593
Views
68
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Creating context for the use of DNA adduct data in cancer risk assessment: II. Overview of methods of identification and quantitation of DNA damage

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 679-694 | Received 31 Dec 2008, Accepted 05 Jul 2009, Published online: 11 Sep 2009

References

  • Ahnström G (1988). Techniques to measure DNA single-strand breaks in cells: A review. Int J Radiat Biol 54:695–707.
  • Al-Atrash J, Zhang Y-J, Dongxin L, Kadlubar FF, Santella RM (1995). Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of 4-aminobiphenyl-DNA in cultured cells and mice: comparison to gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 8: 747–752.
  • Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P, eds (2002). Molecular Biology of The Cell. 4th ed. New YorK: Garland Science, 1463.
  • Arif JM, Dresler C, Clapper ML, Gairola CG, Srinivasan C, Lubet RA, Gupta RC (2006). Lung DNA adducts detected in human smokers are unrelated to typical polyaromatic carcinogens. Chem Res Toxicol 19: 295–299.
  • Autrup H, Wakhisi J, Vahakangas K, Wasunna A, Harris CC (1985). Detection of 8, 9-dihydro-(7’-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 in human urine. Environ Health Perspect 62: 105–108.
  • Beckman KB, Ames BN (1999). Endogenous oxidative damage of mtDNA. Mutat Res 424: 51–58.
  • Beland F A, Churchwell M I, Von Tungeln L S, Chen S, Fu P P, Culp S J, Schoket B, Gyorffy E, Minárovits J, Poirier M C, Bowman E D, Weston A, Doerge D R (2005). High-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the detection and quantitation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 18: 1306–1315.
  • Besaratinia A, Maas L M, Brouwer E M C, Kleinjans J C S, Van Schooten F J (2000). Comparison between smoking-related DNA adduct analysis in induced sputum and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 21: 1335–1340.
  • Besaratinia A, Pfeifer G P (2006). Investigating human cancer etiology by DNA lesion footprinting and mutagenicity analysis. Carcinogenesis 27: 1526–1537.
  • Bianchini F, Montesano R, Shuker D E, Cuzick J, Wild C P (1993). Quantification of 7-methyldeoxyguanosine using immunoaffinity purification and HPLC with electrochemical detection. Carcinogenesis 14: 1677–1682.
  • Binkova B, Hubalek F, Sram R (1996). Stability of benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts in rat tissues during their long-term storage at −20°C or −80°C. Mutat Res 371: 229–235.
  • Boogaard P J, De Kloe K P, Booth E D, Watson W P (2004). DNA adducts in rats and mice following exposure to [4-14C]-1, 2-epoxy-3-butene and to [2, 3-14C]-1, 3-butadiene. Chem Biol Interact 148: 69–92.
  • Boogaard P J, De Kloe K P, Wong B A, Sumner S C, Watson W P, Van Sittert N J (2000). Quantification of DNA adducts formed in liver lungs and isolated lung cells of rats and mice exposed to 14C-styrene by nose-only inhalation. Toxicol Sci 57: 203–216.
  • Brown K, Dingley K H, Turteltaub K W (2005). Accelerator mass spectrometry for biomedical research. Methods Enzymol 402: 423–443.
  • Cadet J, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Ravanat J L (2003). Oxidative damage to DNA: Formation measurement and biochemical features. Mutat Res 531: 5–23.
  • Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat J L (1997). Artifacts associated with the measuerement of oxidized DNA bases. Environ Health Perspect 105: 1034–1039.
  • Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat J L (2008). Oxidatively generated damage to the guanine moiety of DNA Mechanistic aspects and formation in cells. Acc Chem Res 41: 1075–1083.
  • Chen H J C, ChiuW L (2003). Detection and quantification of 1,N6- ethenoadenine in human urine by stable isotope dilution capillary gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 16: 1099–1106.
  • Collins A (2004). The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: Principles applications and limitations. Mol Biotech 26: 249–262.
  • Collins A R, Cadet J, Möller L, Poulsen H E, Vina J (2004). Are we sure we know how to measure 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine in DNA from human cells? Arch Biochem Biophys 423: 57–65.
  • Collins AR, Oscoz AA, Brunborg G, Gaivão I, Giovannelli L, Kruszewski M, Smith CC, Stetina R (2008). The comet assay: Topical issues. Mutagenesis 23: 143–151.
  • De Bont R, van Larabeke N (2004). Endogenous DNA damage in humans: A review of quantitative data. Mutagenesis 19: 169–185.
  • Denissenko M F, Koudriakova T B, Smith L, O’connor T R, Riggs A D, Pfeifer G P (1998). The p53 codon 249 mutational hotspot in hepatocellular carcinoma is not related to selective formation or persistence of aflatoxin B1 adducts. Oncogene 17: 3007–3014.
  • Dizdaroglu M (1984). The use of capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification of radiation-induced DNA base damage and DNA base-amino acid cross- links. J Chromatogr 295: 103–121.
  • Dizdaroglu M (1993). Quantitative determination of oxidative base damage in DNA by stable isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett 315: 1–6.
  • Dusinská M, Collins A (1996). Detection of oxidised purines and UV-induced photoproducts in DNA of single cells by inclusion of lesion-specific enzymes in the comet assay. Altern Lab Anim 24: 405–411.
  • Dusinská M, Collins AR (2008). The comet assay in human biomonitoring: Gene- environment interactions. Mutagenesis 23: 191–205.
  • Epe B, Hegler J (1994). Oxidative DNA damage: Endonuclease fingerprinting Methods Enzymol 234: 122–131.
  • ESCODD (2003). Measurement of DNA oxidation in human cells by chromatographic and enzymic methods. Free Radic Biol Med 34: 1089–1099.
  • Everson R B, Randerath E, Santella R M, Cefalo R C, Avitts T A, Randerath K (1986). Detection of smoking-related covalent DNA adducts in human placenta. Science 231: 54–57.
  • Farmer PB, Singh R (2008). Use of DNA adducts to identify human health risk from exposure to hazardous environmental pollutants: the increasing role of mass spectrometry in assessing biologically effective doses of genotoxic carcinogens. Mutat Res 659: 68–76.
  • Floyd R A, Watson J J, Wong P K, Altmiller D H, Rickard R C (1986). Hydroxyl free radical adduct of deoxyguanosine: Sensitive detection and mechanisms of formation. Free Radic Res Commun 1: 163–172.
  • Fraga C G, Motchnik P A, Shigenaga M K, Helbock H J, Jacob R A, Ames B N (1991). Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88: 11003–11006.
  • Friesen M D, Kaderlik K, Lin D, Garren L, Bartsch H, Lang N P, Kadlubar F F (1994). Analysis of DNA Adducts of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4, 5-b]pyridine in rat and human tissues by alkaline hydrolysis and gas chromatography/electron capture mass spectrometry: Validation by comparison with 32P-postlabeling. Chem Res Toxicol 7: 733–739.
  • Gallagher JE, Vine MF, Schramm MM, Lewtas J, George MH, Hulka BS, Everson RB (1993). 32P-Postlabeling analysis of DNA adducts in human sperm cells from smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2: 581–585.
  • Gedik C M, Collins A (2005). Establishing the background level of base oxidation in human lymphocyte DNA: Results of an interlaboratory validation study. FASEB J 19: 82–84.
  • Godschalk R W L, Ostertag J U, Moonen E J C, Neumann H A M, Kleinjans J C S, van Schooten F J (1998). Aromatic DNA adducts in human white blood cells and skin after dermal application of coal tar. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7: 767–773.
  • Goggin M, Loeber R, Park S, Walker V, Wickliffe J, Tretyakova N (2007). HPLC-ESI+-MS/MS analysis of N7-guanine-N7-guanine DNA cross-links in tissues of mice exposed to 13-butadiene. Chem Res Toxicol 20: 839–847.
  • Goldman R, Day B W, Carver T A, Mauthe R J, Turteltaub K W, Shields P G (2000). Quantitation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts by postlabeling with 14C-acetic anhydride and accelerator mass spectrometry. Chem Biol Interact 126: 171–183.
  • Gonzalez-Reche L M, Koch H M, Weiss T, Muller J, Drexler H, Angerer J (2002). Analysis of ethenoguanine adducts in human urine using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicol Lett 134: 71–77.
  • Goumenou M, Machera K (2004). Measurement of DNA single-strand breaks by alkaline elution and fluorometric DNA quantification. Anal Biochem 326: 146–152.
  • Guengerich F P (2000). Metabolism of chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis 21: 345–351.
  • Guichard Y, Jones G D, Farmer P B (2000). Detection of DNA alkylphosphotriesters by 32P postlabeling: Evidence for the nonrandom manifestation of phosphotriester lesions in vivo. Cancer Res 60: 1276–1282.
  • Haglund J, Ehrenberg L, Törnqvist M (1997). Studies of transalkylation of phosphotriesters in DNA: Reaction conditions and requirements on nucleophiles for determination of DNA adducts. Chem Biol Interact 108: 119–133.
  • Haglund J, Rafiq A, Ehrenberg L, Golding B T, Törnqvist M (2000). Transalkylation of phosphotriesters using cob(1)alamin: Toward specific determination of DNA-phosphate adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 13: 253–256.
  • Haglund J, Van Dongen W, Lemiere F, Esmans E L (2004). Analysis of DNA- phosphate adducts in vitro using miniaturized LC-ESI-MS/MS and column switching: Phosphotriesters and alkyl cobalamins. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 15: 593–606.
  • Halliwell B, Dizdaroglu M (1992). The measurement of oxidative damage to DNA by HPLC and GC/MS techniques. Free Radic Res Commun 16: 75–87.
  • Hartwig A, Dally H, Schlepegrell R (1996). Sensitive analysis of oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells: Use of the bacterial Fpg protein in combination with alkaline unwinding. Toxicol Lett 88: 85–90.
  • Helbock H J, Beckman K B, Shigenaga M K, Walter P B, Woodall A A, Yeo H C, Ames B N (1998). DNA oxidation matters: The HPLC-electrochemical detection assay of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 288–293.
  • Izzotti A, Bagnasco M, Scatolini L, Rovida A, De Flora S (1993). Post-mortem stability of benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide—DNA adducts in rat organs. Carcinogenesis 14: 2185–2187.
  • Jarabek AM, Pottenger LH, Andrews LS, Casciano D, Embry ME, Kim JH, Preston RJ, Reddy MMV, Schoeny R, Shuker D, Skare J, Swenberg J, Williams GM, Zeiger E (2009). Creating context for the use of DNA adduct data in cancer risk assessment: I. Data organization. Crit Rev Toxicol 39: this issue.
  • Jaruga P, Speina E, Gackowski D, Tudek B, Olinski R (2000). Endogenous oxidative DNA base modifications analysed with repair enzymes and GC/MS technique. Nucleic Acids Res 28: E16
  • Jeffrey A M, Luo F Q, Amin S, Krzeminski J, Zech K, Williams G M (2002). Lack of DNA binding in the rat nasal mucosa and other tissues of the nasal toxicants roflumilast a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and a metabolite 4-amino-3, 5-dichloropyridine in contrast to the nasal carcinogen 2, 6-dimethylaniline. Drug Chem Toxicol 25: 93–107.
  • Jones C R, Sabbioni G (2003). Identification of DNA adducts using HPLC/MS/MS following in vitro and in vivo experiments with arylamines and nitroarenes. Chem Res Toxicol 16: 1251–1263.
  • Kasai H (1997). Analysis of a form of oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-2’- deoxyguanosine as a marker of cellular oxidative stress during carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 387: 147–163.
