Lower dietary intake of magnesium is associated with more callous–unemotional traits in children

References

• Liu JL, Raine A. The effect of childhood malnutrition on externalizing behavior. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006;18:565–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DB. The link between poor quality nutrition and childhood antisocial behavior: A genetically informative analysis. J. Crim Justice. 2016;44:13–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar BL, Sroufe A, Egeland B, Carlson E. Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: from birth to 16 years. Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12(2):109–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott S, Knapp M, Henderson J, Maughan B. Financial cost of social exclusion: follow up study of antisocial children into adulthood. Br Med J. 2001;323:191–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanti KA. Understanding heterogeneity in conduct disorder: A review of psychophysiological studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;91:4–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick PJ, White SF. Research review: the importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008;49(4):359–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick PJ, Stickle TR, Dandreaux DM, Farrell JM, Kimonis ER. Callous-unemotional traits in predicting the severity and stability of conduct problems and delinquency. J Abnorm Child Pyschol. 2005;33(4):471–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon RJ, Witkiewitz K, Kotler JS. Predictive validity of callous-unemotional traits measured in early adolescence with respect to multiple antisocial outcomes. J Abnorm Psychol. 2010;119(4):752–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardini DA, Fite PJ. Symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and callous-unemotional traits as unique predictors of psychosocial maladjustment in boys: advancing an evidence base for DSM-V. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(11):1134–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimonis ER, Kennealy PJ, Goulter N. Does the self-report inventory of callous-unemotional traits predict recidivism? Psychol Assess. 2016;28(12):1616–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn RE, Byrd AL, Pardini DA. Callous-unemotional traits robustly predict future criminal offending in young men. Law Hum Behav. 2013;37(2):87–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy–A review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68). DOI:10.3390/nu8020068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF. The role of magnesium in neurological disorders. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):730. DOI:10.3390/nu10060730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude RK. Magnesium. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, editor. Modern nutrition in health and disease. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014. 159–175.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Walker DL, Davis M. The role of the amygdala glutamate receptirs in fear learning, fear-potentiated startle, and extinction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002;71:379–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viding E, Fontaine NM, McCrory EJ. Antisocial behaviour in children with and without callous-unemotional traits. J R Soc Med. 2012;105(5):195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes DJ, Brennan J, Dadds MR. Cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and pathways to antisocial behavior. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009;22(4):357–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva VR, Mackey AD, Davis SR, Gregory JF. Vitamin B6. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, editor. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014. p. 341–350.
   Google Scholar
• Seo D, Patrick CJ, Kennealy PJ. Role of serotonin and dopamine system interactions in the neurobiology of impulsive aggression and its comorbidity with other clinical disorders. Aggress Violent Behav. 2008;13(5):383–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Goozen SH, Fairchild G. Neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter correlates in children with antisocial behavior. Horm Behav. 2006;50(4):647–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier A, Ferreira PA, Gonzales JE. Born this way? A review of neurobiological and environmental evidence for the etiology of psychopathy. Personal Neurosci. 2019;2(e8):1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Kuja-Halkola R, Lichtenstein P, D’Onofrio BM, Larsson H. Co-development of ADHD and externalizing behavior from childhood to adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(6):640–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang YH, Zeng BY, Li DJ, et al. Significantly lower serum and hair magnesium levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder than controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;90:134–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Polge A, Pradal-Prat D, Rapin J, Bali JP. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. Magnes Res. 2006;19(1):46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Rapin J, Bali JP. Magnesium VitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(5):545S–548S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Baza F, AlShahawi HA, Zahra S, AbdelHakim RA. Magnesium supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Egyptian J Med Hum Genet. 2016;17(1):63–70.
   Google Scholar
• Strarobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnes Res. 1997;10(2):149–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huss M, Volp A, Stauss-Grabo M. Supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, magnesium and zinc in children seeking medical advice for attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems - an observational cohort study. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9(105). DOI:10.1186/1476-511X-9-105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hambly JL, Francis K, Khan S, et al. Micronutrient therapy for violent and aggressive male youth: An open-label trial. J Child Adol Psychop. 2017;27(9):823–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black LJ, Allen KL, Jacoby P, et al. Low dietary intake of magnesium is associated with increased externalising behaviours in adolescents. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(10):1824–1830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaalberg A, Wielders J, Bulten E, van der Staak C, Wouters A, Nijman H. Relationships of diet-related blood parameters and blood lead levels with psychopathology and aggression in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2016;26(3):196–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs-Smith SM, Guenther PM, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Dodd KW. Americans do not meet federal dietary recommendations. J Nutr. 2010;140(10):1832–1838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Richmond TS, Raine A, Cheney R, Brodkin ES, Gur RC, Gur RE. The Healthy Brains and Behavior study: objectives, design, recruitment, and population coverage. Int J Methods Psychiatr. 2013;22:204–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter SD, Thompson WO, Litaker MS, Guinn CH, Frye FH, Baglio ML, et al. Accuracy of fourth-graders’ dietary recalls of school breakfast and school lunch validated with observations: in-person versus telephone interviews. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2003;35:124–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Horn LV, Gernhofer N, Moag-Stahlberg A, Farris R, Hartmuller G, Lasser VI, et al. Dietary assessment in children using electronic methods: telephones and tape recorders. J Am Diet Assoc. 1990;90:412–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington (VT): University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Frick PJ, Bodin SD, Barry CT. Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children. further development of the psychopathy screening device. Psychol Assess. 2000;12:382–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portnoy J, Raine A, Rudo-Hutt AS, Gao Y, Monk K. Heart rate reactivity, neighborhood disadvantage, and antisocial behavior. Crime Delinquency. 2020;66:1392–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–8226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Lv J, Wang W, Zhang D. Dietary magnesium and calcium intake and risk of depression in the general population: A meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(3):219–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J. Zinc, magnesium, selenium and depression: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):584. DOI:10.3390/nu10050584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle NB, Lawton C, Dye L. The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress- A systematic review. Nutrition. 2017;9(5):429. DOI:10.3390/nu9050429.
   Google Scholar
• Viding E, Blair RJ, Moffitt TE, Plomin R. Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005;46(6):592–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viding E, Jones AP, Frick PJ, Moffitt TE, Plomin R. Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: do callous-unemotional traits matter? Dev Sci. 2008;11(1):17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dackis MN, Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D. Child maltreatment, callous-unemotional traits, and defensive responding in high-risk children: An investigation of emotion-modulated startle response. Dev Psychopathol. 2015;27(4 Pt 2):1527–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merete C, Falcon L M, Tucker K L. Vitamin B6 is associated with depressive symptomatology in Massachusetts elders. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27(3):421–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium-an update. Curr. 2017;13(4):260–278.
   Google Scholar
• Hawes DJ, Price MJ, Dadds MR. Callous-unemotional traits and the treatment of conduct problems in childhood and adolescence: A comprehensive review. Clin Child Fam Pyschol. 2014;17(3):248–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine A, Portnoy J, Liu J, Mahoomed T, Hibbeln JR. Reduction in behavior problems with omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8-16 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(5):509–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulgoni V, Nicholls J, Reed A, et al. Dairy consumption and related nutrient intake in african-American adults and children in the United States: continuing survey of food intakes by individuals 1994-1996, 1998, and the National health And nutrition examination survey 1999-2000. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(2):256–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of U. S. adults. J Nutr. 2003;133(9):2879–2882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar