Consequences of criminalisation: the Dutch khat market before and after the ban

References

• Anderson, S.M., Beckerleg, S., Hailu, D., & Klein, A. (2007). The khat controversy: stimulating the drug debate. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Bongard, S., Nakajima, M., & Al’absi, M. (2015). Khat chewing and acculturation in East-African migrants living in Frankfurt am Main/Germany. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 164, 223–228. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier, N. (2005). The need for speed: contrasting timeframes in the social life of Kenyan miraa. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 75, 539–558. doi:10.3366/afr.2005.75.4.539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caulkins, J.P., & Reuter, P. (2010). How drug enforcement affects drug prices. Crime and Justice, 39, 13–271. doi:10.1086/652386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jonge, C.M., & Van der Veen, C. (2011). Khatgebruik onder Somaliërs in Nederland. (Khat use among Somali in the Netherlands). Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2016). European drug report 2016: Trends and developments. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
   Google Scholar
• Feigin, A., Higgs, P., Hellard, M., & Dietze, P. (2012). The impact of khat use on East African communities in Melbourne: a preliminary investigation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31, 288–293. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00312.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson, K. (2005). A new drug khatastrophe: khat and Somali Canadians. In A. Howell (Ed.), Governance and global (dis)orders: trends, transformations and impasses (pp. 243–247). Toronto: centre for international security studies, York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, P., Gossop, M., Wickenden, S., Dunworth, J., Hariis, K., & Lloyd, C. (1997). A transcultural pattern of drug use: qat (khat) in the UK. Br J Psychiatry, 170, 281–284. doi:10.1192/bjp.170.3.281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, P. (2013). Khat, governance and political identity among diaspora returnees to Somaliland. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39, 143–159. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2012.711060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassim, S., Dalsania, A., Nordgren, J., & Hulbert, J. (2015). Before the ban-an exploratory study of a local khat market in East London, U.K. Harm Reduction Journal, 12, 19.. doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0048-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killias, M., Isenring, G.L., Gilléron, G., & Vuille, J. (2011). Do drug policies affect cannabis markets? A natural experiment in Switzerland, 2000-10. European Journal of Criminology, 8, 171–186. doi:10.1177/1477370811401546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A. (2008). Khat in the neighbourhood-local government responses to khat use in a London community. Subst Use Misuse, 43, 819–831. doi:10.1080/10826080701738976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A. (2013). The Khat ban in the UK: what about the ‘scientific’ evidence? Anthropology Today, 29, 6–8. doi:10.1111/1467-8322.12057
   Google Scholar
• Klein, A., Beckerleg, S., & Hailu, D. (2009). Regulating khat-dilemmas and opportunities for the international drug control system. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20, 509–513. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A., & Metaal, P. (2010). A good chew or good riddance-how to move forward in the regulation of khat consumption. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 132, 584–589. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A., Metaal, P., & Jelsma, M. (2012). Chewing over khat prohibition. The globalisation of control and regulation of an ancient stimulant. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Korf, D.J., Nabben, T., & Wouters, M. (2015). Evaluatie khatverbod. (Evaluation ban on khat). Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Nencini, P., Grassi, M.C., Botan, A.A., Asseyr, A.F., & Paroli, E. (1989). Khat chewing spread to the Somali community in Rome. Drug Alcohol Depend, 23, 255–258. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(89)90089-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgren, J. (2013). The moral entrepreneurship of anti-khat campaigners in Sweden – a critical discourse analysis. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 13, 20–27. doi:10.1108/17459261311310817
   Google Scholar
• Odenwald, M., Warfa, N., Bhui, K., & Elbert, T. (2010). The stimulant khat-another door in the wall? A call for overcoming the barriers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 132, 615–619. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, S., Wright, S., & Gammampila, A. (2005). Khat use among Somalis in four English cities. London: Home Office.
   Google Scholar
• Pennings, E.J.M., Opperhuizen, A., & van Amsterdam, J.G.C. (2008). 'Risk assessment of khat use in the Netherlands. A review based on adverse health effects, prevalence, criminal involvement and public order.' Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 52, 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, H.A., & Reuter, P. (2014). Does tougher enforcement make drugs more expensive? Addiction, 109, 1959–1966. doi:10.1111/add.12497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rätsch, C. (1988). Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. (Encyclopedia of psychoactive plants) Aarau (Switzerland): AT Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Reuter, P., & Kleiman, M.A.R., (1986). Risks and prices: an economic analysis of drug enforcement. In: M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds). Crime and Justice: a review of research (Vol. 7). Chicago: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Reuter, P., & Trautmann, F. (2009). A report on global illicit drug markets 1998–2007. Utrecht: Trimbos-Institute/Rand.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, S., & Williams, T. (2013). Khat (Catha edulis): A systematic review of evidence and literature to its harms to UK users and society. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 0, 1–25. doi:10.1177/2050324513498332
   Google Scholar
• Van Heelsum, A.J. (2011). Somaliërs in Nederland. (Somalis in the Netherlands). The Hague: Ministry of Home Affairs (BZK).
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2006). Assessment of khat (Chata Edulis Forsk). Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar