Antimicrobial peptides as promising antibiotic adjuvants to combat drug-resistant pathogens

References

• Avrahami D, Shai Y. 2004. A new group of antifungal and antibacterial lipopeptides derived from non-membrane active peptides conjugated to palmitic acid. J Biol Chem. 279(13):12277–12285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer AS, Mishra NN, Chen L, Kreiswirth BN, Rubio A, Yang S-J. 2015. Frequency and distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms within mprF in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates and their role in cross-resistance to daptomycin and host defense antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59(8):4930–4937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baym M, Stone LK, Kishony R. 2016. Multidrug evolutionary strategies to reverse antibiotic resistance. Science. 351(6268):aad3292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts JW, Phee LM, Hornsey M, Woodford N, Wareham DW. 2014a. In vitro and in vivo activities of tigecycline-colistin combination therapies against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58(6):3541–3546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts JW, Phee LM, Woodford N, Wareham DW. 2014b. Activity of colistin in combination with tigecycline or rifampicin against multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 33(9):1565–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierbaum G, Sahl HG. 1987. Autolytic system of Staphylococcus simulans 22: influence of cationic peptides on activity of N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase. J Bacteriol. 169(12):5452–5458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair JMA, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJV. 2015. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 13(1):42–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boman HG, Agerberth B, Boman A. 1993. Mechanisms of action on Escherichia coli of cecropin P1 and PR-39, two antibacterial peptides from pig intestine. Infect Immun. 61(7):2978–2984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brogden KA. 2005. Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria? Nat Rev Microbiol. 3(3):238–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush K, Bradford PA. 2019. Interplay between beta-lactamases and new beta-lactamase inhibitors. Nat Rev Microbiol. 17(5):295–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush K, Bradford PA. 2020. Epidemiology of β-lactamase-producing pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 33:e00047-19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capecchi A, Cai X, Personne H, Köhler T, van Delden C, Reymond J-L. 2021. Machine learning designs non-hemolytic antimicrobial peptides. Chem Sci. 12(26):9221–9232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso MH, Orozco RQ, Rezende SB, Rodrigues G, Oshiro KGN, Cândido ES, Franco OL. 2019. Computer-aided design of antimicrobial peptides: are we generating effective drug candidates? Front Microbiol. 10:3097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Mathema B, Chavda KD, DeLeo FR, Bonomo RA, Kreiswirth BN. 2014. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: molecular and genetic decoding. Trends Microbiol. 22(12):686–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu S-K, Chan M-C, Huang L-Y, Lin Y-T, Lin J-C, Lu P-L, Siu LK, Chang F-Y, Yeh K-M. 2017. Tigecycline resistance among carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae: clinical characteristics and expression levels of efflux pump genes. PLOS One. 12(4):e0175140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi H, Lee DG. 2012. Synergistic effect of antimicrobial peptide arenicin-1 in combination with antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria. Res Microbiol. 163(6–7):479–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leeuw E, Li C, Zeng P, Li C, Diepeveen-de Buin M, Lu W-Y, Breukink E, Lu W. 2010. Functional interaction of human neutrophil peptide-1 with the cell wall precursor lipid II. FEBS Lett. 584(8):1543–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson AJ, Purves J, Kamysz W, Rolff J. 2013. Comparing selection on S. aureus between antimicrobial peptides and common antibiotics. PLOS One. 8:e76521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domalaon R, Okunnu O, Zhanel GG, Schweizer F. 2019. Synergistic combinations of anthelmintic salicylanilides oxyclozanide, rafoxanide, and closantel with colistin eradicates multidrug-resistant colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. J Antibiot. 72(8):605–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domalaon R, Zhanel GG, Schweizer F. 2016. Short antimicrobial peptides and peptide scaffolds as promising antibacterial agents. Curr Top Med Chem. 16(11):1217–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubos RJ. 1939. Studies on a bactericidal agent extracted from a soil bacillus: I. preparation of the agent. Its activity in vitro. J Exp Med. 70:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fantner GE, Barbero RJ, Gray DS, Belcher AM. 2010. Kinetics of antimicrobial peptide activity measured on individual bacterial cells using high-speed atomic force microscopy. Nat Nanotechnol. 5(4):280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. 2009. Antibiotics for emerging pathogens. Science. 325(5944):1089–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjell CD, Hiss JA, Hancock REW, Schneider G. 2011. Designing antimicrobial peptides: form follows function. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 11(1):37–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan BH, Gaynord J, Rowe SM, Deingruber T, Spring DR. 2021. The multifaceted nature of antimicrobial peptides: current synthetic chemistry approaches and future directions. Chem Soc Rev. 50:7820–7880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Del Prete MS, Paggi AM, D'Errico MM, Scalise G. 2000. Combination studies between polycationic peptides and clinically used antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Peptides. 21(8):1155–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacometti A, Cirioni O, Kamysz W, D'Amato G, Silvestri C, Licci A, Nadolski P, Riva A, Lukasiak J, Scalise G. 2005. In vitro activity of MSI-78 alone and in combination with antibiotics against bacteria responsible for bloodstream infections in neutropenic patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 26(3):235–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf M, Mardirossian M, Nguyen F, Seefeldt AC, Guichard G, Scocchi M, Innis CA, Wilson DN. 2017. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides targeting protein synthesis. Nat Prod Rep. 34(7):702–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grein F, Schneider T, Sahl H-G. 2019. Docking on lipid II-a widespread mechanism for potent bactericidal activities of antibiotic peptides. J Mol Biol. 431(18):3520–3530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta K, Singh S, van Hoek ML. 2015. Short, synthetic cationic peptides have antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis by forming pores in membrane and synergizing with antibiotics. Antibiotics. 4(3):358–378.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes AH, Moore LS, Sundsfjord A, Steinbakk M, Regmi S, Karkey A, Guerin PJ, Piddock LJ. 2016. Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance. Lancet. 387(10014):176–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Hao D, Chen Y, Xu Y, Tan J, Huang Y, Li F, Chen Y. 2011. Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of physiological conditions on the activity of enantiomeric forms of an α-helical antibacterial peptide against bacteria. Peptides. 32(7):1488–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain W. 2022. sAMP-PFPDeep: improving accuracy of short antimicrobial peptides prediction using three different sequence encodings and deep neural networks. Brief Bioinform. 23:bbab487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyun S, Choi Y, Jo D, Choo S, Park TW, Park SJ, Kim S, Lee S, Park S, Jin SM, et al. 2020. Proline hinged amphipathic alpha-helical peptide sensitizes Gram-negative bacteria to various Gram-positive antibiotics. J Med Chem. 63(23):14937–14950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamovic L, Sommer MOA. 2013. Use of collateral sensitivity networks to design drug cycling protocols that avoid resistance development. Sci Transl Med. 5(204):204ra132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahangiri A, Neshani A, Mirhosseini SA, Ghazvini K, Zare H, Sedighian H. 2021. Synergistic effect of two antimicrobial peptides, nisin and P10 with conventional antibiotics against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Microb Pathog. 150:104700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jangir PK, Ogunlana L, MacLean RC. 2021. Evolutionary constraints on the acquisition of antimicrobial peptide resistance in bacterial pathogens. Trends Microbiol. 29(12):1058–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenssen H, Hamill P, Hancock REW. 2006. Peptide antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 19(3):491–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhong J-H, Yao L, Pang Y, Li Z, Chung C-R, Wang R, Li S, Li W, Luo M, Ma R, et al. 2022. dbAMP 2.0: updated resource for antimicrobial peptides with an enhanced scanning method for genomic and proteomic data. Nucleic Acids Res. 50(D1):D460–D470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Z, Vasil AI, Hale JD, Hancock REW, Vasil ML, Hodges RS. 2008. Effects of net charge and the number of positively charged residues on the biological activity of amphipathic alpha-helical cationic antimicrobial peptides. Biopolymers. 90(3):369–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khara JS, Wang Y, Ke X-Y, Liu S, Newton SM, Langford PR, Yang YY, Ee PLR. 2014. Anti-mycobacterial activities of synthetic cationic α-helical peptides and their synergism with rifampicin. Biomaterials. 35(6):2032–2038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim EY, Rajasekaran G, Shin SY. 2017. LL-37-derived short antimicrobial peptide KR-12-a5 and its d-amino acid substituted analogs with cell selectivity, anti-biofilm activity, synergistic effect with conventional antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory activity. Eur J Med Chem. 136:428–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintses B, Méhi O, Ari E, Számel M, Györkei Á, Jangir PK, Nagy I, Pál F, Fekete G, Tengölics R, et al. 2019. Phylogenetic barriers to horizontal transfer of antimicrobial peptide resistance genes in the human gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol. 4(3):447–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Hayete B, Lawrence CA, Collins JJ. 2007. A Common mechanism of cellular death induced by bactericidal antibiotics. Cell. 130(5):797–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosowska-Shick K, McGhee PL, Appelbaum PC. 2010. Affinity of ceftaroline and other beta-lactams for penicillin-binding proteins from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 54(5):1670–1677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaraswamy M, Lin L, Olson J, Sun C-F, Nonejuie P, Corriden R, Döhrmann S, Ali SR, Amaro D, Rohde M, et al. 2016. Standard susceptibility testing overlooks potent azithromycin activity and cationic peptide synergy against MDR Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 71(5):1264–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen J, Raisen CL, Ba X, Sadgrove NJ, Padilla-González GF, Simmonds MSJ, Loncaric I, Kerschner H, Apfalter P, Hartl R, et al. 2022. Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics. Nature. 602(7895):135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lázár V, Martins A, Spohn R, Daruka L, Grézal G, Fekete G, Számel M, Jangir PK, Kintses B, Csörgő B, et al. 2018. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria show widespread collateral sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides. Nat Microbiol. 3(6):718–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzaro BP, Zasloff M, Rolff J. 2020. Antimicrobial peptides: application informed by evolution. Science. 368:eaau5480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewies A, Du Plessis LH, Wentzel JF. 2019. Antimicrobial peptides: the achilles’ heel of antibiotic resistance? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 11(2):370–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewies A, Wentzel JF, Jordaan A, Bezuidenhout C, Du Plessis LH. 2017. Interactions of the antimicrobial peptide nisin Z with conventional antibiotics and the use of nanostructured lipid carriers to enhance antimicrobial activity. Int J Pharm. 526(1–2):244–253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Q, Cebrián R, Montalbán-López M, Ren H, Wu W, Kuipers OP. 2021. Outer-membrane-acting peptides and lipid II-targeting antibiotics cooperatively kill Gram-negative pathogens. Commun Biol. 4(1):31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, Nonejuie P, Munguia J, Hollands A, Olson J, Dam Q, Kumaraswamy M, Rivera H, Corriden R, Rohde M, et al. 2015. Azithromycin synergizes with cationic antimicrobial peptides to exert bactericidal and therapeutic activity against highly multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. EBioMedicine. 2(7):690–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister PD, Wolter DJ, Hanson ND. 2009. Antibacterial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical impact and complex regulation of chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 22(4):582–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y-Y, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi L-X, Zhang R, Spencer J, Doi Y, Tian G, Dong B, Huang X, et al. 2016. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 16(2):161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Jia Y, Yang K, Li R, Xiao X, Wang Z. 2020. Antagonizing vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus by surface localized antimicrobial display-derived peptides. ACS Infect Dis. 6(5):761–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Li R, Xiao X, Wang Z. 2019a. Antibiotic adjuvants: an alternative approach to overcome multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol. 45(3):301–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Li R, Xiao X, Wang Z. 2019b. Molecules that inhibit bacterial resistance enzymes. Molecules. 24:43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Shi J, Tong Z, Jia Y, Yang B, Wang Z. 2021a. The revitalization of antimicrobial peptides in the resistance era. Pharmacol Res. 163:105276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Tong Z, Shi J, Li R, Upton M, Wang Z. 2021b. Drug repurposing for next-generation combination therapies against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Theranostics. 11(10):4910–4928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Yang K, Jia Y, Wang Z. 2019c. Repurposing peptidomimetic as potential inhibitor of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. ACS Infect Dis. 5(12):2061–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM, Warner M, Mushtaq S. 2013. Activity of MK-7655 combined with imipenem against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 68(10):2286–2290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNair CR, Stokes JM, Carfrae LA, Fiebig-Comyn AA, Coombes BK, Mulvey MR, Brown ED. 2018. Overcoming mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance with colistin in combination with other antibiotics. Nat Commun. 9(1):458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magana M, Pushpanathan M, Santos AL, Leanse L, Fernandez M, Ioannidis A, Giulianotti MA, Apidianakis Y, Bradfute S, Ferguson AL, et al. 2020. The value of antimicrobial peptides in the age of resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 20(9):e216–e230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mataraci E, Dosler S. 2012. In vitro activities of antibiotics and antimicrobial cationic peptides alone and in combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56(12):6366–6371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzaei R, Alikhani MY, Arciola CR, Sedighi I, Yousefimashouf R, Bagheri KP. 2022. Prevention, inhibition, and degradation effects of melittin alone and in combination with vancomycin and rifampin against strong biofilm producer strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biomed Pharmacother. 147:112670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mookherjee N, Anderson MA, Haagsman HP, Davidson DJ. 2020. Antimicrobial host defence peptides: functions and clinical potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 19(5):311–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CJL, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, Han C, Bisignano C, Rao P, Wool E, et al. 2022. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 399:629–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuding S, Frasch T, Schaller M, Stange EF, Zabel LT. 2014. Synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics against Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58(10):5719–5725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otvos L, Ostorhazi E, Szabo D, Zumbrun SD, Miller LL, Halasohoris SA, Desai PD, Int Veldt SM, Kraus CN. 2018. Synergy between proline-rich antimicrobial peptides and small molecule antibiotics against selected Gram-negative pathogens in vitro and in vivo. Frontiers Chem. 6:309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL. 2006. How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 5(12):993–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papareddy P, Kalle M, Sørensen OE, Malmsten M, Mörgelin M, Schmidtchen A. 2013. The TFPI-2 derived peptide EDC34 improves outcome of Gram-negative sepsis. PLOS Pathog. 9(12):e1003803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park GC, Choi JA, Jang SJ, Jeong SH, Kim C-M, Choi IS, Kang SH, Park G, Moon DS. 2016. In vitro interactions of antibiotic combinations of colistin, tigecycline, and doripenem against extensively drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Ann Lab Med. 36(2):124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfalzgraff A, Brandenburg K, Weindl G. 2018. Antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential for bacterial skin infections and wounds. Front Pharmacol. 9:281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirtskhalava M, Amstrong AA, Grigolava M, Chubinidze M, Alimbarashvili E, Vishnepolsky B, Gabrielian A, Rosenthal A, Hurt DE, Tartakovsky M. 2021. DBAASP v3: database of antimicrobial/cytotoxic activity and structure of peptides as a resource for development of new therapeutics. Nucleic Acids Res. 49(D1):D288–D297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pletzer D, Mansour SC, Hancock REW. 2018. Synergy between conventional antibiotics and anti-biofilm peptides in a murine, sub-cutaneous abscess model caused by recalcitrant ESKAPE pathogens. PLOS Pathog. 14(6):e1007084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radzishevsky IS, Rotem S, Zaknoon F, Gaidukov L, Dagan A, Mor A. 2005. Effects of acyl versus aminoacyl conjugation on the properties of antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49(6):2412–2420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rishi P, Preet Singh A, Garg N, Rishi M. 2014. Evaluation of nisin-β-lactam antibiotics against clinical strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. J Antibiot. 67(12):807–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Rojas A, Makarova O, Rolff J. 2014. Antimicrobials, stress and mutagenesis. PLOS Pathog. 10(10):e1004445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudilla H, Fusté E, Cajal Y, Rabanal F, Vinuesa T, Viñas M. 2016. Synergistic antipseudomonal effects of synthetic peptide AMP38 and carbapenems. Molecules. 21:1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass V, Schneider T, Wilmes M, Körner C, Tossi A, Novikova N, Shamova O, Sahl H-G. 2010. Human beta-defensin 3 inhibits cell wall biosynthesis in Staphylococci. Infect Immun. 78(6):2793–2800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra JM, Fusté E, Rabanal F, Vinuesa T, Viñas M. 2017. An overview of antimicrobial peptides and the latest advances in their development. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 17(6):663–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva L, Araújo MT, Santos K, Nunes APF. 2011. Evaluation of the synergistic potential of vancomycin combined with other antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 106(1):44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Son SJ, Huang R, Squire CJ, Leung IKH. 2019. MCR-1: a promising target for structure-based design of inhibitors to tackle polymyxin resistance. Drug Discov Today. 24(1):206–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song M, Liu Y, Huang X, Ding S, Wang Y, Shen J, Zhu K. 2020. A broad-spectrum antibiotic adjuvant reverses multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Nat Microbiol. 5(8):1040–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soren O, Brinch KS, Patel D, Liu Y, Liu A, Coates A, Hu Y. 2015. Antimicrobial peptide novicidin synergizes with rifampin, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime against antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 59(10):6233–6240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spohn R, Daruka L, Lazar V, Martins A, Vidovics F, Grezal G, Mehi O, Kintses B, Szamel M, Jangir PK, et al. 2019. Integrated evolutionary analysis reveals antimicrobial peptides with limited resistance. Nat Commun. 10(1):4538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan P, Fu H, Ma X. 2021. Design, optimization, and nanotechnology of antimicrobial peptides: from exploration to applications. Nano Today. 39:101229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyers M, Wright GD. 2019. Drug combinations: a strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century. Nat Rev Microbiol. 17:141–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Boeckel TP, Pires J, Silvester R, Zhao C, Song J, Criscuolo NG, Gilbert M, Bonhoeffer S, Laxminarayan R. 2019. Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries. Science. 365:eaaw1944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Harten RM, van Woudenbergh E, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. 2018. Cathelicidins: immunomodulatory antimicrobials. Vaccines. 6:63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TR, Weeks J, Livermore DM, Toleman MA. 2011. Dissemination of NDM-1 positive bacteria in the New Delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study. Lancet Infect Dis. 11(5):355–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Li X, Wang Z. 2016. APD3: the antimicrobial peptide database as a tool for research and education. Nucleic Acids Res. 44(D1):D1087–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods LC, Gorrell RJ, Taylor F, Connallon T, Kwok T, McDonald MJ. 2020. Horizontal gene transfer potentiates adaptation by reducing selective constraints on the spread of genetic variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117(43):26868–26875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright GD. 2016. Antibiotic adjuvants: rescuing antibiotics from resistance. Trends Microbiol. 24(11):862–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Li Z, Li X, Tian Y, Fan Y, Yu C, Zhou B, Liu Y, Xiang R, Yang L. 2017. Synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptide DP7 combined with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Drug Des Devel Ther. 11:939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Y, Cebrián R, Xu C, Jong A, Wu W, Kuipers OP. 2021. Elucidating the mechanism by which synthetic helper peptides sensitize Pseudomonas aeruginosa to multiple antibiotics. PLOS Pathog. 17(9):e1009909–e1009909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xian W, Hennefarth MR, Lee MW, Do T, Lee EY, Alexandrova AN, Wong GCL. 2022. Histidine-mediated ion specific effects enable salt tolerance of a pore-forming marine antimicrobial peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed. 61(25):e202108501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan J, Bhadra P, Li A, Sethiya P, Qin L, Tai HK, Wong KH, Siu SWI. 2020. Deep-AmPEP30: improve short antimicrobial peptides prediction with deep learning. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 20:882–894.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yenugu S, Narmadha G. 2010. The human male reproductive tract antimicrobial peptides of the HE2 family exhibit potent synergy with standard antibiotics. J Pept Sci. 16:337–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu G, Baeder DY, Regoes RR, Rolff J. 2018. Predicting drug resistance evolution: insights from antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics. Proc Biol Sci. 285:20172687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q-Y, Yan Z-B, Meng Y-M, Hong X-Y, Shao G, Ma J-J, Cheng X-R, Liu J, Kang J, Fu C-Y. 2021. Antimicrobial peptides: mechanism of action, activity and clinical potential. Mil Med Res. 8:48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zharkova MS, Orlov DS, Golubeva OY, Chakchir OB, Eliseev IE, Grinchuk TM, Shamova OV. 2019. Application of antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system in combination with conventional antibiotics-a novel way to combat antibiotic resistance? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 9:128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Hao W, Wang X, Ouyang J, Deng X, Yu H, Wang Y. 2022. Antimicrobial peptides, conventional antibiotics, and their synergistic utility for the treatment of drug-resistant infections. Med Res Rev. 42(4):1377–1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zusman O, Avni T, Leibovici L, Adler A, Friberg L, Stergiopoulou T, Carmeli Y, Paul M. 2013. Systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro synergy of polymyxins and carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57(10):5104–5111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar