Willensbildung.” In Handbuch Parteienforschung, edited by Oskar Niedermayer, 179–210. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, Andrew. 2011. “The Political Information Cycle in a Hybrid News System: The British Prime Minister and the “Bullygate” Affair.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 16 (1): 3–29. doi:10.1177/1940161210384730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick, Andrew, and Jennifer Stromer-Galley. 2016. “Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 21 (3): 283–293. doi:10.1177/1940161216646731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, James. 2020. “A Party Within a Party Posing as a Movement? Momentum as a Movement Faction.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 17 (2): 97–113. doi:10.1080/19331681.2019.1702608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dommett, Katharine, Glenn Kefford, and Sam Power. 2021. “The Digital Ecosystem: The New Politics of Party Organization in Parliamentary Democracies.” Party Politics 27, doi:10.1177/1354068820907667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doroshenko, Larisa, Tetyana Schneider, Dmitrii Kofanov, Michael A. Xenos, Dietram A. Scheufele, and Dominique Brossard. 2019. “Ukrainian Nationalist Parties and Connective Action: An Analysis of Electoral Campaigning and Social Media Sentiments.” Information, Communication & Society 22 (10): 1376–1395. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1426777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dose, Nicolai, Anne-Kathrin Fischer, and Nathalie Golla. 2016. Die Partei im regionalen Fokus. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Duverger, Maurice. 1959. Political Parties. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dürr, Michael. 2018. “Die Grünen als führende Regierungspartei: Eine empirische Parteieliten- und Parteimitgliederstudie.” In Empirische Studien zur Parteienforschung. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Egger, Andreas, Karin Gattringer, and Thomas Kupferschmitt. 2021. “Generationenprofile der Mediennutzung im digitalen Umbruch.” Media Perspektiven 5: 270–291. https://www.ard-werbung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/media-perspektiven/Massenkommunikation_2020/MK_2020_Generationenprofile_der_Mediennutzung.pdf. Accessed November 04, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Faas, Thorsten, and Benjamin C. Sack. 2016. “Politische Kommunikation in Zeiten von Social Media: Ergebnisse einer Längsschnittbefragung von 2013-2015.” In Politische Kommunikation in Zeiten von Social Media, edited by Thorsten Faas, and Benjamin C. Sack, 13–41. Bonn: Bonner Akademie für Forschung und Lehre praktischer Politik.
   Google Scholar
• Frankland, E. G. 2016. “The Evolution of the Greens in Germany: From Amateurism to Professionalism.” In Green Parties in Transition: The End of Grass-Roots Democracy?, edited by E. G. Frankland, 19–42. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2019. The Digital Party: Political Organisation and Online Democracy. Digital Barricades. London: Pluto Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1944356.
   Google Scholar
• Gerl, Katharina, Stefan Marschall, and Nadja Wilker. 2018. “Does the Internet Encourage Political Participation? Use of an Online Platform by Members of a German Political Party.” Policy & Internet 10 (1): 87–118. doi:10.1002/poi3.149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, Rachel K. 2015. “Party Change, Social Media and the Rise of ‘Citizen-Initiated’ Campaigning.” Party Politics 21 (2): 183–197. doi:10.1177/1354068812472575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, Rachel, Fabienne Greffet, and Marta Cantijoch. 2017. “Friend or Foe? Digital Technologies and the Changing Nature of Party Membership.” Political Communication 34 (1): 89–111. doi:10.1080/10584609.2016.1221011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glock, Florian. 2017. “Die FDP in der außerparlamentarischen Opposition: Innerparteiliche Willensbildung und Einstellungen der Parteitagsdelegierten.” In In Parteien unter Wettbewerbsdruck, edited by Sebastian Bukow, and Uwe Jun, 181–201. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Hague, Rod, Martin Harrop, and John McCormick. 2016. Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction. Tenth edition. New York, NY: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, Nina. 2019. “Paolo Gerbaudo, the Digital Party: Political Organisation and Online Democracy.” International Sociology 34 (5): 624–628. doi:10.1177/0268580919870741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmel, Robert, and Kenneth Janda. 1994. “An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 6 (3): 259–287. doi:10.1177/0951692894006003001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, Andrew F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. Methodology in the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Guilford Press. http://lib.myilibrary.com/detail.asp?id=480011.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, Kristoffer, Adam Shehata, Jesper Strömbäck, and Elisabet Ljungberg. 2013. “Age and the Effects of News Media Attention and Social Media use on Political Interest and Participation: Do Social Media Function as Leveller?” European Journal of Communication 28 (1): 19–34. doi:10.1177/0267323112465369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hölig, Sascha, and Uwe Hasebrink. 2017. “Germany.” In Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017, edited by Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, David Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, 70–71. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Ida, Rachmah, Muhammad Saud, and Musta’in Mashud. 2020. “An Empirical Analysis of Social Media Usage, Political Learning and Participation among Youth: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Pakistan.” Quality & Quantity 54 (4): 1285–1297. doi:10.1007/s11135-020-00985-9.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Nigel, and Darren Lilleker. 2011. “Microblogging, Constituency Service and Impression Management: UK MPs and the Use of Twitter.” The Journal of Legislative Studies 17 (1): 86–105. doi:10.1080/13572334.2011.545181.
   Google Scholar
• Jäger, Kai. 2021. “When Do Party Supporters Abandon the Party Leader? The Intraparty Conflict of the Alternative for Germany.” Party Polit, 478. doi:10.1177/1354068819857177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun, Uwe. 2010. “Politische Parteien als fragmentierte Organisationen im Wandel: Eine Einführung.” In Parteien als fragmentierte Organisationen: Erfolgsbedingungen und Veränderungsprozesse, edited by Uwe Jun, and Benjamin Höhne. Parteien in Theorie und Empirie 1, 11–34. Opladen [u.a.]: Barbara Budrich.
   Google Scholar
• Jungherr, Andreas. 2016. “Twitter use in Election Campaigns: A Systematic Literature Review.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 13 (1): 72–91. doi:10.1080/19331681.2015.1132401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahne, Joseph, and Benjamin Bowyer. 2018. “The Political Significance of Social Media Activity and Social Networks.” Political Communication 35 (3): 470–493. doi:10.1080/10584609.2018.1426662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, Andreas M., and Michael Haenlein. 2010. “Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media.” Business Horizons 53 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, Elihu, and Paul F. Lazarsfeld. 1955. Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications. Glencoe: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kelm, Ole. 2020. “Why do Politicians use Facebook and Twitter the way They do? The Influence of Perceived Audience Expectations.” Studies in Communication and Media 9 (1): 8–34. doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2020-1-8.
   Google Scholar
• Klinger, Ulrike, and Jakob Svensson. 2015. “The Emergence of Network Media Logic in Political Communication: A Theoretical Approach.” New Media & Society 17 (8): 1241–1257. doi:10.1177/1461444814522952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruikemeier, Sanne, Guda van Noort, Rens Vliegenthart, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2016. “The Relationship Between Online Campaigning and Political Involvement.” Online Information Review 40 (5): 673–694. doi:10.1108/OIR-11-2015-0346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The People’s Choice. How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaig. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loosen, Wiebke, and Jan-Hinrik Schmidt. 2012. “(Re-)Discovering the Audience.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (6): 867–887. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.665467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magin, Melanie, Nicole Podschuweit, Jörg Haßler, and Uta Russmann. 2017. “Campaigning in the Fourth Age of Political Communication. A Multi-Method Study on the Use of Facebook by German and Austrian Parties in the 2013 National Election Campaigns.” Information, Communication & Society 20 (11): 1698–1719. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, Alan, and Philip Cowley. 1999. “Ambassadors in the Community? Labour Party Members in Society.” Politics 19 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.00090
   Google Scholar
• Michels, Robert. 1911. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchial Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miočević, Milica, Holly P. O’Rourke, David P. MacKinnon, and Hendricks C. Brown. 2018. “Statistical Properties of Four Effect-Size Measures for Mediation Models.” Behavior Research Methods 50 (1): 285–301. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0870-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, James, and Danny Rye. 2020. “Conceptualising Party-Driven Movements.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 22 (3): 485–504. doi:10.1177/1369148120919744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Marion G. 2002a. “Parteitage in der Mediendemokratie.” In Parteien in der Mediendemokratie, edited by Ulrich V. Alemann, 142–172. 1. Aufl.. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Marion G. 2002b. “Parteitagskommunikation: Funktionen, Strukturen, Trends in Deutschland und den USA.” In Politische Akteure in der Mediendemokratie: Politiker in den Fesseln der Medien?, edited by Heribert Schatz, Patrick Rössler, and Jörg-Uwe Nieland, 65–77. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Accessed July 22, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Niedermayer, Oskar. 2019. “Parteimitglieder in Deutschland: Version 2019.” Arbeitshefte aus dem Otto-Sammer-Zentrum, 30. doi:10.17169/refubium-25375.
   Google Scholar
• Poguntke, Thomas. 2001. “Parteiorganisationen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Einheit in der Vielfalt?” In Parteiendemokratie in Deutschland, edited by Oscar Gabriel, Oskar Niedermayer, and Richard Stöss. 2nd ed., 257–276. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung.
   Google Scholar
• Poguntke, Thomas. 2017. “Changing or Getting Changed: The Example of the German Greens Since 1979.” In Parties, Governments and Elites: The Comparative Study of Democracy, edited by Philipp Harfst, Ina Kubbe, and Thomas Poguntke, 87–103. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ulbd/reader.action?docID=4850788&ppg=13.
   Google Scholar
• Quinlan, Stephen, Tobias Gummer, Joss Roßmann, and Christof Wolf. 2018. “‘Show me the Money and the Party!’ - Variation in Facebook and Twitter Adoption by Politicians.” Information, Communication & Society 21: 1031–1049. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1301521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarrow, Susan E. 1994. “The ‘Paradox of Enrollment’: Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Party Memberships.” European Journal of Political Research 25 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb01200.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, W. R. 2003. Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. 5. ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Spier, Tim. 2019. “Not Dead Yet? Explaining Party Member Activity in Germany.” German Politics 28 (2): 282–303. doi:10.1080/09644008.2018.1528237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stier, Sebastian, Arnim Bleier, Malte Bonart, Bohlouli Fabian Mörsheim, Margarita Nizhegorodov, Lisa Posch, Jürgen Maier, Tobias Rothmund, and Steffen Staab. 2018a. “Systematically Monitoring Social Media: The Case of the German Federal Election 2017.” GESIS Papers 4. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.02888.
   Google Scholar
• Stier, Sebastian, Arnim Bleier, Haiko Lietz, and Markus Strohmaier. 2018. “Election Campaigning on Social Media: Politicians, Audiences, and the Mediation of Political Communication on Facebook and Twitter.” Political Communication 35 (1): 50–74. doi:10.1080/10584609.2017.1334728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Switek, Niko. 2021. “Bündnis 90/Die Grünen.” In Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, edited by Uwe Andersen, Jörg Bogumil, Stefan Marschall, and Wichard Woyke. 8. Auflage, 142–148. Springer Reference. Wiesbaden: Springer VS Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Thuermer, Gefion. 2019. The Effect of the Introduction of Online Participation Processes in the Green Party Germany. Accessed October 20, 2022. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/451375/1/Final_Thesis_Gefion_Thuermer.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Thuermer, Gefion, Silke Roth, Kieron O’Hara, and Steffen Staab. 2018. “Everybody Thinks Online Participation is Great - for Somebody Else.” In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, edited by Hans Akkermans, 287–296. [Place of publication not identified]: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Tromble, Rebekah. 2018. “Thanks for (Actually) Responding! How Citizen Demand Shapes Politicians’ Interactive Practices on Twitter.” New Media & Society 20 (2): 676–697. doi:10.1177/1461444816669158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari, Cristian, and Augusto Valeriani. 2015. “Follow the Leader! Direct and Indirect Flows of Political Communication during the 2013 Italian General Election Campaign.” New Media & Society 17 (7): 1025–1042. doi:10.1177/1461444813511038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, Paul D., and Dan Keith. 2017. “Assessing the Strength of Party Organizational Resources: A Survey of the Evidence from the Political Party Database.” In Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power, edited by Susan E. Scarrow, Paul D. Webb, and Thomas Poguntke. First edition, 31-61. Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Welser, Howard T. 2015. “Breaking the Iron Law of Oligarchy: Computational Institutions, Organizational Fidelity, and Distributed Social Control.” In Roles, Trust, and Reputation in Social Media Knowledge Markets: Theory and Methods, edited by Elisa Bertino, and Sorin A. Matei. Computational Social Sciences, 121–144. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Westermayer, Till. 2003. “Politische Kommunikation unter Wirklichkeitsverdacht: der virtuelle Parteitag von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen Baden-Württemberg.” kommunikation@gesellschaft 4: 1–27. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/12807/B5_2003_Westermayer.pdf. Accessed November 25, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Wunsch, Guillaume, Federica Russo, and Michel Mouchart. 2010. “Do We Necessarily Need Longitudinal Data to Infer Causal Relations?” Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 106 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1177/0759106309360114.
   Google Scholar
• Xenos, Michael, Ariadne Vromen, and Brian D. Loader. 2014. “The Great Equalizer? Patterns of Social Media use and Youth Political Engagement in Three Advanced Democracies.” Information, Communication & Society 17 (2): 151–167. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2013.871318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yerlikaya, Turgay, and Seca Toker. 2020. “Social Media and Fake News in the Post-Truth Era: The Manipulation of Politics in the Election Process.” Insight Turkey, 177–196. doi:10.25253/99.2020222.11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker, Lynne G. 1987. “Institutional Theories of Organization.” Annual Review of Sociology 13: 443–464. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.13.080187.002303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar