643
Views
78
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Debate on Carcinogenicity of Permanent Hair Dyes: New Insights

&
Pages 521-536 | Published online: 10 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Altekruse S. F., Henley S. J., Thun M. J. Deaths from hematopoietic and other cancers in relation to permanent hair dye use in a large prospective study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 617–625
  • Ames B. N., Kammen H. O., Yamasaki E. Hair dyes are mutagenic: Identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1975; 72: 2423–2427
  • Andrew A. S., Schned A. R., Heaney J. A., Karagas M. R. Bladder cancer risk and personal hair dye use. Int. J. Cancer 2004; 109: 581–586
  • Anthony H. M., Thomas G. M. Tumors of the urinary bladder: An analysis of occupation of 1030 patients in Leeds, England. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1970; 45: 879–895
  • Ashby J., Tennant R. W. Definitive relationships among chemical structure, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity for 301 chemicals tested by the US NTP. Mutat. Res. 1991; 257: 229–306
  • Bartsch H. Zur Karzinogenität von Haarfärbemitteln und Dauerwellenpräparaten. Hautarzt 1994; 45: 359
  • Beigel H. The Human Hair. London 1869, Piper
  • Bitsch A., Fecher J., Jost M., Klöhn P. C., Neumann H. G. Genotoxic and chronic toxic effects in the carcinogenicity of aromatic amines. Recent Results Cancer Res. 1997; 143: 209–223
  • Bolm-Audorff U., Jöckel K. H., Kilguss B., Pohlabeln H., Siepenkothen T. Bösartige Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege und Risiken am Arbeitsplatz. 1993, (Schriftenreihe der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz, Dortmund, Forschungsbericht Nr. 697) Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven
  • Bracher M., Faller C., Grotsch W., Marshall R., Spengler J. Studies on the potential mutagenicity of p-phenylenediamine in oxidative hair dye mixtures. Mutat. Res. 1990; 241: 313–323
  • Burnett C., Lanman B., Giovacchini R., Wolcott G., Scala R., Keplinger M. Long-term toxicity studies on oxidation hair dyes. Food Cosmet. Toxicol 1975; 13: 353–357
  • Burnett C., Jacobs M. M., Seppala A., Shubik P. Evaluation of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1980; 6: 247–257
  • Burnett C. M., Goldenthal E. J. Multigeneration reproduction and carcinogenicity studies in Sprague Dawley rats exposed topically to oxidative hair coloring formulations containing p-phenylenediamine. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1988; 26: 467–474
  • Cerbelaud R. Formulaire de parfumerie. Editions Opèra, Paris 1933a; Vol. 2: 126–127
  • Cerbelaud R. Formulaire de parfumerie. Editions Opèra, Paris 1933b; Vol. 3: 723–762
  • Claude J. C., Frentzel-Beyme R. R, Kunze E. Occupation and risk of cancer of the lower urinary tract among men. A case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 1988; 41: 371–379
  • Cole P., Hoover R., Friedell G. H. Occupation and cancer of the lower urinary tract. Cancer 1972; 29: 1250–1260
  • Conway W. D., Lethco E. J. Aromatic amine impurities in Yellow AB and Yellow OB food dyes. Anal. Chem. 1960; 32: 838–841
  • Corbett J. F. Benzoquinone imines. Part I. p-Phenylenediamine-ferricyanide and p-aminophenol-ferricyanide redox systems. J. Chem. Soc. B 1969; 207–212
  • Corbett J. F. The role of meta difunctional benzene derivatives in oxidative hair dyeing. I. Reaction with p-diamines. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1973; 24: 103–134
  • Corbett J. F. An historical review of the use of dye precursors in the formulation of commercial oxidation hair dyes. Dyes Pigments 1999; 41: 127–136
  • Cordier S., Clavel J., Limasset J. C., Boccon-Gibod L., Le Moual N., Mandereau L., Hemon D. Occupational risks of bladder cancer in France: A multicentre case-control study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1993; 22: 403–411
  • Czene K., Tiikkaja S., Hemminki K. Cancer risks in hairdressers: Assessment of carcinogenicity of hair dyes and gels. Int. J. Cancer 2003; 105: 108–112
  • Dressler W. Hair dye absorption. Percutaneous Absorption, R. L. Bronough, H. I. Maibach. Marcel Dekker, New York/Basel 1999; Vol. 97: 685–716, Chapter 40, of Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Dressler W. E., Appelqvist T. Plasma/blood pharmacokinetics and metabolism after dermal exposure to para-aminophenol or para-phenylenediamine. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006; 44: 371–379
  • Dunham L. J., Rabson A. S., Stewart H. L., Frank A. S., Young J. L. Rates, interview, and pathology study of cancer of the urinary bladder in New Orleans, Louisiana. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1968; 41: 683–709
  • Gaertner R. R., Trpeski L., Johnson K. C., Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group. A case-control study of occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in Canada. Cancer Causes Control 2004; 15: 1007–1019
  • Gago-Dominguez M., Castelano J. E., Yuan J. M., Yu M. C., Ross R. K. Use of permanent hair dyes and bladder-cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer 2001; 91: 575–579
  • Gago-Dominguez M., Bell D. A., Watson M. A., Yuan J. M., Castelano J. E., Hein D. W., Chan K. K., Coetzee G. A., Ross R. K., Yu M. C. Permanent hair dyes and bladder cancer: risk modification by cytochrome P4501A2 and N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24: 483–489
  • Garrigue J. L., Ballantyne M., Kumaravel T., Lloyd M., Nohynek G. J., Kirkland D., Toutain H. In vitro genotoxicity of p-phenylenediamine and its N-monoacetyl or N N′-diacetyl metabolites. Mutat. Res. 2006; 608: 58–71
  • Giles A. L., Chung C. W. Dermal carcinogenicity study by mouse-skin painting with 2,4-toluenediamine alone or in representative hair dye formulations. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1976; 1: 433–440
  • Golka K. Untersuchungen zur beruflichen Exposition bei Patienten mit Harnblasenkarzinom. Germany 1999, Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der Venia legendi für das Fach “Arbeitsmedizin.” Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum
  • Golka K., Prior V., Blaszkewicz M., Bolt H. M. The enhanced bladder cancer susceptibility of NAT2 slow acetylators towards aromatic amines: A review considering ethnic differences. Toxicol. Lett. 2002; 128: 229–241
  • Golka K., Wiese A., Assennato G., Bolt H. M. Occupational exposure and urological cancer. World J. Urol. 2004; 21: 382–391
  • Golka K., Kopps S., Myslak Z. W. Carcinogenicity of azo colorants: influence of solubility and bioavailability. Toxicol. Lett 2004a; 151: 203–210
  • Guberan E., Raymond L., Sweetnam P. M. Increased risk for male bladder cancer among a cohort of male and female hairdressers from Geneva. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1985; 14: 549–554
  • Hartge P., Hoover R., Altman R., Austin D. F., Cantor K. P., Child M. A., Key C. R., Mason T. J., Marrett L. D., Myers M. H., Narayana A. S., Silverman D. T., Sullivan J. W., Swanson G. M., Thomas D. B., West D. W. Use of hair dyes and risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 1982; 42: 4784–4787
  • Henley S. J., Thun M. J. Use of permanent hair dyes and bladder-cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer 2001; 94: 903–906
  • Hennekens C. H., Speizer F. E., Rosner B., Bain C. J., Belanger C., Peto R. Use of permanent hair dyes and cancer among registered nurses. Lancet 1979; 1: 1390–1393
  • Howe G. R., Burch J. D., Miller A. B., Cook G. M., Esteve J., Morrison B., Gordon P., Chambers L. W., Fodor G., Winsor G. M. Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients, and bladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1980; 64: 701–713
  • Hueber-Becker F., Nohynek G. J., Meuling W. J.A., Benech-Kieffer F., Toutain H. Human systemic exposure to a [14C]-para-phenylenediamine-containing oxidative hair dye and correlation with in vitro percutaneous absorption in human or pig skin. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004; 42: 1227–1236
  • Hueber-Becker F., Nohynek G. J., Dufour E. K., Meuling W. J.A, de Bie A. T., Toutain H., Bolt H. M. Occupational exposure of hairdressers to [14C]-para-phenylenediamine-containing oxidative hair dyes: A mass balance study. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007; 45: 160–169
  • Huncharek M., Kupelnick B. Personal use of hair dyes and the risk of bladder cancer: Results of a meta-analysis. Public Health Rep. 2005; 120: 31–38
  • Occupational exposures of hairdressers and barbers and personal use of hair colourants; some hair dyes, cosmetic colourants, industrial dyestuffs and aromatic amines. World Health Organization, Lyon 1993; Vol. 57, International Agency for Research on Cancer (ed.), (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans)
  • Iorizzo M., Parente G., Vincenzi C., Pazzaglia M., Tosti A. Allergic contact dermatitis in hairdressers: frequency and source of sensitisation. Eur. J. Dermatol 2002; 12: 179–182
  • Jacobs M. M., Burnett C. M., Penicnak A. J., Herrera J. A., Morris W. E., Shubik P., Apaja M., Granroth G. Evaluation of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes in Swiss mice. Drug Chem. Toxicol 1984; 7: 573–586
  • Jain M., Morgan R. W., Elinson L. Hair dyes and bladder cancer. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1977; 117: 1131–1133
  • Ji J., Granstrom C., Hemminki K. Occupation and bladder cancer: a cohort study in Sweden. Br. J. Cancer 2005; 92: 1276–1278
