1,060
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Conflict Trajectories and Education: Gender-Disaggregated Evidence from India

Pages 320-338 | Received 12 Sep 2022, Accepted 29 Dec 2022, Published online: 12 Jan 2023

References

  • Akresh, R., and D. de Walque. 2008. Armed Conflict and Schooling: Evidence from the 1994 Rwandan Genocide (Working Paper No. 4606). Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Anderson, K., E. King, and Y. Wang. 2003. “Market Returns, Transfers and Demand for Schooling in Malaysia, 1976-89.” The Journal of Development Studies 39 (3): 1–28. doi:10.1080/00220380412331322801.
  • Bang, H., and J. M. Robins. 2005. “Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models.” Biometrics 61 (4): 962–973. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x.
  • Bertoni, E., M. De Maio, V. Molini, and R. Nistico. 2019. “Education is Forbidden: The Effect of the Boko Haram Conflict on Education in North-East Nigeria.” Journal of Development Economics 141: 102249. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.06.007.
  • Blattman, C., and J. Annan. 2010. “The Consequences of Child Soldiering.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 92 (4): 882–898. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00036.
  • Borooah, V. K. 2012. “Social Identity and Educational Attainment: The Role of Caste and Religion in Explaining Differences Between Children in India.” The Journal of Development Studies 48 (7): 887–903. doi:10.1080/00220388.2011.621945.
  • Bownas, R. 2003. “The Nepalese Maoist Movement in Comparative Perspective: Learning From the History of Naxalism in India.” Himalaya, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies 23: 31–38.
  • Bruck, T., M. Di Maio, and S. Miaari. 2019. “Learning the Hard Way: The Effect of Violent Conflict on Student Academic Achievement.” Journal of the European Economic Association 17 (5): 1502–1537. doi:10.1093/jeea/jvy051.
  • Buvinic, M., M. Das Gupta, U. Casabonne, and P. Verwimp. 2013. “Violent Conflict and Gender Inequality: An Overview.” The World Bank Research Observer 28 (1): 110–138.
  • Caliendo, M., and S. Kopeinig. 2008. “Some Practical Guidance for the Implementation of Propensity Score Matching.” Journal of Economic Surveys 221 (1): 31–72. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x.
  • Chamarbagwala, R., and H. E. Morán. 2011. “The Human Capital Consequences of Civil War: Evidence from Guatemala.” Journal of Development Economics 94 (1): 41–61. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.005.
  • Corral, P., A. Irwin, N. Krishnan, D. Mahler, and T. Vishwanath. 2020. On the Front Lines of the Fight Against Poverty. Washington DC: World Bank.
  • Dabalen, A. L., and S. Paul. 2014. “Estimating the Effects of Conflict on Education in Côte d’Ivoire.” The Journal of Development Studies 50 (12): 1631–1646. doi:10.1080/00220388.2014.959501.
  • Das, R. 2017. “Social Movements and State Repression in India.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 52 (8): 1080–1102.
  • Desai, S., and R. Vanneman. 2017. India Human Development Survey. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. 2017-05-26. doi:10.3886/ICPSR36151.v5.
  • Di Maio, M., and T. Nandi. 2013. “The Effect of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict on Child Labor and School Attendance in the West Bank.” Journal of Development Economics 100 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.08.007.
  • Diwakar, V. 2015. “The Effect of Armed Conflict on Education: Evidence from Iraq.” The Journal of Development Studies 51 (12): 1702–1718. doi:10.1080/00220388.2015.1056786.
  • Diwakar, V. (2021). ”Armed conflict, poverty and education in Naxal-affected areas of India: Gendered impacts and intersecting pathways.” ( Doctoral thesis). doi:10.17863/CAM.77552.
  • EFA. (2011). The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education. EFA Global Monitoring Report. France: UNESCO Publishing.
  • Eynde, O. V., J. Hansen-Lewis, A. Wright, and J. Shapiro. 2015. “Connecting the Red Corridor: Infrastructure Development in Conflict Zones.” IGC Working Paper.
  • Gurr, T. R. 1970. Why men rebel. New York: Princeton University Press.
  • Hart, J. 2001. “Conflict in Nepal and Its Impact on Children.” a Discussion Document Prepared For. Oxford: UNICEF Regional Office South Asia, Refugee Studies Centre.
  • Heckman, J., R. LaLonde, and J. Smith. 1999. “The Economics and Econometrics of Active Labor Market Programs.” In Handbook of Labor Economics, edited by O. Ashenfelter and D. Card, 1865–2097. Vol. III. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Holmes, J. 2003. “Measuring the Determinants of School Completion in Pakistan: Analysis of Censoring and Selection Bias.” Economics of Education Review 22 (3): 249–264. doi:10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00024-9.
  • Horowitz, D. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • HRW. 2008. Dangerous Duty: Children and the Chhattisgarh Conflict. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • HRW. 2009. Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of Schools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States. New York: Human Rights Watch.
  • Islam, A., C. Ouch, R. Smyth, and L. Wang. 2016. “The Long-Term Effects of Civil Conflicts on Education, Earnings, and Fertility: Evidence from Cambodia.” Journal of Comparative Economics 44 (3): 800–820. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2015.05.001.
  • Jones, A., and R. Naylor. 2014. The Quantitative Impact of Armed Conflict on Education: Counting the Human and Financial Costs. UK: CfBT Education Trust.
  • Justino, P. 2009. “Poverty and Violent Conflict: A Micro-Level Perspective on the Causes and Duration of Warfare.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (3): 315–333. doi:10.1177/0022343309102655.
  • Justino, P. 2012. “Violent conflict and human capital accumulation.” In Elgar Handbook of Civil War and Fragile States, edited by G. Brown and A. Langer, 187–200. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltds.
  • Justino, P. 2016. “Supply and Demand Restrictions to Education in Conflict-Affected Countries: New Research and Future Agendas.” International Journal of Educational Development 47: 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.01.002.
  • Justino, P., and P. Verwimp. 2013. “Poverty Dynamics, Violent Conflict, and Convergence in Rwanda.” Review of Income and Wealth 59 (1): 66–90. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2012.00528.x.
  • Kecmanovic, M. 2013. “The Short-Run Effects of the Croatian War on Education, Employment, and Earnings.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 57 (6): 991–1010. doi:10.1177/0022002712454268.
  • Lai, B., and C. Thyne. 2007. “The Effect of Civil War on Education, 1980—97.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (3): 277–292. doi:10.1177/0022343307076631.
  • Lillard, L., and E. M. King 1984. “Methods for Analyzing Schooling Choice with Household Survey Data”. Report N-1963-AID. The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
  • Mantel, N., and W. Haenszel. 1959. “Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data from Retrospective Studies of Disease.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 22 (4): 719–748.
  • McKay, S., and D. Mazurana. 2004. Where are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives During and After War. Quebec: Rights and Democracy.
  • Menon, N., and Y. van der Meulen Rodgers. 2010. “War and Women’s Work: Evidence from the Conflict in Nepal.” World Bank policy research working paper 5745.
  • Merrouche, O. 2011. “The Long Term Educational Cost of War: Evidence from Landmine Contamination in Cambodia.” The Journal of Development Studies 47 (3): 399–416. doi:10.1080/00220388.2010.485633.
  • Michaelsen, M. M., and P. Salardi. 2020. “Violence, Psychological Stress and Educational Performance During the ‘War on Drug‘ in Mexico.” Journal of Development Economics 143: 102387.
  • Mummolo, J., and E. Peterson. 2017. “Improving the Interpretation of Fixed Effects Regression Results.” Political Science Research and Methods 6 (4): 829–835.
  • Naufal, G., M. Malcolm, and V. Diwakar. 2019. “Armed Conflict and Child Labor: Evidence from Iraq.” Middle East Development Journal 11 (2): 236–250. doi:10.1080/17938120.2019.1672020.
  • Nayak, N. 2008. “Maoists in Nepal and India: Tactical Alliances and Ideological Differences.” Strategic Analysis 32 (3): 459–475. doi:10.1080/09700160802063434.
  • Nguyen, V. C. 2011. “Program Impact Evaluation Using a Matching Method with Panel Data.” Statistics in Medicine 31 (6): 577–588. doi:10.1002/sim.4438.
  • Orazem, P., and E. M. King. 2008. ”Schooling in Developing Countries: The Roles of Supply, Demand and Government Policy”. In Handbook of Development Economics, In T. P. Schultz and J. A. Strauss, edited by, Vol. 4, pp. 3476–3559. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
  • Parks, T., N. Colletta, and B. Oppenheim. 2013. The Contested Corners of Asia: Subnational Conflict and International Development Assistance. California: The Asia Foundation.
  • Pivovarova, M., and E. L. Swee. 2015. “Quantifying the Microeconomic Effects of War Using Panel Data: Evidence from Nepal.” World Development 66: 308–321.
  • Rodriguez, C., and F. Sanchez. 2012. “Armed Conflict Exposure, Human Capital Investments and Child Labor: Evidence from Colombia.” Defense and Peace Economics 23 (2): 161–184. doi:10.1080/10242694.2011.597239.
  • Rosenbaum, P. R., and D. B. Rubin. 1983. “The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.” Biometrika 70 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1093/biomet/70.1.41.
  • Rosenzweig, M., and T. P. Schultz. 1982. “Market Opportunities, Genetic Endowments and Intra-Family Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India.” Journal of Development Economics 72 (4): 808–812.
  • Roy, S., and P. Singh. 2016. “Gender Bias in Education During Conflict: Evidence from Assam.” HiCN working paper 225.
  • Rubin, D. B. 1973. “Matching to Remove Bias in Observational Studies.” Biometrics 29 (1): 159–184. doi:10.2307/2529684.
  • Rubin, D. 1997. “Estimating Causal Effects from Large Data Sets Using Propensity Scores.” Annals of Internal Medicine 21 (27): 757–763. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_2-199710151-00064.
  • Rubin, D. B. 2001. “Using Propensity Scores to Help Design Observational Studies: Application to the Tobacco Litigation.” Health Services & Outcomes Research Methodology 2 (3/4): 169–188. doi:10.1023/A:1020363010465.
  • Sahoo, N. 2015. “Dealing with Maoist Threats: The Development and Governance Conundrum.” ICSSR Journal of Abstracts and Reviews 37 (2): 1–25.
  • SATP. 2017. About SATP. Retrieved from South Asia Terrorism Portal website: http://www.satp.org/about-satp
  • Sen, A. 2015. The Country of First Boys. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Serneels, P., and M. Verporten. 2015. “The Impact of Armed Conflict on Economic Performance: Evidence from Rwanda.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 59 (4): 555–592. doi:10.1177/0022002713515409.
  • Shemyakina, O. 2011. “The Effect of Armed Conflict on Accumulation of Schooling: Results from Tajikistan.” Journal of Development Economics 95 (2): 186–200. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.05.002.
  • Singhal, S., and R. Nilakantan. 2016. “The Economic Effects of a Counterinsurgency Policy in India: A Synthetic Control Analysis.” European Journal of Political Economy 45: 1–17.
  • Singh, P., and O. Shemyakina. 2016. “Gender-Differential Effects of Conflict on Education: The Case of the 1981-1993 Punjab Insurgency.” Economics of Education Review 54: 185–210. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.02.003.
  • Stewart, F., C. Huang, and M. Wang. 2001. “Internal Wars in Developing Countries: An Empirical Overview of Economic and Social Consequences.” In War and Underdevelopment, edited by F. Stewart and V. Fitzgerald, 67–103. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Strauss, J., and D. Thomas. 1995. “Human Resources: Empirical Modeling of Household and Family Decisions.” In Handbook of Development Economics, edited by J. Berhman and T. N. Srinivasan, Vol. 3, part A, p. 1883–2023. Amsterdam: North Holland.
  • Swee, E. 2009. “On War Intensity and Schooling Attainment: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina.” HiCN Working Paper 57.
  • UNESCO. 2010. Education Under Attack 2010 – India. UNESCO. https://www.refworld.org/docid/4b7aa9e02b.html#_ftn429.
  • Vadlamannati, K., and H. Khan (2017). A Duplicitous Revolution? Maoists’ Armed Conflict and Public Goods Provisioning in Rural India (Working paper). doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2894417
  • Valente, C. 2014. “Education and Civil Conflict in Nepal.” The World Bank Economic Review 28 (2): 354–383. doi:10.1093/wber/lht014.
  • Wharton, K., and R. Oyelere. 2011. “Conflict and Its Impact on Educational Accumulation and Enrollment in Colombia: What We Can Learn from Recent IDPs.” IZA Discussion Paper No. 5939.
  • Woodhead, M., P. Dornan, and H. Murray. 2013. What Inequality Means for Children: Evidence from Young Lives. Oxford: Young Lives.