4,705
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Exploring halophilic environments as a source of new antibiotics

ORCID Icon &
Pages 341-370 | Received 16 Sep 2022, Accepted 25 Mar 2023, Published online: 20 Apr 2023

References

  • Abed RMM, Dobrestov S, Al-Kharusi S, Schramm A, Jupp B, Golubic S. 2011. Cyanobacterial diversity and bioactivity of inland hypersaline microbial mats from a desert stream in the Sultanate of Oman. Fottea. 11(1):215–224.
  • Abed RMM, Dobretsov S, Al-Fori M, Gunasekera SP, Sudesh K, Paul VJ. 2013. Quorum-sensing inhibitory compounds from extremophilic microorganisms isolated from a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 40(7):759–772.
  • Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 215(3):403–410.
  • Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH. 1995. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev. 59(1):143–169.
  • Aminov RI. 2010. A brief history of the antibiotic era: lessons learned and challenges for the future. Front Microbiol. 1:134.
  • Atanasova NS, Pietila MK, Oksanen HM. 2013. Diverse antimicrobial interactions of halophilic archaea and bacteria extend over geographical distances and cross the domain barrier. Microbiologyopen. 2(5):811–825.
  • Baati H, Guermazi S, Amdouni R, Gharsallah N, Sghir A, Ammar E. 2008. Prokaryotic diversity of a Tunisian multipond solar saltern. Extremophiles. 12(4):505–518.
  • Bakour S, Sankar SA, Rathored J, Biagini P, Raoult D, Fournier PE. 2016. Identification of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance markers using bacterial genomics. Future Microbiol. 11(3):455–466.
  • Ballav S, Kerkar S, Thomas S, Augustine N. 2015. Halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes from a marine saltern of Goa, India producing anti-bacterial metabolites. J Biosci Bioeng. 119(3):323–330. [doi].
  • Baltz RH. 2007. Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes: back to the future. Microbe. 2:125–131.
  • Basilio A, González I, Vicente MF, Gorrochategui J, Cabello A, González A, Genilloud O. 2003. Patterns of antimicrobial activities from soil actinomycetes isolated under different conditions of pH and salinity. J Appl Microbiol. 95(4):814–823.
  • Bentley SD, Chater KF, Cerdeño-Tárraga A-M, Challis GL, Thomson NR, James KD, Harris DE, Quail MA, Kieser H, Harper D, et al. 2002. Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Nature. 417(6885):141–147.
  • Bérdy J. 2005. Bioactive microbial metabolites. J Antibiot. 58(1):1–26. .
  • Bérdy J. 2015. Microorganisms producing antibiotics. In: Sanchez S, Demain AL, editors. Antibiot Curr Innov Futur trends. Norfolk (UK): Caister Academic Press; p. 49–64.
  • Bhargava N, Sharma P, Capalash N. 2010. Quorum sensing in Acinetobacter: an emerging pathogen. Crit Rev Microbiol. 36(4):349–360.
  • Blin K, Kim HU, Medema MH, Weber T. 2019. Recent development of antiSMASH and other computational approaches to mine secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Brief Bioinform. 20(4):1103–1113.
  • Blin K, Pascal Andreu V, de Los Santos ELC, Del Carratore F, Lee SY, Medema MH, Weber T. 2019. The antiSMASH database version 2: a comprehensive resource on secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Nucleic Acids Res. 47(D1):D625–D630.
  • Blum P. 2008. Archaea: new models for prokaryotic biology. Norwich: Horizon Scientific Press.
  • Boubetra D, Sabaou N, Zitouni A, Bijani C, Lebrihi A, Mathieu F. 2013. Taxonomy and chemical characterization of new antibiotics produced by Saccharothrix SA198 isolated from a Saharan soil. Microbiol Res. 168(4):223–230.
  • Brady SF, Chao CJ, Handelsman J, Clardy J. 2001. Cloning and heterologous expression of a natural product biosynthetic gene cluster from eDNA. Org Lett. 3(13):1981–1984.
  • Brown ED. 2013. Is the GAIN Act a turning point in new antibiotic discovery? Can J Microbiol. 59(3):153–156.
  • Brown ED, Wright GD. 2016. Antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era. Nature. 529(7586):336–343.
  • Buchanan GO, Williams PG, Feling RH, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. 2005. Sporolides A and B: structurally unprecedented halogenated macrolides from the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica. Org Lett. 7(13):2731–2734.
  • Buchfink B, Xie C, Huson DH. 2015. Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nat Methods. 12(1):59–60.
  • Bud R. 2007. Antibiotics: the epitome of a wonder drug. BMJ. 334(Suppl 1):s6–s6.
  • Bull AT. 2011. Actinobacteria of the extremobiosphere. In: Horikoshi K, editor. Extremophiles handbook. Tokyo: Springer; p. 1203–1240.
  • Bull AT, Asenjo JA. 2013. Microbiology of hyper-arid environments: recent insights from the Atacama Desert, Chile. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 103(6):1173–1179.
  • Bull AT, Ward AC, Goodfellow M. 2000. Search and discovery strategies for biotechnology: the paradigm shift. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 64(3):573–606.
  • Busarakam K, Bull AT, Girard G, Labeda DP, Van Wezel GP, Goodfellow M. 2014. Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii sp. nov., the producer of chaxalactins and chaxamycins, forms a distinct branch in Streptomyces gene trees. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 105(5):849–861.
  • Busetti A, Shaw G, Megaw J, Gorman SP, Maggs CA, Gilmore BF. 2014. Marine-derived quorum-sensing inhibitory activities enhance the antibacterial efficacy of tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mar Drugs. 13(1):1–28.
  • Bussi C, Gutierrez MG. 2019. Antibiotic dialogues: induction of silent biosynthetic gene clusters by exogenous small molecules. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 43(4):341–361.
  • Butler MS, Blaskovich MA, Cooper MA. 2017. Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline at the end of 2015. J Antibiot. 70(1):3–24.
  • Challis GL. 2008. Mining microbial genomes for new natural products and biosynthetic pathways. Microbiology. 154(Pt 6):1555–1569.
  • Challis GL, Ravel J. 2000. Coelichelin, a new peptide siderophore encoded by the Streptomyces coelicolor genome: structure prediction from the sequence of its non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 187(2):111–114.
  • Charan RD, Schlingmann G, Janso J, Bernan V, Feng X, Carter GT. 2004. Diazepinomicin, a new antimicrobial alkaloid from a marine Micromonospora sp. J Nat Prod. 67(8):1431–1433.
  • Charlop-Powers Z, Pregitzer CC, Lemetre C, Ternei MA, Maniko J, Hover BM, Calle PY, McGuire KL, Garbarino J, Forgione HM, et al. 2016. Urban park soil microbiomes are a rich reservoir of natural product biosynthetic diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(51):14811–14816.
  • Chen D, Feng J, Huang L, Zhang Q, Wu J, Zhu X, Duan Y, Xu Z. 2014. Identification and characterization of a new erythromycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Actinopolyspora erythraea YIM90600, a novel erythronolide-producing halophilic actinomycete isolated from salt field. PLOS One. 9(9):e108129.
  • Chen L, Wang G, Bu T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu M, Lin X. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis and screening of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from the Weihai Solar Saltern (China). World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 26(5):879–888.
  • Chen Y-G, Cui X-L, Pukall R, Li H-M, Yang Y-L, Xu L-H, Wen M-L, Peng Q, Jiang C-L. 2007. Salinicoccus kunmingensis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt mine in Yunnan, south-west China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 57(Pt 10):2327–2332.
  • Cheung J, Danna KJ, O'Connor EM, Price LB, Shand RF. 1997. Isolation, sequence, and expression of the gene encoding halocin H4, a bacteriocin from the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei R4. J Bacteriol. 179(2):548–551.
  • Chiang Y-M, Szewczyk E, Nayak T, Davidson AD, Sanchez JF, Lo H-C, Ho W-Y, Simityan H, Kuo E, Praseuth A, et al. 2008. Molecular genetic mining of the Aspergillus secondary metabolome: discovery of the emericellamide biosynthetic pathway. Chem Biol. 15(6):527–532.
  • Choi H, Mascuch SJ, Villa FA, Byrum T, Teasdale ME, Smith JE, Preskitt LB, Rowley DC, Gerwick L, Gerwick WH, et al. 2012. Honaucins A-C, potent inhibitors of inflammation and bacterial quorum sensing: synthetic derivatives and structure-activity relationships. Chem Biol. 19(5):589–598.
  • Ciofu O, Giwercman B, Høiby N, Pedersen SS. 1994. Development of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa during two decades of antipseudomonal treatment at the Danish CF Center. APMIS. 102(9):674–680.
  • Clardy J, Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. 2006. New antibiotics from bacterial natural products. Nat Biotechnol. 24(12):1541–1550.
  • Clark BR, Engene N, Teasdale ME, Rowley DC, Matainaho T, Valeriote FA, Gerwick WH. 2008. Natural products chemistry and taxonomy of the marine cyanobacterium Blennothrix cantharidosmum. J Nat Prod. 71(9):1530–1537.
  • Clatworthy AE, Pierson E, Hung DT. 2007. Targeting virulence: a new paradigm for antimicrobial therapy. Nat Chem Biol. 3(9):541–548.
  • Coates ARM, Hu Y. 2007. Novel approaches to developing new antibiotics for bacterial infections. Br. J. Pharmacol. 152(8):1147–1154.
  • Cragg GM, Newman DJ. 2013. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1830(6):3670–3695.
  • Culp EJ, Waglechner N, Wang W, Fiebig-Comyn AA, Hsu Y-P, Koteva K, Sychantha D, Coombes BK, Van Nieuwenhze MS, Brun YV, et al. 2020. Evolution-guided discovery of antibiotics that inhibit peptidoglycan remodelling. Nature. 578(7796):582–587.
  • Czaran TL, Hoekstra RF, Pagie L. 2002. Chemical warfare between microbes promotes biodiversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99(2):786–790.
  • Dall C. 2019. Achaogen bankruptcy raises worry over antibiotic pipeline. CIDRAP News. [cited 2020 Feb 7]. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/04/achaogen-bankruptcy-raises-worry-over-antibiotic-pipeline
  • Davies J. 2006. Where have all the antibiotics gone? Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 17(5):287–290.
  • Dávila-Céspedes A, Hufendiek P, Crüsemann M, Schäberle TF, König GM. 2016. Marine-derived myxobacteria of the suborder Nannocystineae: an underexplored source of structurally intriguing and biologically active metabolites. Beilstein J Org Chem. 12:969–984.
  • Demain AL. 2014. Importance of microbial natural products and the need to revitalize their discovery. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 41(2):185–201.
  • Dhanasekaran D, Rajakumar G, Sivamani P, Selvamani S, Panneerselvam A. 2004. Screening of salt pans actinomycetes for antibacterial agents. Internet J Microbiol. 1:2–5.
  • Dietera A, Hamm A, Fiedler H-P, Goodfellow M, Müller WEG, Brun R, Beil W, Bringmann G. 2003. Pyrocoll, an antibiotic, antiparasitic and antitumor compound produced by a novel alkaliphilic Streptomyces strain. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 56(7):639–646.
  • Dobretsov S, Teplitski M, Alagely A, Gunasekera SP, Paul VJ. 2010. Malyngolide from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula interferes with quorum sensing circuitry. Environ Microbiol Rep. 2(6):739–744.
  • Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. 2006. Assembly-line enzymology for polyketide and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics: logic, machinery, and mechanisms. Chem Rev. 106(8):3468–3496.
  • Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. 2009. Antibiotics for emerging pathogens. Science. 325(5944):1089–1093.
  • Fleming A. 1929. On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol. 10(3):226–236.
  • Friedman D, Alper J. 2014. Challenges in overcoming antibiotic resistance. In: Technological challenges in antibiotic discovery and development. Washington: National Academies Press; p. 7–18. [cited 2020 Feb 7]. www.nap.edu.
  • Gajardo GM, Beardmore JA. 2012. The brine shrimp Artemia: adapted to critical life conditions. Front Physiol. 3:185.
  • Ghanmi F, Carré-Mlouka A, Vandervennet M, Boujelben I, Frikha D, Ayadi H, Peduzzi J, Rebuffat S, Maalej S. 2016. Antagonistic interactions and production of halocin antimicrobial peptides among extremely halophilic prokaryotes isolated from the solar saltern of Sfax, Tunisia. Extremophiles. 20(3):363–374.
  • Gohel SD, Sharma AK, Dangar KG, Thakrar FJ, Singh SP. 2015. Antimicrobial and biocatalytic potential of haloalkaliphilic actinobacteria. In: Halophiles. Cham: Springer; p. 29–55.
  • Gómez-Silva B, Rainey FA, Warren-Rhodes KA, McKay CP, Navarro-González R. 2008. Atacama desert soil microbiology. In: Dion P, editor. Nautiyal CS microbiology of extreme soils. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; p. 117–132.
  • Gottlieb D. 1973. General consideration and implications of the Actinomycetales. Symp Ser Soc Appl Bacteriol. 2:1–10.
  • Gross H. 2007. Strategies to unravel the function of orphan biosynthesis pathways: recent examples and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 75(2):267–277.
  • Guan T-W, Wu N, Xia Z-F, Ruan J-S, Zhang X-P, Huang Y, Zhang L-L. 2011. Saccharopolyspora lacisalsi sp. nov., a novel halophilic actinomycete isolated from a salt lake in Xinjiang, China. Extremophiles. 15(3):373–378.
  • Gunde-Cimerman N, Ramos J, Plemenitaš A. 2009. Halotolerant and halophilic fungi. Mycol Res. 113(Pt 11):1231–1241.
  • Gunde-Cimerman N, Zalar P. 2014. Extremely halotolerant and halophilic fungi inhabit brine in solar salterns around the globe. Food Technol Biotechnol. 52:170–179.
  • Gunde-Cimermana N, Zalarb P, de Hoogc S, Plemenitasd A. 2000. Hypersaline waters in salterns – natural ecological niches for halophilic black yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 32(3):235–240.
  • Hamaki T, Suzuki M, Fudou R, Jojima Y, Kajiura T, Tabuchi A, Sen K, Shibai H. 2005. Isolation of novel bacteria and actinomycetes using soil-extract agar medium. J Biosci Bioeng. 99(5):485–492.
  • Hamedi J, Mohammadipanah F, Ventosa A. 2013. Systematic and biotechnological aspects of halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes. Extremophiles. 17(1):1–13.
  • Hamm JN, Erdmann S, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Angeloni A, Zhong L, Brownlee C, Williams TJ, Barton K, Carswell S, Smith MA, et al. 2019. Unexpected host dependency of Antarctic nanohaloarchaeota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 116(29):14661–14670.
  • Haseltine C, Hill T, Montalvo-Rodriguez R, Kemper SK, Shand RF, Blum P. 2001. Secreted euryarchaeal microhalocins kill hyperthermophilic crenarchaea. J Bacteriol. 183(1):287–291.
  • Herbert RA. 1992. A perspective on the biotechnological potential of extremophiles. Trends Biotechnol. 10(11):395–402.
  • Hong K-W, Koh C-L, Sam C-K, Yin W-F, Chan K-G. 2012. Quorum quenching revisited—from signal decays to signalling confusion. Sensors. 12(4):4661–4696.
  • Hug JJ, Bader CD, Remškar M, Cirnski K, Müller R. 2018. Concepts and methods to access novel antibiotics from actinomycetes. Antibiotics. 7(2):44.
  • Imachi H, Nobu MK, Nakahara N, Morono Y, Ogawara M, Takaki Y, Takano Y, Uematsu K, Ikuta T, Ito M, et al. 2020. Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote-eukaryote interface. Nature. 577(7791):519–525.
  • Imada C, Koseki N, Kamata M, Kobayashi T, Hamada-Sato N. 2007. Isolation and characterization of antibacterial substances produced by marine actinomycetes in the presence of seawater. Actinomycetologica. 21(1):27–31.
  • Imai Y, Meyer KJ, Iinishi A, Favre-Godal Q, Green R, Manuse S, Caboni M, Mori M, Niles S, Ghiglieri M, et al. 2019. A new antibiotic selectively kills gram-negative pathogens. Nature. 576(7787):459–464.
  • Indah H, Putri F, Utama GL. 2015. Preliminary studies of halophilic yeasts antimicrobial activities isolated from cocoa bean pulp towards E. coli and Salmonella spp. Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol. 5(2):107–109.
  • Irshad A, Ahmad I, Kim SB. 2013. Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of halophilic bacteria in foreshore soils. African J Microbiol Res. 7:164–173.
  • Irshad A, Kim SB, Ahmad I. 2014. Culturable diversity of halophilic bacteria in foreshore soils. Braz J Microbiol. 45(2):563–571.
  • Jang KH, Nam S-J, Locke JB, Kauffman CA, Beatty DS, Paul LA, Fenical W. 2013. Anthracimycin, a potent anthrax antibiotic from a marine-derived actinomycete. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 52(30):7822–7824.
  • Jensen PR, Dwight R, Fenical W. 1991. Distribution of actinomycetes in near-shore tropical marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 57(4):1102–1108.
  • Jose PA, Jebakumar SR. 2014. Unexplored hypersaline habitats are sources of novel actinomycetes. Front Microbiol. 5:242.
  • Jose PA, Jebakumar SRD. 2013. Diverse actinomycetes from Indian coastal solar salterns-a resource for antimicrobial screening. J.Pure Appl.Microbiol. 7:2569–2575.
  • Jose PA, Santhi VS, Jebakumar SR. 2011. Phylogenetic-affiliation, antimicrobial potential and PKS gene sequence analysis of moderately halophilic Streptomyces sp. inhabiting an Indian saltpan. J Basic Microbiol. 51(4):348–356.
  • Kaeberlein T, Lewis K, Epstein SS. 2002. Isolating “uncultivable” microorganisms in pure culture in a simulated natural environment. Science. 296(5570):1127–1129.
  • Kamat TK, Kiran S, Kerkar S. 2011. Antimicrobial potential of Bacillus marismortal, a salt pan isolate of Cavellosim, Goa-India. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res. 2:321–328.
  • Kavitha A, Prabhakar P, Vijayalakshmi M, Venkateswarlu Y. 2010. Purification and biological evaluation of the metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. TK-VL_333. Res Microbiol. 161(5):335–345.
  • Kavitha P, Lipton AP, Sarika AR, Aishwarya MS. 2011. Growth characteristics and halocin production by a new isolate, Haloferax volcanii KPS1 from Kovalam solar saltern (India). Res J Biol Sci. 6:257–262.
  • Kessel M, Klink F. 1980. Archaebacterial elongation factor is ADP-ribosylated by diphtheria toxin. Nature. 287(5779):250–251.
  • Khelaifia S, Drancourt M. 2012. Susceptibility of archaea to antimicrobial agents: applications to clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Infect. 18(9):841–848. .
  • Koch C, Høiby N. 2000. Diagnosis and treatment of cystic fibrosis. Respiration. 67(3):239–247.
  • Koehn FE, Carter GT. 2005. The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 4(3):206–220.
  • Kokare CR, Mahadik KR, Kadam SS, Chopade BA. 2004. Isolation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of marine halophilic Actinopolyspora species AH1 from the west coast of India. Curr Sci. 86:593–597.
  • Kovac J, Sneader W. 2006. Chemical education today book & media reviews drug discovery: a history. J Chem Educ. 83(8):1139.
  • Kumar V, Tiwari SK. 2017a. Activity-guided separation and characterization of new halocin HA3 from fermented broth of Haloferax larsenii HA3. Extremophiles. 21(3):609–621.
  • Kumar V, Tiwari SK. 2017b. Halocin HA1: an archaeocin produced by the haloarchaeon Haloferax larsenii HA1. Process Biochem. 61:202–208.
  • Lam KS. 2006. Discovery of novel metabolites from marine actinomycetes. Curr Opin Microbiol. 9(3):245–251.
  • León MJ, Fernández AB, Ghai R, Sánchez-Porro C, Rodriguez-Valera F, Ventosa A. 2014. From metagenomics to pure culture: isolation and characterization of the moderately halophilic bacterium Spiribacter salinus gen. nov., sp. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol. 80(13):3850–3857.
  • Lequerica JL, O'Connor JE, Such L, Alberola A, Meseguer I, Dolz M, Torreblanca M, Moya A, Colom F, Soria B, et al. 2006. A halocin acting on Na+/H + exchanger of haloarchaea as a new type of inhibitor in NHE of mammals. J Physiol Biochem. 62(4):253–262.
  • Levy S. 2001. Thanks to Penicillin…He Will Come Home, The Antibiotic Paradox. New York: The National WWII Museum.
  • Lewis K. 2007. Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 5(1):48–56.
  • Lewis K. 2012. Antibiotics: recover the lost art of drug discovery. Nature. 485(7399):439–440.
  • Lewis K. 2013. Platforms for antibiotic discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 12(5):371–387.
  • Li B, Walsh CT. 2010. Identification of the gene cluster for the dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic holomycin in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107(46):19731–19735.
  • Li F, Maskey RP, Qin S, Sattler I, Fiebig HH, Maier A, Zeeck A, Laatsch H. 2005. Chinikomycins A and B: isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of novel antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces sp. isolate M045#, 1. J Nat Prod. 68(3):349–353.
  • Li X, Dobretsov S, Xu Y, Xiao X, Hung O, Qian PY. 2006. Antifouling diketopiperazines produced by a deep-sea bacterium, Streptomyces fungicidicus. Biofouling. 22(3):187–194.
  • Li X, Yu YH. 2015. Biodiversity and screening of halophilic bacteria with hydrolytic and antimicrobial activities from Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Biologia. 70(2):151–156.
  • Li Y, Xiang H, Liu J, Zhou M, Tan H. 2003. Purification and biological characterization of halocin C8, a novel peptide antibiotic from Halobacterium strain AS7092. Extremophiles. 7(5):401–407.
  • Ling LL, Schneider T, Peoples AJ, Spoering AL, Engels I, Conlon BP, Mueller A, Schäberle TF, Hughes DE, Epstein S, et al. 2015. A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance. Nature. 517(7535):455–459.
  • Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ. 1997. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 23(1–3):3–25.
  • Lok C. 2015. Mining the microbial dark matter. Nature. 522(7556):270–273.
  • Maheshwari DK, Saraf M. 2015. Halophiles: biodiversity and sustainable exploitation. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Mahyudin NA, Blunt JW, Cole AL, Munro MH. 2012. The isolation of a new S-methyl benzothioate compound from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012:894708.
  • Manam RR, Teisan S, White DJ, Nicholson B, Grodberg J, Neuteboom STC, Lam KS, Mosca DA, Lloyd GK, Potts BCM, et al. 2005. Lajollamycin, a nitro-tetraene spiro-beta-lactone-gamma-lactam antibiotic from the marine actinomycete Streptomyces nodosus. J Nat Prod. 68(2):240–243.
  • Martins MB, Carvalho I. 2007. Diketopiperazines: biological activity and synthesis. Tetrahedron. 63(40):9923–9932.
  • Maskey RP, Helmke E, Laatsch H. 2003. Himalomycin A and B: isolation and structure elucidation of new fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. J Antibiot. 56(11):942–949.
  • Maskey RP, Li F, Qin S, Fiebig HH, Laatsch H. 2003. Chandrananimycins A approximately C: production of novel anticancer antibiotics from a marine Actinomadura sp. isolate M048 by variation of medium composition and growth conditions. J Antibiot. 56(7):622–629.
  • Maskey RP, Sevvana M, Usón I, Helmke E, Laatsch H. 2004. Gutingimycin: a highly complex metabolite from a marine streptomycete. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 43(10):1281–1283.
  • Mazguene S, Rossi M, Gogliettino M, Palmieri G, Cocca E, Mirino S, Imadalou-Idres N, Benallaoua S. 2018. Isolation and characterization from solar salterns of North Algeria of a haloarchaeon producing a new halocin. Extremophiles. 22(2):259–270.
  • McGuire JM, Bunch RL, Anderson RC, Boaz HE, Flynn EH, Powell HM, et al. 1952. Ilotycin, a new antibiotic. Antibiot Chemother. 2:281–283.
  • Meklat A, Sabaou N, Zitouni A, Mathieu F, Lebrihi A. 2011. Isolation, taxonomy, and antagonistic properties of halophilic actinomycetes in Saharan soils of Algeria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 77(18):6710–6714.
  • Meknaci R, Lopes P, Servy C, Le Caer J-P, Andrieu J-P, Hacène H, Ouazzani J. 2014. Agar-supported cultivation of Halorubrum sp. SSR, and production of halocin C8 on the scale-up prototype Platotex. Extremophiles. 18(6):1049–1055.
  • Meseguer I, Rodriguez-Valera F. 1985. Production and purification of halocin H4. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 28(2):177–182.
  • Meseguer I, Rodriguez-Valera F. 1986. Effect of halocin H4 on cells of Halobacterium halobium. J Gen Microbiol. 132(11):3061–3068.
  • Meseguer I, Torreblanca M, Konishi T. 1995. Specific inhibition of the halobacterial Na+/H + antiporter by halocin H6. J Biol Chem. 270(12):6450–6455.
  • Mohammadipanah F, Wink J. 2016. Actinobacteria from arid and desert habitats: diversity and biological activity. Front Microbiol. 6:1541.
  • Newman DJ, Cragg GM. 2012. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. J Nat Prod. 75(3):311–335.
  • Newman DJ, Cragg GM. 2016. Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. J Nat Prod. 79(3):629–661.
  • Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. 2003. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981–2002. J Nat Prod. 66(7):1022–1037. [doi].
  • NIH. 2003. Research on microbial biofilms: PA-03-047. J Investig Med. 51:162–163.
  • Nikolouli K, Mossialos D. 2012. Bioactive compounds synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and type-I polyketide synthases discovered through genome-mining and metagenomics. Biotechnol Lett. 34(8):1393–1403.
  • O’Connor E. 2002. Purification and characterization of microhalocin R1 from Halobacterium salinarum GN101 [Dosctoral dissertation]. Flagstaff (AZ): Northern Arizona University.
  • O’Connor EM, Shand RF. 2002. Halocins and sulfolobicins: the emerging story of archaeal protein and peptide antibiotics. J Ind Microbiol Biotech. 28(1):23–31.
  • Oh DC, Williams PG, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. 2006. Cyanosporasides A and B, chloro- and cyano-cyclopenta[a]indene glycosides from the marine actinomycete “Salinispora pacifica”. Org Lett. 8(6):1021–1024.
  • Ohta S, Ono F, Shiomi Y, Nakao T, Aozasa O, Nagate T, Kitamura K, Yamaguchi S, Nishi M, Miyata H. 1998. Anti-herpes simplex virus substances produced by the marine green alga, Dunaliella primolecta. J Appl Phycol. 10(4):349–356.
  • Okami Y, Okazaki T, Kitahara T, Umezawa H. 1976. Studies on marine microorganisms. V. A new antibiotic, aplasmomycin, produced by a streptomycete isolated from shallow sea mud. J Antibiot. 29(10):1019–1025.
  • Okoro CK, Brown R, Jones AL, Andrews BA, Asenjo JA, Goodfellow M, Bull AT. 2009. Diversity of culturable actinomycetes in hyper-arid soils of the Atacama Desert, Chile. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 95(2):121–133.
  • Oren A. 2002. Diversity of halophilic microorganisms: environments, phylogeny, physiology, and applications. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 28(1):56–63.
  • Oren A. 2006. Adaptation of halophilic archaea to life at high salt concentrations. In: Läuchli A, Lüttge U, editors. Salinity: environment – plants – molecules. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; p. 81–96.
  • Oren A. 2008. Microbial life at high salt concentrations: phylogenetic and metabolic diversity. Saline Syst. 4:2.
  • Owens B. 2017. Solithromycin rejection chills antibiotic sector. Nat Biotechnol. 35(3):187–188.
  • Papagianni M. 2012. Recent advances in engineering the central carbon metabolism of industrially important bacteria. Microb Cell Fact. 11:50.
  • Pašić L, Velikonja BH, Ulrih NP. 2008. Optimization of the culture conditions for the production of a bacteriocin from halophilic archaeon Sech7a. Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 38(3):229–245.
  • Payne DJ, Gwynn MN, Holmes DJ, Pompliano DL. 2007. Drugs for bad bugs: confronting the challenges of antibacterial discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 6(1):29–40.
  • Pettit RK. 2011. Culturability and secondary metabolite diversity of extreme microbes: expanding contribution of deep sea and deep-sea vent microbes to natural product discovery. Mar Biotechnol. 13(1):1–11.
  • Pinchuk IV, Bressollier P, Sorokulova IB, Verneuil B, Urdaci MC. 2002. Amicoumacin antibiotic production and genetic diversity of Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from different habitats. Res Microbiol. 153(5):269–276.
  • Platas G, Meseguer I, Amils R. 1996. Optimization of the production of a bacteriocin from Haloferax mediterranei Xia3. Microbiologia. 12(1):75–84.
  • Plemenitaš A, Lenassi M, Konte T, Kejžar A, Zajc J, Gostinčar C, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2014. Adaptation to high salt concentrations in halotolerant/halophilic fungi: a molecular perspective. Front Microbiol. 5:199.
  • Plemenitaš A, Vaupotič T, Lenassi M, Kogej T, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2008. Adaptation of extremely halotolerant black yeast Hortaea werneckii to increased osmolarity: a molecular perspective at a glance. Stud Mycol. 61:67–75.
  • Potera C. 1999. Forging a link between biofilms and disease. Science. 283(5409):1837–1839.
  • Pramanik A, Sundararaman M, Das S, Ghosh U, Mukherjee J. 2011. Isolation and characterization of cyanobacteria possessing antimicrobial activity from the Sundarbans, the World’s largest tidal mangrove forest. J Phycol. 47(4):731–743.
  • Prangishvili D, Holz I, Stieger E, Nickell S, Kristjansson JK, Zillig W. 2000. Sulfolobicins, specific proteinaceous toxins produced by strains of the extremely thermophilic archaeal genus Sulfolobus. J Bacteriol. 182(10):2985–2988.
  • Price LB, Shand RF. 2000. Halocin S8: a 36-amino-acid microhalocin from the haloarchaeal strain S8a. J Bacteriol. 182(17):4951–4958.
  • Projan SJ. 2003. Why is big pharma getting out of antibacterial drug discovery? Curr Opin Microbiol. 6(5):427–430.
  • Projan SJ, Shlaes DM. 2004. Antibacterial drug discovery: is it all downhill from here? Clin Microbiol Infect. 10(Suppl 4):18–22.
  • Qi SH, Xu Y, Gao J, Qian PY, Zhang S. 2009. Antibacterial and antilarval compounds from marine bacterium Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae. Ann Microbiol. 59(2):229–233.
  • Quadri I, Hassani II, l‘Haridon S, Chalopin M, Hacène H, Jebbar M. 2016. Characterization and antimicrobial potential of extremely halophilic archaea isolated from hypersaline environments of the Algerian Sahara. Microbiol Res. 186-187:119–131.
  • Raju TN. 2000. The Nobel chronicles. 1988: James Whyte Black, (b 1924), Gertrude Elion (1918–99), and George H Hitchings (1905–98). Lancet. 355(9208):1022.
  • Rateb ME, Houssen WE, Arnold M, Abdelrahman MH, Deng H, Harrison WTA, Okoro CK, Asenjo JA, Andrews BA, Ferguson G, et al. 2011. Chaxamycins A–D, bioactive ansamycins from a hyper-arid desert Streptomyces sp. J Nat Prod. 74(6):1491–1499.
  • Rateb ME, Houssen WE, Harrison WTA, Deng H, Okoro CK, Asenjo JA, Andrews BA, Bull AT, Goodfellow M, Ebel R, et al. 2011. Diverse metabolic profiles of a Streptomyces strain isolated from a hyper-arid environment. J Nat Prod. 74(9):1965–1971.
  • Rdest U, Sturm M. 1987. Bacteriocins from halobacteria. In: Burgess R, editor. Protein purification: micro to macro. New York (NY): Alan R. Liss Inc; p. 271–278.
  • Rodriguez-Valera F. 1993. Introduction to saline environments. In: Vreeland RH, Hochstein LI, editors. The Biology Halophilic Bacteria. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; p. 1–23.
  • Rodriguez-Valera F, Juez G, Kushner DJ. 1982. Halocins: salt-dependent bacteriocins produced by extremely halophilic rods. Can J Microbiol. 28(1):151–154.
  • Roshan K, Tarafdar A, Saurav K, Ali S, Lone SA, Pattnaik S, et al. 2013. Isolation and screening of bioactive compound from actinomycetes isolated from salt pan of Marakanam district of the state Tamil Nadu, India. Elixir Int J:61:16826–16831.
  • Rothschild LJ, Mancinelli RL. 2001. Life in extreme environments. Nature. 409(6823):1092–1101.
  • Sarkar S, Saha M, Roy D, Jaisankar P, Das S, Gauri Roy L, Gachhui R, Sen T, Mukherjee J. 2008. Enhanced production of antimicrobial compounds by three salt-tolerant actinobacterial strains isolated from the Sundarbans in a niche-mimic bioreactor. Mar Biotechnol. 10(5):518–526.
  • Sawale A, Kadam TA, Karale MA, Kadam OA. 2014. Antimicrobial Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Halophilic Bacillus pumilus sp. Int J Curr Microbiol Applied Sci. 3:506–512.
  • Schäberle TF, Goralski E, Neu E, Erol O, Hölzl G, Dörmann P, Bierbaum G, König GM. 2010. Marine myxobacteria as a source of antibiotics—comparison of physiology, polyketide-type genes and antibiotic production of three new isolates of Enhygromyxa salina. Mar Drugs. 8(9):2466–2479.,.
  • Schatz A, Bugle E, Waksman SA. 1944. Streptomycin, a substance exhibiting antibiotic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 55(1):66–69.
  • Scheffler RJ, Colmer S, Tynan H, Demain AL, Gullo VP. 2013. Antimicrobials, drug discovery, and genome mining. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 97(3):969–978.
  • Scherlach K, Hertweck C. 2006. Discovery of aspoquinolones A–D, prenylated quinoline-2-one alkaloids from Aspergillus nidulans, motivated by genome mining. Org Biomol Chem. 4(18):3517–3520.
  • Schulz D, Beese P, Ohlendorf B, Erhard A, Zinecker H, Dorador C, Imhoff JF. 2011. Abenquines A–D: aminoquinone derivatives produced by Streptomyces sp. strain DB634. J Antibiot. 64(12):763–768.
  • Sengupta S, Pramanik A, Ghosh A, Bhattacharyya M. 2015. Antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes isolated from unexplored regions of Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem. BMC Microbiol. 15:170. .
  • Sepcic K, Zalar P, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2010. Low water activity induces the production of bioactive metabolites in halophilic and halotolerant fungi. Mar Drugs. 9(1):43–58.
  • Shand R, Price O’Connor O. 1999. Halocins: protein antibiotics from hypersaline environments. In: Oren A, editor. Microbiology and biogeochemistry of hypersaline environments. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. [accessed 2017 Mar 20]. https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rBk1hHU1zx8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA295&dq=halocins:+protein+antibiotics+from+hypersaline+environments.+in+Microbiology+and+biogeochemistry+of+hypersaline+environments.&ots=SKvUZkjrCk&sig=fpTwNykfaSP343Ks3eZm-JWkQPM#v=on.
  • Shand RF. 2006. 29 detection, quantification and purification of halocins: peptide antibiotics from haloarchaeal extremophiles. Methods Microbiol. 35:703–718.
  • Shand RF, Leyva KJ. 2007. Peptide and protein antibiotics from the domain Archaea: halocins and sulfolobicins. In: Riley MA, Chavan MA, editors. Bacteriocins. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; p. 93–109.
  • Shand RF, Leyva KJ. 2008. Archaeal antimicrobials: an undiscovered country. In: Blum P, editor. Archaea: new models for prokaryotic biology. Norfolk: Caister Academic Press.
  • Shand R, Price L, O’Connor E. 1998. Halocins: protein antibiotics from hypersaline environments. In: Oren A, editor. Microbiology and biogeochemistry of hypersaline environments. Boca Raton: CRC Press; p. 295–306.
  • Sharma AK, Gohel S, Singh SP. 2012. Actinobase: database on molecular diversity, phylogeny and biocatalytic potential of salt tolerant alkaliphilic actinomycetes. Bioinformation. 8(11):535–538.
  • Shiomi K, Iinuma H, Naganawa H, Hamada M, Hattori S, Nakamura H, Takeuchi T, Iitaka Y. 1990. New antibiotic produced by micromonospora globosa. J Antibiot. 43(8):1000–1005.
  • Simmons TL, Andrianasolo E, McPhail K, Flatt P, Gerwick WH. 2005. Marine natural products as anticancer drugs. Mol Cancer Ther. 4(2):333–342.
  • Simpkin VL, Renwick MJ, Kelly R, Mossialos E. 2017. Incentivising innovation in antibiotic drug discovery and development: progress, challenges and next steps. J Antibiot. 70(12):1087–1096. .
  • Singh LS, Baruah I, Bora TC. 2006. Actinomycetes of Loktak habitat: isolation and screening for antimicrobial activities. Biotechnology. 5(2):217–221.
  • Soppa J, Oesterhelt D. 1989. Halobacterium sp. GRB: a species to work with!? Can J Microbiol. 35(1):205–209.
  • Sorokin DY, Tourova TP, Lysenko AM, Muyzer G. 2006. Diversity of culturable halophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in hypersaline habitats. Microbiology. 152(Pt 10):3013–3023.
  • Stewart EJ. 2012. Growing unculturable bacteria. J Bacteriol. 194(16):4151–4160.
  • Sun C, Li Y, Mei S, Lu Q, Zhou L, Xiang H. 2005. A single gene directs both production and immunity of halocin C8 in a haloarchaeal strain AS7092. Mol Microbiol. 57(2):537–549.
  • Sun Y, Tomura T, Sato J, Iizuka T, Fudou R, Ojika M. 2016. Isolation and biosynthetic analysis of haliamide, a new PKS-NRPS hybrid metabolite from the marine myxobacterium Haliangium ochraceum. Molecules. 21(1):59.
  • Suthindhiran K, Kannabiran K. 2009. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial potential of actinomycete species Saccharopolyspora salina VITSDK4 isolated from the Bay of Bengal Coast of India. American J of Infectious Diseases. 5(2):90–98.
  • Swan BK, Ehrhardt CJ, Reifel KM, Moreno LI, Valentine DL. 2010. Archaeal and bacterial communities respond differently to environmental gradients in anoxic sediments of a California hypersaline lake, the Salton Sea. Appl Environ Microbiol. 76(3):757–768.
  • Tanaka Y, Hanada S, Manome A, Tsuchida T, Kurane R, Nakamura K, Kamagata Y. 2004. Catellibacterium nectariphilum gen. nov., sp. nov., which requires a diffusible compound from a strain related to the genus Sphingomonas for vigorous growth. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54(Pt 3):955–959.
  • Tang K, Zhang X-H. 2014. Quorum quenching agents: resources for antivirulence therapy. Mar Drugs. 12(6):3245–3282.
  • Teasdale ME, Donovan KA, Forschner-Dancause SR, Rowley DC. 2011. Gram-positive marine bacteria as a potential resource for the discovery of quorum sensing inhibitors. Mar Biotechnol. 13(4):722–732.
  • Teasdale ME, Liu J, Wallace J, Akhlaghi F, Rowley DC. 2009. Secondary metabolites produced by the marine bacterium Halobacillus salinus that inhibit quorum sensing-controlled phenotypes in gram-negative bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75(3):567–572.
  • Thaker MN, Wang W, Spanogiannopoulos P, Waglechner N, King AM, Medina R, Wright GD. 2013. Identifying producers of antibacterial compounds by screening for antibiotic resistance. Nat Biotechnol. 31(10):922–927.
  • Thumar JT, Dhulia K, Singh SP. 2010. Isolation and partial purification of an antimicrobial agent from halotolerant alkaliphilic Streptomyces aburaviensis strain Kut-8. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 26(11):2081–2087.
  • Tian S, Yang Y, Liu K, Xiong Z, Xu L, Zhao L. 2014. Antimicrobial metabolites from a novel halophilic actinomycete Nocardiopsis terrae YIM 90022. Nat Prod Res. 28(5):344–346.
  • Tian S-Z, Pu X, Luo G, Zhao L-X, Xu L-H, Li W-J, Luo Y. 2013. Isolation and characterization of new p-Terphenyls with antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities from halophilic actinomycete Nocardiopsis gilva YIM 90087. J Agric Food Chem. 61(12):3006–3012.
  • Tommonaro G, Abbamondi GR, Iodice C, Tait K, De Rosa S. 2012. Diketopiperazines produced by the halophilic archaeon, Haloterrigena hispanica, activate AHL bioreporters. Microb Ecol. 63(3):490–495.
  • Torreblanca M, Meseguer I, Rodriguez-Valera F. 1989. Halocin H6, a bacteriocin from Haloferax gibbonsii. J Gen Microbiol. 135(10):2655–2661.
  • Torreblanca M, Meseguer I, Ventosa A. 1994. Production of halocin is a practically universal feature of archaeal halophilic rods. Lett Appl Microbiol. 19(4):201–205.
  • Tresner HD, Hayes JA, Backus EJ. 1968. Differential tolerance of streptomycetes to sodium chloride as a taxonomic aid. Appl Microbiol. 16(8):1134–1136.
  • Tulp M, Bohlin L. 2005. Rediscovery of known natural compounds: nuisance or goldmine? Bioorg Med Chem. 13(17):5274–5282.
  • Udwary DW, Zeigler L, Asolkar RN, Singan V, Lapidus A, Fenical W, Jensen PR, Moore BS. 2007. Genome sequencing reveals complex secondary metabolome in the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104(25):10376–10381.
  • Vartoukian SR, Palmer RM, Wade WG. 2010. Cultivation of a synergistetes strain representing a previously uncultivated lineage. Environ Microbiol. 12(4):916–928.
  • Vasavada SH, Thumar JT, Singh SP. 2006. Secretion of a potent antibiotic by salt-tolerant and alkaliphilic actinomycete Streptomyces sannanensis strain RJT-1. Curr Sci. 91:1393–1397.
  • Velho-Pereira S, Furtado I. 2012. Antibacterial activity of halophilic bacterial bionts from marine invertebrates of Mandapam-India. Indian J Pharm Sci. 74(4):331–338.
  • Velmurugan S, Raman K, Thanga Viji V, Donio MBS, Adlin Jenifer J, Babu MM, Citarasu T. 2013. Screening and characterization of antimicrobial secondary metabolites from Halomonas salifodinae MPM-TC and its in vivo antiviral influence on Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus against WSSV challenge. J King Saud Univ Sci. 25(3):181–190.
  • Von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D. 2006. Antibacterial natural products in medicinal chemistry – Exodus or revival? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 45(31):5072–5129.
  • Wang G, Dai S, Chen M, Wu H, Xie L, Luo X, Li X. 2010. Two diketopiperazine cyclo(PRO-PHE) isomers from marine bacteria Bacillus subtilis sp. 13-2. Chem Nat Compd. 46(4):583–585.
  • Wang S, Zheng Z, Zou H, Li N, Wu M. 2019. Characterization of the secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in archaea. Comput Biol Chem. 78:165–169.
  • Wang W, Zhu T, Tao H, Lu Z, Fang Y, Gu Q, Zhu W. 2007. Two new cytotoxic quinone type compounds from the halotolerant fungus Aspergillus variecolor. J Antibiot. 60(10):603–607.
  • Watve MG, Tickoo R, Jog MM, Bhole BD. 2001. How many antibiotics are produced by the genus Streptomyces? Arch Microbiol. 176(5):386–390.
  • Weber T. 2014. In silico tools for the analysis of antibiotic biosynthetic pathways. Int J Med Microbiol. 304(3–4):230–235.
  • Wegmann K, Ben-Amotz A, Avron M. 1980. Effect of temperature on glycerol retention in the halotolerant algae dunaliella and asteromonas. Plant Physiol. 66(6):1196–1197.
  • Weiss C, Figueras E, Borbely AN, Sewald N. 2017. Cryptophycins: cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptides with potential for tumor targeting. J Pept Sci. 23(7–8):514–531.
  • Wilson ZE, Brimble MA. 2009. Molecules derived from the extremes of life. Nat Prod Rep. 26(1):44–71.
  • Woese CR, Fox GE. 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 74(11):5088–5090.
  • Xiang W, Guo J, Feng W, Huang M, Chen H, Zhao J, Zhang J, Yang Z, Sun Q. 2008. Community of extremely halophilic bacteria in historic dagong brine well in southwestern China. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 24(10):2297–2305.
  • Yoshida M, Matsubara K, Kudo T, Horikoshi K. 1991. Actinopolyspora mortivallis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic actinomycete. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 41(1):15–20.
  • Zalar P, De Hoog GS, Schroers H-J, Frank JM, Gunde-Cimerman N. 2005. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the xerophilic genus Wallemia (Wallemiomycetes and Wallemiales, cl. et ord. nov.). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 87(4):311–328.
  • Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka K, Caceres EF, Saw JH, Bäckström D, Juzokaite L, Vancaester E, Seitz KW, Anantharaman K, Starnawski P, Kjeldsen KU, et al. 2017. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity. Nature. 541(7637):353–358.
  • Zhao L-X, Huang S-X, Tang S-K, Jiang C-L, Duan Y, Beutler JA, Henrich CJ, McMahon JB, Schmid T, Blees JS, et al. 2011. Actinopolysporins A–C and tubercidin as a Pdcd4 stabilizer from the halophilic actinomycete Actinopolyspora erythraea YIM 90600. J Nat Prod. 74(9):1990–1995. [doi].
  • Zheng Y, Saitou A, Wang C-M, Toyoda A, Minakuchi Y, Sekiguchi Y, Ueda K, Takano H, Sakai Y, Abe K, et al. 2019. Genome features and secondary metabolites biosynthetic potential of the class Ktedonobacteria. Front Microbiol. 10:893.