  • Kawakubo Y., Nakamori M., Schopf E., Ohkido M. Acetylator phenotype in patients with p-phenylenediamine allergy. Dermatology 1997; 195: 43–45
  • Kemper F. H., Lüpke N. P., Theisen N. L. Haarfarben–Hair Dyes: Toxikologische Charakterisierung–Toxicological Characterization. MünsterGermany 1992, 5. Auflage, Neudruck. Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster
  • Kinkel H. F., Holzmann S. Study of long-term percutaneous toxicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes (oxidizing dyes) in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1973; 11: 641–648
  • Kirkland D. J. The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 1983; 5: 51–1
  • Kogevinas M., 't Mannetje A., Cordier S., Ranft U., Gonzalez C. A., Vineis P., Chang-Claude J., Lynge E., Wahrendorf J., Tzonou A., Jockel K. H., Serra C., Porru S., Hours M., Greiser E., Boffetta P. Occupation and bladder cancer among men in Western Europe. Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 907–914
  • Kogevinas M., Fernandez F., Garcia-Closas M., Tardon A., Garcia-Closas R., Serra C., Carrato A., Castano-Vinyals G., Yeager M., Chanock S. J., Lloreta J., Rothman N., Real F. X., Dosemeci M., Malats N., Silverman D. Hair dye use is not associated with risk for bladder cancer: Evidence from a case-control study in Spain. Eur. J. Cancer 2006; 42: 1448–1454
  • Kunze E., Chang-Claude J., Frentzel-Beyme R. Life style and occupational risk factors for bladder cancer in Germany. A case-control study. Cancer 1992; 69: 1776–1790
  • Lamba A. B., Wards M. H., Weeks J. L., Dosemeci M. Cancer mortality patterns among hairdressers and barbers in 24 US states, 1984 to 1995. J. Occup. Environ. Med 2001; 43: 250–258
  • La Vecchia C., Tavani A. Hair dyes and bladder cancer: An update. Eur. J. Cancer Prev 2001; 10: 205–208
  • Lin J., Dinney C. P., Grossman H. B., Wu X. Personal permanent hair dye use is not associated with bladder cancer risk: Evidence from a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15: 1746–1749
  • Lind M. L., Boman A., Sollenberg J., Johnsson S., Hagelthorn G., Meding B. Occupational dermal exposure to permanent hair dyes among hairdressers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2005; 49: 473–480
  • Maibach H. I., Wolfram L. J. Percutaneous penetration of hair dyes. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1981; 32: 223–229
  • Mannetje A., Kogevinas M., Chang-Claude J., Cordier S., Gonzalez C. A., Hours M., Jöckel K. H., Bolm-Audorff U., Lynge E., Porru S., Donato F., Ranft U., Serra C., Tzonou A., Vineis P., Wahrendorf J., Boffetta P. Occupation and bladder cancer in European women. Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 209–217
  • Miller A. B., Bartsch H. Hair dye use and bladder cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2001; 94: 901–902
  • Nacak M., Erbagci Z., Aynacioglu A. S. Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphism and susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2006; 45: 323–326
  • National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975–2003. 2003, http://seer.cancer.gov/cgi-bin/csr/1975_2003/search.pl#results accessed 18 October 2006
  • Neutel C. I., Nair R. C., Last J. M. Are hair dyes associated with bladder cancer?. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1978; 119: 307–308
  • Nohynek G. J., Fautz R., Benech-Kieffer F., Toutain H. Toxicity and human health risk of hair dyes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004; 42: 517–543
  • Nohynek G. J., Skare J. A., Meuling W. J.A., Hein D. W., de Bie A. Th.H.J., Toutain H. Urinary acetylated metabolites and N-acetyltransferase-2 genotype in human subjects treated with a para-phenylenediamine-containing oxidative hair dye. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004a; 42: 1885–1891
  • Nohynek G. J., Duche D., Garrigues A., Meunier P. A., Toutain H., Leclaire J. Under the skin: Biotransformation of para-aminophenol and para-phenylenediamine in reconstructed human epidermis and human hepatocytes. Toxicol. Lett. 2005; 158: 196–212
  • Nomura A., Kolonel L. N., Yoshizawa C. N. Smoking, alcohol, occupation, and hair dye use in cancer of the lower urinary tract. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1989; 130: 1159–1163
  • Ohno Y., Aoki K., Obata K., Morrison A. S. Case-control study of urinary bladder cancer in metropolitan Nagoya. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1985; 69: 229–234
  • Platzek T., Krätke R., Klein G., Schulz C. Farben in der Kosmetik–Toxikologie und Regulation. Bundesgesundheitsbl.–Gesundheitsforsch.–Gesundheitsschutz 2005; 48: 76–83
  • SCCNFP. 2003, http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/sccp_opinions_en.htm Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers: Opinion concerning request for a re-evaluation of hair dyes listed in annex III to directive 76/768/EEC on cosmetic products (adopted on 18 March 2003). European Commission, DG Health and Consumer Protection, accessed 18 October 2006
  • SCCNFP. 2004, http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/sccp_opinions_en.htm The Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers: Opinion concerning use of permanent hair dyes and bladder cancer, updated 2004 (adopted on 23 April 2004). European Commission, DG Health and Consumer Protection, accessed 18 October 2006
  • SCCP. 2006; 25–28, http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_risk/committees/sccp/sccp_opinions_en.htm The Scientific Committee on Consumer Products: Opinion concerning 4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene (adopted on 10 October, 2006). European Commission, DG Health and Consumer Protection, accessed 30 October 2006
  • Schnuch A., Westphal G. A., Müller M. M., Schulz T. G., Geier J., Brasch J., Merk H. F., Kawakubo Y., Richter G., Koch P., Fuchs T., Gutgesell T., Reich K., Gebhardt M., Becker D., Grabbe J., Szilska C., Aberer W., Hallier E. Genotype and phenotype of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in patients with contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1998; 38: 209–211
  • Siemiatycki J., Dewar R., Nadon L., Gerin M. Occupational risk factors for bladder cancer: Results from a case-control study in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994; 140: 1061–1080
  • Skov T., Lynge E. Cancer risk and exposures to carcinogens in hairdressers. Skin Pharmacol. 1994; 7: 94–100
  • Sorahan T., Hamilton L., Wallace D. M., Bathers S., Gardiner K., Harrington J. M. Occupational urothelial tumours: A regional case-control study. Br. J. Urol. 1998; 82: 25–32
  • Sosted H., Menne T., Johansen J. D. Patch test dose-response study of p-phenylenediamine: Thresholds and anatomical regional differences. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54: 145–149
  • Stanley L. A., Skare J. A., Doyle E., Powrie R., D'Angelo D., Elcombe C. R. Lack of evidence for metabolism of p-phenylenediamine by human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicology 2005; 210: 147–157
  • Stavraky K. M., Clarke E. A., Donner A. A case-control study of hair-dye use and cancers of various sites. Br. J. Cancer 1981; 43: 236–239
  • Steiling W., Kreutz J., Hofer H. Percutaneous penetration/dermal absorption of hair dyes in vitro. Toxicol. In Vitro 2001; 15: 565–570
  • Stenback F. G., Rowland J. C., Russell L. A. Non-carcinogenicity of hair dyes: lifetime percutaneous applications in mice and rabbits. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1977; 15: 601–606
  • Takkouche B., Etminan M., Montes-Martinez A. Personal use of hair dyes and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2005; 293: 2516–2525
  • Teschke K., Morgan M. S., Checkoway H., Franklin G., Spinelli J. J., van Belle G., Weiss N. S. Surveillance of nasal and bladder cancer to locate sources of exposure to occupational carcinogens. Occup. Environ. Med. 1997; 54: 443–451
  • Tucker H. H. The formulation of oxidation hair dyes. Am. Perfume Cosmet. 1968; 83: 59–62
  • Thun M. J., Altekruse S. F., Namboodiri M. M., Calle E. E., Myers D. G., Heath C. W., Jr. Hair dye use and risk of fatal cancers in U.S. women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1994; 86: 210–215
  • Van Duuren B. L. Carcinogenicity of hair dye components. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1980; 3: 237–251
  • Viadana E., Bross I. D., Houten L. Cancer experience of men exposed to inhalation of chemicals or to combustion products. J. Occup. Med. 1976; 18: 787–792
  • Wall F. E. Chapter 21: Bleaches, hair colourings, and dye removers. Cosmetics Science and Technology, E. Sagarin. Interscience Publishers, New York 1957; 479–529
  • Westphal G. A., Reich K., Schulz T. G., Neumann C., Hallier E., Schnuch A. N-Acetyltransferase 1 and 2 polymorphisms in para-substituted arylamine-induced contact allergy. Br. J. Dermatol. 2000; 142: 1121–1127
  • Wolfram L. J., Maibach H. I. Percutaneous penetration of hair dyes. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1985; 277: 235–241
  • Wynder E. L., Onderdonk J., Mantel N. An epidemiological investigation of cancer of the bladder. Cancer 1963; 16: 1388–1407
  • Zheng T., Cantor K. P., Zhang Y., Lynch C. F. Occupation and bladder cancer: A population-based, case-control study in Iowa. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2002; 44: 685–691

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.