441
Views
51
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Synthetic Vitreous Fibers: A Review Toxicology, Epidemiology and Regulations

Pages 839-886 | Published online: 10 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • AFNOR. Synthetic mineral fibers for blasting in building construction: In vitro solubility test method. 1998, Norme française NF T 03-410, November 1998. Éditée et diffusée par l'Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR), Paris, France
  • ATSDR. Report on the Expert Panel on Health Effects of Asbestos and Synthetic Vitreous Fibers: The Influence of Fiber Length. Prepared for: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Health Assessment and Consultation, Atlanta, GA 2003
  • Bauer J. F., Law B. D., Roberts K. A. Solubility and durability of man-made mineral fibers in physiological fluids. Presented at TAPPI Non-Wovens Conference, Nashville, OH, 1988, Available from the author
  • Bermudez E., Mangum J. B., Moss O. R., Wong B. A., Everitt J. I. Pleural dosimetry and pathobiological responses in rats and hamsters exposed subchronically to MMVF 10a fiberglass. Toxicol Sci. 2003; 74(1)165–73, Jul
  • Bernstein D. M., Mast R., Anderson R., Hesterberg T. W., Musselman R., Kamstrup O., Hadley J. An experimental approach to the evaluation of the biopersistence of respirable synthetic fibers and minerals. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102: 15–8, Suppl 5
  • Bernstein D. M., Morscheidt C., Grimm H-G., Thévenaz P., Teichert U. Evaluation of soluble fibers using the inhalation biopersistence model, a nine-fiber comparison. Inhalation Toxicology 1996; 8(4)345–385
  • Bernstein D. M., Riego-Sintes J. M.R. Methods for the determination of the hazardous properties for human health of man made mineral fibers (MMMF). European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Unit: Toxicology and Chemical Substances, European Chemicals Bureau. 1999
  • Bernstein D. M. Fiber Toxicology chapter, In Toxicology of the Lung–4th edition, D. E. Gardner. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fl 2006, ISBN 0-8493–2835–7
  • Boffetta P., Andersen A., Hansen J., Olsen J. H., Plato N., Teppo L., Westerholm P., Saracci R. Cancer incidence among European man-made vitreous fibre production workers. Scand. J. Work environ. Health 1999; 25: 222–226
  • Boffetta P., Sali D., Kolstad H., Coggon D., Olsen J., Andersen A., Spence A., Pesatori A. C., Lynge E., Frentzel-Beyme R., Chang-Claude J., Lundberg I., Biocca M., Gennaro V., Teppo L., Partanen R., Welp E., Saracci R., Kogevinas M. Mortality of short-term workers in two international cohorts. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 1998; 40: 1120–1126
  • Boffetta P., Saracci R., Andersen A., Bertazzi P. A., Chang-Claude J., Ferro G., Fletcher A. C., Frentzel-Beyme R., Gardner M. J., Olsen J. H., Simonato L., Teppo L., Westerholm P., Winter P., Zocchetti C. Lung cancer mortality among workers in the European production of man-made mineral fibers—A Poisson regression analysis. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1992; 18: 279–286
  • Boffetta P., Saracci R., Andersen A., Bertazzi P. A., Chang-Claude J., Cherrie J., Ferro G., Frentzel-Beyme R., Hansen J., Olsen J. H., Plato N., Teppo L., Westerholm P., Winter P. D., Zocchetti C. Cancer mortality among man-made vitreous fibre production workers. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 259–268
  • Bolton R. E., Vincent J. H., Jones A. D., Addison J., Beckett S. T. An overload hypothesis for pulmonary clearance of UICC amosite fibrefibers inhaled by rats. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1983; 40: 264–272
  • Brüske-Hohlfeld I., Möhner M., Pohlabeln H., Ahrens W., Bolm-Audorff U., Kreienbrock L., Kreuzer M., Jahn I., Wichmann H.-E., Jöckel K.-H. Occupational lung cancer risk for men in Germany: Results from a pooled case–control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000; 151: 384–395
  • Carpenter R. L., Wilson C. L. The Inhalation Toxicity of Glass Fibers—A Review of the Scientific Literature. 1999, Report No. TOXDET 99-7, Naval Health Research Center Detachment (Toxicology) 2612 Fifth Street, Bldg 433, Area B Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433–7903
  • Cherrie J., Dodgson J. Past exposures to airborne fibers and other potential risk factors in the European man-made mineral fiber production industry. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986; 12: 26–33, Suppl 1
  • Chiazze L., Watkins D. K., Fryar C. A case–control study of malignant and nonmalignant respiratory disease among employees of a fiberglass manufacturing facility. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1992; 49: 326–331
  • Chiazze L., Watkins D. K., Fryar C. Historical cohort mortality study of a continuous filament fiberglass manufacturing plant. I. White men. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 1997; 39: 432–441
  • Chiazze L., Watkins D. K., Fryar C., Kozono J. Acase–control study of malignant and non-malignant respiratory disease among employees of a fibreglass manufacturing facility. II. Exposure assessment. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1993; 50: 717–725
  • Chiazze L., Watkins D. K., Fryar C., Fayerweather W., Bender J. R., Chiazze M. Mortality from nephritis and nephrosis in the fibreglass manufacturing industry. Occup. environ. Med. 1999; 56: 164–166
  • Consonni D., Boffetta P., Andersen A., Chang C.-J., Cherrie J. W., Ferro G., Frentzel- Beyme R., Hansen J., Olsen J., Plato N., Westerholm P., Saracci R. Lung cancer mortality among European rock/slag wool workers: Exposure–response analysis. Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 411–416
  • Cullen R. T., Searl A., Buchanan D., Davis J. M., Miller B. G., Jones A. D. Pathogenicity of a special-purpose glass microfiber (E glass) relative to another glass microfiber and amosite asbestos. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12(10)959–77, Oct
  • Davis J. M.G., Brown D. M., Cullen R. T., Donaldson K., Jones A. D., Miller B. G., McIntosh C., Searl A. A comparison of methods of determining and predicting the pathogenicity of mineral fibrefibers. Inhal. Toxicol. 1996; 8: 747–770
  • Dika Nguea H., Rihn B., Mahon D., Bernard J. L., De Reydellet A., Lehuede P., De Meringo A., Le Faou A., Rihn B. Effect of Various Man Made Mineral Fibers on Cell Apoptosis and Viability. Archives of Toxicolology 20057; 79: 487–492, A new in vitro assay for mineral fibers biopersistence analysis. (In Press). Journal ???
  • Eastes W., Potter R. M., Hadley J. G. Estimating in vitro glass fiber dissolution rate from composition. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12(4)269–80
  • Effros R. M., Wesson J. A. Acid-Base Balance, Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, Fourth Edition, R. J. Mason, V. C. Broaddus, J. F. Murray, J. A. Nadel. Elsevier Inc., Philadelphia, PA 2005; 171–182, Chapter 7
  • Enterline P. E., Marsh G. M. The health of workers in the MMVF industry. Biological Effects of Man-Made Mineral Fibres. World Health Organization, Copenhagen 1984; Vol. 1: 311–339, (Proceedings of a WHO/IARC Conference)
  • Enterline P. E., Marsh G. M., Esmen N. A. Respiratory disease among workers exposed to man-made mineral fibers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1983; 128: 1–7
  • Enterline P. E., Marsh G. M., Henderson V., Callahan C. Mortality update of a cohort of U.S. man-made mineral fibre workers. Ann. occup. Hyg. 1987; 31: 625–656
  • EPA. Report on the Peer Consultation Workshop to discuss a proposed protocol to assess asbestos-related risk. 2003, Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC 20460, EPA Contract No. 68-C-98-148, Work Assignment 2003-05. Prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc., 110 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421. Final Report May 30, 2003
  • Etherington D. J., Pugh D., Silver I. A. Collagen degradation in an experimental inflammatory lesion: studies on the role of the macrophage. Acta. Biol. Med. Ger. 1981; 40(10–11)1625–1636
  • Everitt J. I., Gelzleichter T. R., Bermudez E., Mangum J. B., Wong B. A., Janszen D. B., Moss O. R. Comparison of pleural responses of rats and hamsters to subchronic inhalation of refractory ceramic fibers. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105: 1209–13, Suppl 5
  • Forster H. The behavior of mineral fibrefibers in physiological solutions. In: Biological Effects of Man-. Made Mineral FibreFibers 1982; 2: 27–59
  • Gamble J. Chemical anatomy, physiology, and pathology of extracellular fluid, 8th Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Ma 1967
  • Gardner M. J., Magnani C., Pannett B., Fletcher A. C., Winter P. D. Lung cancer among glass fibre production workers: A case–control study. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1988; 45: 613–618
  • Gelzleichter T. R., Bermudez E., Mangum J. B., Wong B. A., Janszen D. B., Moss O. R., Everitt J. I. Comparison of pulmonary and pleural responses of rats and hamsters to inhaled refractory ceramic fibers. Toxicol Sci 1999; 49(1)93–101
  • Goldberg M. S., Parent M.-E., Siematiatycki J., Désy M., Nadon L., Richardson L., Lakhani R., Latreille B., Valois M.-F. Acase–control study of the relationship between the risk of colon cancer in men and exposures to occupational agents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2001; 39: 531–546
  • Greenberg S. D., Smith M. N., Spjut H. J. Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma-cell of origin. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1975; 63(2)153–67
  • Gross P., Tuma J., DeTreville R. T. Lungs of workers exposed to fiber glass. A study of their pathologic changes and their dust content. Arch Environ Health 1971; 23(1)67–76, Jul
  • Gustavsson P., Plato N., Axelson O., Brage H. N., Hogstedt C., Ringbäck G., Tornling G., Wingren G. Lung cancer risk among workers exposed to man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) in the Swedish prefabricated house industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1992; 21: 825–834
  • Hammad Y., Simmons W., Abdel-Kader H., Reynolds C., Weill H. Effect of chemical composition on pulmonary clearance of man-made mineral fibers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1988; 22: 769–779
  • Hesterberg T. W., Hart G. A. A comparison of human exposures to fiberglass with those used in a recent rat chronic inhalation study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1994; 20: S35–46, (3 Pt 2) Dec
  • Hesterberg T. W., Chase G., Axten C., Miller W. C., Musselman R. P., Kamstrup O., Hadley J., Morscheidt C., Bernstein D. M., Thevenaz P. Biopersistence of synthetic vitreous fibers and amosite asbestos in the rat lung following inhalation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998a; 151(2)262–75
  • Hesterberg T. W., Miiller W. C., McConnell E. E., Chevalier J., Hadley J. G., Bernstein D. M., Thevenaz P., Anderson R. Chronic inhalation toxicity of size-separated glass fibers in Fischer 344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1993; 20(4)464–76
  • Hesterberg T. W., Miiller W. C., Thevenaz P., Anderson R. Chronic inhalation studies of man-made vitreous fibrefibers: characterization of fibrefibers in the exposure aerosol and lungs. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1995; 39(5)637–53
  • IARC. IARC Monograpghs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Man-Made Vitreous FibreFibers and Radon. IARCPress, Lyon 1987
  • IARC. IARC Monograpghs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Man-Made Vitreous FibreFibers. IARCPress, Lyon 2002; 418
  • IARC. Workshop on Mechanisms of FibreFiber Carcinogenesis and Assessment of Chrysotile Asbestos Substitutes. World Health Organization, Lyon 2006, 8-12 November 2005
  • IPCS. Man-made mineral fibrefibers: International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Environmental Health. World Health Organization, Geneva 1988
  • Kannan S., Wu M. Respiratory Stem Cells and Progenitors: Overview, Derivation, Differentiation, Carcinogenesis, Regeneration and Therapeutic Application. Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2006; 1: 37–46
  • Kjaerheim K., Boffetta P., Hansen J., Cherrie J., Chang-Claude J., Eilber U., Ferro G., Guldner K., Olsen J. H., Plato N., Proud L., Saracci R., Westerholm P., Andersen A. Lung cancer among rock and slag wool production workers. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 445–453
  • Kjuus H., Skjaerven R., Langård S., Lien J. T., Aamodt T. A case-referent study of lung cancer, occupational exposures and smoking. I. Comparison of title-based and exposure-based occupational information (Original articles). Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1986; 12: 193–202
  • Klingholz R., Steinkopf B. The reactions of MMMF in a physiological model fluid and in water. World Health Organization, Copenhagen 1982; 60–86, Biological effects of man-made mineral fibrefibers, Proc. WHO//ARC Conf., Vol. 2
  • Leineweber J. P. Solubility of fibrefibers in vitro and in vivo. Proc. WHO//ARC Conf. Biological effects of man-made mineral fibers. World Health Organization, Copenhagen 1982; 87–101
  • Lemasters G., Lockey J., Levin L., Yiin J., Reutman S., Papes D., Rice C. A longitudinal study of chest radiographic changes and mortality of workers in the refractory ceramic fiber industry (Abstract at the 2001 Congress of Epidemiology) (Abstract No. 986). Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001; 153, (Suppl. 264)
  • Lemasters G., Lockey J., Rice C., McKay R., Hansen K., Lu J., Levin L., Gartside P. Radiographic changes among workers manufacturing refractory ceramic fibre and products. Ann. occup. Hyg. 1994; 38: 745–751, (Suppl. 1)
  • Lemasters G. K., Lockey J. E., Levin L. S., McKay R. T., Rice C. H., Horvath E. P., Papes D. M., Lu J. W., Feldman D. J. An industry-wide pulmonary study of men and women manufacturing refractory ceramic fibers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998; 148: 910–919
  • Luoto K., Holopainen M., Kangas J., Kalliokoski P., Savolainen K. The effect of fiber length on the dissolution by macrophages of rockwool and glasswool fibers. Environ. Res. 1995; 70(1)51–61
  • Marchand J. L., Luce D., Leclerc A., Goldberg P., Orlowski E., Bugel I., Brugère J. Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and occupational exposure to asbestos and man-made vitreous fibers: Results of a case–control study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000; 37: 581–589
  • Marchant G. E., Amen M. A., Bullock C. H., Carter C. M., Johnson K. A., Reynolds J. W., Connelly F. R., Crane A. E. A synthetic vitreous fiber (SVF) occupational exposure database: implementing the SVF Health and Safety Partnership Program. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg 2002; 17(4)276–85, Apr
  • Marsh G., Stone R., Youk A., Smith T., Quinn M., Henderson V., Schall L., Wayne L., Lee K. Mortality among United States rock wool and slag wool workers: 1989 Update. J. occup. Health Safety Austr. N.Z. 1996; 12: 297–312
  • Marsh G. M., Buchanich J. M., Youk A. O. Historical cohort study of US man-made vitreous fiber production workers. VI. Respiratory system cancer standardized mortality ratios adjusted for the confounding effect of cigarette smoking. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001b; 43: 803–808
  • Marsh G. M., Enterline P. E., Stone R. A., Henderson V. L. Mortality among a cohort of US man-made mineral fiber workers: 1985 Follow-up. J. occup. Med. 1990; 32: 594–604
  • Marsh G. M., Gula M. J., Youk A. O., Buchanich J. M., Churg A., Colby T. V. Historical cohort study of US man-made vitreous fiber production workers. II. Mortality from mesothelioma. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001c; 43: 757–766
  • Marsh G. M., Stone R. A., Owens A. D., Henderson V. L., Smith T. J., Quinn M. M. A Descriptive Analysis of the New Fiber and Co-exposure Data for the US Cohort Study of Man-made Vitreous Fiber Production. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Occupational Health, Nice, France. 1993
  • Marsh G. M., Youk A. O., Stone R. A., Buchanich J. M., Gula M. J., Smith T. J., Quinn M. M. Historical cohort study of US man-made vitreous fiber production workers. I. 1992 fiberglass cohort follow-up: Initial findings. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001a; 43: 741–756
  • Martin J.-C., Imbernon E., Goldberg M., Chevalier A., Bonenfant S. Occupational risk factors for lung cancer in the French electricity and gas industry. A case–control survey nested in a cohort of active employees. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000; 151: 902–912
  • Mason R. J., Broaddus V. C., Murray J. F., Nadel J. A. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine e-dition, 4th Edition. Elsevier. 2005
  • Mast R. W., McConnell E. E., Anderson R., Chevalier J., Kotin P., Bernstein D. M., Thevenaz P., Glass L. R., Miiller W. C., Hesterberg T. W. Studies on the chronic toxicity (inhalation) of four types of refractory ceramic fiber in male Fischer 344 rats. Inhalation Toxicology 1995; 7(4)425–467
  • Mast R. W., McConnell E. E., Hesterberg T. W., Chevalier J., Kotin P., Thevenaz P., Bernstein D. M., Glass L. R., Miiller W., Anderson R. Multiple-dose chronic inhalation toxicity study of size-separated kaolin refractory ceramic fiber in male Fischer 344 rats. Inhalation Toxicology 1995; 7(4)469–502
  • Mattson S. M. Glass FibreFibers in Simulated Lung Fluid: Dissolution Behavior and Analytical Requirements. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 1994; 38: 857–877
  • Mauderly J. L. Relevance of particle-induced rat lung tumors for assessing lung carcinogenic hazard and human lung cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105: 1337–46, Suppl 5
  • Maxim D. L., Hadley J., Potter R. M., Niebo R. The role of fiber durability/biopersistence of silica-based synthetic vitreous fibers and their influence on toxicology. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2006; 46(1)42–62
  • McConnell E. E., Kamstrup O., Musselman R., Hesterberg T. W., Chevalier J., Miiller W. C., Thievenaz P. Chronic inhalation study of size-separated rock and slag wool insulation fibers in Fischer 344/N rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 1994; 6: 571–614
  • Miller F. J. DOSIMETRY OF PARTICLES: Critical Factors having Risk Assessment Implications. Inhal Toxicol 2000a; 12: 389–395, (Supplement 3)
  • Miller F. J. Dosimetry of particles in laboratory animals and humans in relationship to issues surrounding lung overload and human health risk assessment: a critical review. Inhal Toxicol 2000b; 12(1–2)19–57
  • Morimoto Y., Yamato H., Kido M., Tanaka I., Higashi T., Fujino A., Yokosaki Y. Effects of inhaled ceramic fibers on macrophage function of rat lungs. Occup. Environ. Med. 1994; 51(1)62–67
  • Morrow P. E., Haseman J. K., Hobbs C. H., Driscoll K. E., Vu V., Oberdorster G. The maximum tolerated dose for inhalation bioassays: toxicity vs overload. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 29(2)155–67
  • Morrow P. E. Possible mechanisms to explain dust overloading of the lungs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1988; 10(3)369–84
  • Moulin J. J., Mur J. M., Wild P., Perreaux J. P., Pham Q. T. Oral cavity and laryngeal cancers among man-made mineral fiber production workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1986; 12: 27–31
  • Moulin J. J., Pham Q. T., Mur J. M., Meyer-Bisch C., Caillard J. F., Massin N., Wild P., Teculescu D., Delepine P., Hunzinger E., Perreaux J. P., Muller J. [Epidemiological study in two factories producing artificial mineral fibres: II. Respiratory symptoms and lung function.]. Arch. Mal. prof. 1987; 48: 7–16, (in French)
  • Muhle H., Bellman B., Heinrich U. Overloading of lung clearance during chronic exposure of experimental animals to particles. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1988; 32: 141–147, (suppl. 1)
  • Muhle H., Pott F., Bellmann B., Takenaka S., Ziem U. Inhalation and injection experiments in rats to test the carcinogenicity of MMMF. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1987; 31(4B)755–64
  • Musselman R. P., Miiller W. C., Eastes W., Hadley J. G., Kamstrup O., Thevenaz P., Hesterberg T. W. Biopersistences of man-made vitreous fibers and crocidolite fibers in rat lungs following short-term exposures. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102: 139–43, Suppl 5
  • Nelson T. R., West B. J., Goldberger A. L. The fractal lung: universal and species-related scaling patterns. Experientia 1990; 46(3)251–4
  • NIOSH. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2003, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/ Schlecht PCOC, P.F., editor1994: DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 94-113
  • Oberdorster G. Determinants of the pathogenicity of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF). Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000; S60–8, 73 Suppl
  • Olin S., Group, IFTAW. Testing of Fibrous Particles: Short Term Assays and Strategies. 2004, Inhalation Toxicology in preparation
  • Patra A. L. Comparative anatomy of mammalian respiratory tracts: the nasopharyngeal region and the tracheobronchial region. J Toxicol Environ Health 1986; 17(2–3)163–74
  • Phalen R. F., Oldham M. J. Tracheobronchial airway structure as revealed by casting techniques. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: S1–4, (2 Pt 2)
  • Pinkerton K. E., Gehr P., Crapo J. D. Treatise on Pulmonary Toxicology, vol. 1, Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1992
  • Plato N., Westerholm P., Gustavsson P., Hemmingsson T., Hogstedt C., Krantz S. Cancer incidence, mortality and exposure–response among Swedish man-made vitreous fiber production workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1995c; 21: 353–361
  • Plopper C. G., Hill L. H., Mariassy A. T. Ultrastructure of the nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cell of mammalian lung. III. A study of man with comparison of 15 mammalian species. Exp Lung Res 1980; 1(2)171–80
  • Pott F., Huth F., Friedrichs K. H. [Tumors of rats after i.p. injection of powdered chrysotile and benzo(a)pyrene]. Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig B] 1972; 155(5)463–9
  • Potter R. M., Mattson S. M. Glass fiber dissolution in a physiological saline solution. Classtech. Ber. 1991; 61: 161–171
  • Reeves A. L., Puro H. E., Smith R. G., Vorwald. Experimental asbestos carcinogenesis. Environ Res 1971; 4: 496–511
  • Rödelsperger K., Jöckel K.-H., Pohlabeln H., Römer W., Woitowitz H.-J. Asbestos and man-made vitreous fibers as risk factors for diffuse malignant mesothelioma: Results from a German hospital-based case–control study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2001; 39: 262–275
  • Roller M., Pott F., Kamino K., Althoff G. H., Bellmann B. Results of current intraperitoneal carcinogenicity studies with mineral and vitreous fibrefibers. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1996; 48(1)3–12
  • Sampson C., Hansell D. M. The prevalence of Enlarged Mediastinal Lymph Nodes in Asbestos-Exposed Individuals: A CT Study. Clinical Radiology 1992; 45: 340–342
  • Schneider T., Holst E., Skotte J. Size distributions of airborne fibers generated from man-made mineral fiber products. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1983; 27(2)157–71
  • Scholze H., Conradt R. An in vitro study of the chemical durability of siliceous fibrefibers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1987; 31: 683–692
  • Shannon H. S., Hayes M., Julian J. A., Muir D. C.F. Mortality experience of glass fibre workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1984; 41: 35–38
  • Shannon H. S., Jamieson E., Julian J. A., Muir D. C.F. Mortality of glass filament (textile) workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1990; 47: 533–536
  • Shannon H. S., Jamieson E., Julian J. A., Muir D. C.F., Walsh C. Mortality experience of Ontario glass fibre workers—Extended follow-up. Ann. occup. Hyg. 1987; 31: 657–662
  • Shelby. Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, 2nd Edition. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2005
  • Risk Factors for Cancer in the Workplace, J. Siemiatycki. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1991
  • Smith D. M., Ortiz L. W., Archuleta R. F., Johnson N. F. Long-term health effects in hamsters and rats exposed chronically to man-made vitreous fibrefibers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1987; 31(4B)731–54
  • Stanton M. F., Wrench C. Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1972; 48(3)797–821
  • Stone R. A., Youk A. O., Marsh G. M., Buchanich J. M., McHenry M. B., Smith T. J. Historical cohort study of US man-made vitreous fiber production workers. IV. Quantitative exposure-response analysis of the nested case-control study of respiratory system cancer. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001; 43: 779–792
  • Vasama-Neuvonen K., Pukkala E., Paakkulainen H., Mutanen P., Weiderpass E., Boffetta P., Shen N., Kauppinen T., Vainio H., Partanen T. Ovarian cancer and occupational exposures in Finland. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1999; 36: 83–89
  • Vorwald A. J., Durkan T. M., Pratt P. C. Experimental studies of asbestosis. A M A Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1951; 3(1)1–43
  • Wagner J. C., Berry G. Mesotheliomas in rats following inoculation with asbestos. Br. J. Cancer 1969; 23(3)567–81
  • Wagner J. C. Experimental production of mesothelial tumours of the pleura by implantation of dusts in laboratory animals. Nature 1962; 196: 180–1
  • Walker A. M., Maxim L. D., Utell M. Risk analysis for mortality from respiratory tumors in a cohort of refractory ceramic fiber workers. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2002; 35: 95–104
  • Warheit D. B., Hansen J. F., Yuen I. S., Kelly D. P., Snajdr S. I., Hartsky M. A. Inhalation of high concentrations of low toxicity dusts in rats results in impaired pulmonary clearance mechanisms and persistent inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145(1)10–22, Jul
  • Watkins D. K., Chiazze L., Fryar C. Historical cohort mortality study of a continuous filament fiberglass manufacturing plant. II. Women and minorities. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 1997; 39: 548–555
  • Weiderpass E., Pukkala E., Kauppinen T., Mutanen P., Paakkulainen H., Vasama-Neuvonen K., Boffetta P., Partanen T. Breast cancer and occupational exposures in women in Finland. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1999; 36: 48–53
  • White W. B. Theory or corrosion of Glass and Ceramics. Corrosion of glass, ceramics and ceramic superconductors : principles, testing, D. E. Clark. Zoitos, Noyes Publications, New JerseyUSA 1992
  • WHO. Reference Methods for Measuring Airborne Man-Made Mineral FibreFibers (MMMF), WHO/EURO MMMF Reference Scheme. MMMF WETCfMaEA. World Health Organisation, Copenhagen 1985; 55
  • Wong O., Foliart D., Trent L. S. A case–control study of lung cancer in a cohort of workers potentially exposed to slag wool fibres. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1991; 48: 818–824
  • Zeidler-Erdely P. C., Calhoun W. J., Ameredes B. T., Clark M. P., Deye G. J., Baron P., Jones W., Blake T., Castranova V. In vitro cytotoxicity of Manville Code 100 glass fibers: effect of fiber length on human alveolar macrophages. Part FibreFiber Toxicol 2006; 3: 5, Mar 28
  • Zoitos B. K., de Meringo A., Rouyer E., Theelohan B. J., Law B., Boymel P. M., Olson J. R., Christensen V. R., Guldberg M., Koenig, A. R., and others. In-vitro measurements of fiber dissolution rate relevant to biopersistence at neutral pH: An interlaboratory round robin. Inhal. Toxicol. 1997; 9: 525–540

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.