  • King C M, Phillips B (1970). Instability of fluorenylamine-substituted polynucleotides: loss of carcinogen and production of an altered nucleic acid. Chem Biol Interact 2: 267–271.
  • Kohn K W, Grimek-Ewig R A (1973). Alkaline elution analysis a new approach to the study of DNA single-strand interruptions in cells. Cancer Res 33: 1849–1853.
  • Komura J, Riggs AD (1998). Terminal transferase-dependent PCR: A versatile and sensitive method for in vivo footprinting and detection of DNA adducts. Nucleic Acids Res 26: 1807–1811.
  • Kriek E, Roja M, Alexandrov K, Bartsch H (1998). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in humans: relevance as biomarkers for exposure and cancer risk. Mutat Res 400: 215–231.
  • Le Pla R C, Guichard Y, Bowman K J, Gaskell M, Farmer P B, Jones G D (2004). Further development of 32P-postlabeling for the detection of alkylphosphotriesters: Evidence for the long-term nonrandom persistence of ethyl-phosphotriester adducts in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 17: 1491–1500.
  • Li G, Gao J, Zhou X, Shimelis O, Giese RW (2003). Handling and detection of 25 amol of near-infrared dye deoxynucleotide conjugates by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1004: 47–50.
  • Lim K S, Aseelan K J, Whiteman M, Jenner A, Halliwell B (2005). Oxidative damage in mitochondrial DNA is not extensive. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1042: 210–220.
  • Manchester D K, Weston A, Choi J S, Trivers G E, Fennessey P E, Quintana E, Farmer P B, Mann D L, Harris C C (1988). Detection of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85: 9243–9247.
  • Mao H, Schnetz-Boutaud N C, Weisenseel J P, Marnett L J, Stone M P (1999). Duplex DNA catalyzes the chemical rearrangement of a malondialdehyde deoxyguanosine adduct. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 6615–6620.
  • Marnett L J (2000). Oxyradicals and DNA damage Carcinogenesis 21: 361–370.
  • Martin E A, Brown K, Gaskell M, Al-Azzawi F, Garner R C, Boocock D J, Mattock E, Pring D W, Dingley K, Turteltaub K W, Smith L L, White I N (2003). Tamoxifen DNA damage detected in human endometrium using accelerator mass spectrometry. Cancer Res 63: 8461–8465.
  • Nair U, Bartsch H, Nair J (2007). Lipid peroxidation-induced DNA damage in cancer-prone inflammatory diseases: A review of published adduct types and levels in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 43: 1109–1120.
  • Niedernhofer L J, Riley M, Schnetz-Boutaud N, Sanduwaran G, Chaudhary A K, Reddy G R, Marnett L J (1997). Temperature-dependent formation of a conjugate between tris(hydroxymethyl).aminomethane buffer and the malondialdehyde-DNA adduct pyrimidopurinone. Chem Res Toxicol 10: 556–561.
  • Olive P L, Banath J P (2006). The comet assay: A method to measure DNA damage in individual cells. Nat Protoc 1: 23–29.
  • Orimo H, Mei N, Boiteux S, Tokura Y, Kasai H (2004). Analysis of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua). released from DNA by the formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) protein: A reliable method to estimate cellular oxidative stress. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 45: 455–460.
  • Osborne M R, Phillips D H (2000). Preparation of a methylated DNA standard and its stability on storage. Chem Res Toxicol 13: 257–261.
  • Ovrebo S, Haugen A, Phillips D H, Newer A (1992). Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in white blood cells from coke oven workers: Correlation with job categories. Cancer Res 52: 1510–1514.
  • Peluso M, Munnia A, Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M, Veglia F, Airoldi L, Autrup H, Dunning A, Garte S, Hainaut P, Malaveille C, Gormally E, Matullo G, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Kaladidi A, Palli D, Krogh V, Tumino R, Panico S, Bueno-De-Mesquita H B, Peeters P H, Kumle M, Gonzalez C A, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Quiros J R, Berglund G, Janzon L, Jarvholm B, Day N E, Key T J, Saracci R, Kaaks R, Riboli E, Vineis P (2005). DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: A prospective study. Cancer Res 65: 8042–8048.
  • Pereira M A, Burns F J, Albert R E (1979). Dose response for benzo[a]pyrene adducts in mouse epidermal DNA. Cancer Res 39: 2556–2559.
  • Pfeifer G P, Denissenko M F, Tang M S (1998). PCR-based approaches to adduct analysis. Toxicol Lett 102–103: 447–451.
  • Phillips D H, Arlt V M (2007). The 32P-postlabeling assay for DNA adducts. Nat Protoc 2: 2772–2781.
  • Phillips D H, Castegnaro M (1993). Results of an interlaboratory trial of 32P- postlebelling. In: Phillips DH, Castegnaro M, Bartsch H, eds. Postlabelling Methods for Detection of DNA Damage. IARC Lyon, France: IARC, 35–49.
  • Phillips D H, Castegnaro M (1999). Standardization and validation of DNA adduct postlabelling methods: Report of interlaboratory trials and production of recommended protocols. Mutagenesis 14: 301–315.
  • Phillips D H, Farmer P B, Beland F A, Nath R G, Poirier M C, Reddy M V, Turtletaub K W (2000). Methods of DNA adduct determination and their application to testing compounds for genotoxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen 35: 222–233.
  • Poirier M C (1993). Antisera specific for carcinogen-DNA adducts and carcinogen- modified DNA: Applications for detection of xenobiotics in biological samples. Mutat Res 288: 31–38.
  • Poirier M C, Santella R M, Weston A (2000). Carcinogen macromolecular adducts and their measurement. Carcinogenesis 21: 353–359.
  • Pouget J P, Frelon S, Ravanat J L, Testard I, Odin F, Cadet J (2002). Formation of modified DNA bases in cells exposed either to gamma radiation or to high-let particles. Radiat Res 157: 589–595.
  • Preston R J, Williams G M (2005). DNA-reactive carcinogens: Mode of action and human cancer hazard. Crit Rev Toxicol 35: 673–683.
  • Prevost V, Shuker D E (1996). Cigarette smoking and urinary 3-alkyladenine excretion in man. Chem Res Toxicol 9: 439–444.
  • Prevost V, Shuker D E, Bartsch H, Pastorelli R, Stillwell W G, Trudel L J, Tannenbaum S R (1990). The determination of urinary 3-methyladenine by immunoaffinity chromatography-monoclonal antibody-based ELISA: Use in human biomonitoring studies. Carcinogenesis 11: 1747–1751.
  • Qian G S, Ross R K, Yu M C, Yuan J M, Gao Y T, Henderson B E, Wogan G N, Groopman J D (1994). A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3: 3–10.
  • Rahn R O, Chang S S, Holland J M, Shugart L R (1982). A fluorometric- HPLC assay for quantitating the binding of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites to DNA. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 109: 262–268.
  • Randerath K, Reddy M V, Gupta R C (1981). 32P-Labeling test for DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78: 6126–6129.
  • Ravanat J L, Douki T, Duez P, Gremaud E, Herbert K, Hofer T, Lasserre L, Saint-Pierre C, Favier A, Cadet J (2002). Cellular background level of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine: An isotope based method to evaluate artefactual oxidation of DNA during its extraction and subsequent work-up. Carcinogenesis 23: 1911–1918.
  • Ravanat J L, Duretz B, Guiller A, Douki T, Cadet J (1998). Isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry assay for the measurement of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine in biological samples. J Chromatogr B 715: 349–356.
  • Ravanat J L, Turesky R J, Gremaud E, Trudel L J, Stadler R H (1995). Determination of 8-oxoguanine in DNA by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and HPLC-electrochemical detection: overestimation of the background level of the oxidized base by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. Chem Res Toxicol 8: 1039–1045.
  • Reddy M V, Randerath K (1986). Nuclease P1-mediated enhancement of sensitivity of 32P-postlabeling test for structurally diverse DNA adducts. Carcinogenesis 7: 1543–1551.
  • Riley R T, Kemppainen B W, Norred W P (1988). Quantitative tritium exchange of [3H] aflatoxin B1 during penetration through isolated human skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153: 395–401.
  • Rojas M, Camus A M, Alexandrov K, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Antilla S, Vainio H and Bartsch H (1992). Stereoselective metabolism of (−)-benzo[a]pyrene-7, 8-diol by human lung microsomes and peripheral blood lymphocytes: Effect of smoking. Carcinogenesis 13: 929–933.
  • Rohrmann S, Lukas Jung S U, Linseisen J, Pfau W (2009). Dietary intake of meat and meat-derived heterocyclic aromatic amines and their correlation with DNA adducts in female breast tissue. Mutagenesis 24: 127–32.
  • Rothman N, Bhatnagar V K, Hayes R B, Zenser T V, Kashyap S K, Butler M A, Bell D A, Lakshmi V, Jaeger M, Kashyap R, Hirvonen A, Schulte P A, Dosemeci M, Hsu F, Parikh D J, Davis B B, Talaska G (1996). The impact of interindividual variation in NAT2 activity on benzidine urinary metabolites and urothelial DNA adducts in exposed workers. Proc Natl Natl Acad Sci U S A 93: 5084–5089.
  • Salama S A, Serrana M, Au W W (1999). Biomonitoring using accessible human cells for exposure and health risk assessment. Mutat Res 436: 99–112.
  • Santella R M (1999). Immunological methods for detection of carcinogen-DNA damage in humans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8: 733–739.
  • Saris C P, Damman S J, Van Den Ende A M, Westra J G, Den Engelse L (1993). 32P-postlabeling analysis of alkylphosphotriesters in DNA. IARC Sci Publ 127–132.
  • Saris C P, Damman S J, Van Den Ende A M, Westra J G, Den Engelse L (1995). A 32P-postlabeling assay for the detection of alkylphosphotriesters in DNA. Carcinogenesis 16: 1543–1548.
  • Schild L J, Phillips D H, Osborne M R, Hewer A, Beland F A, Churchwell M I, Brown K, Gaskell M, Wright E, Poirier MC (2005). Hepatic DNA adduct dosimetry in rats fed tamoxifen: a comparison of methods. Mutagenesis 20: 115–124.
  • Shanmugam G, Goodenough A K, Kozekov I D, Guengerich F P, Rizzo C J, Stone MP (2007). Structure of the 1N2-etheno-2’-deoxyguanosine adduct in duplex DNA at pH 8.6. Chem Res Toxicol 20: 1601–1611.
  • Shooter K V (1978). DNA phosphotriesters as indicators of cumulative carcinogen- induced damage. Nature 274: 612–614.
  • Shooter K V, Merrifield R K (1976). An assay for phosphotriester formation in the reaction of alkylating agents with deoxyribose nucleic acid in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 13: 223–236.
  • Shuker D E G, Farmer P B (1992). Relevance of urinary DNA adducts as markers of carcinogen exposure. Chem Res Toxicol 5: 450–460.
  • Singh N P, McCoy M T, Tice R R, Schneider E L (1988). A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp Cell Res 175: 184–191.
  • Singh R, Farmer P B (2006). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry: The future of DNA adduct detection. Carcinogenesis 27: 178–196.
  • Smith C C, O’Donovan M R, Martin E A (2006). hOGG1 recognizes oxidative damage using the comet assay with greater specificity than Fpg or ENDOIII. Mutagenesis 21: 185–190.
  • Snyder R D, Regan J D (1981). Quantitative estimation of the extent of alkylation of DNA following treatment of mammalian cells with non-radioactive alkylating agents. Mutat Res 91: 307–314.
  • Speit G, Schutz P, Bonzheim I, Trenz K, Hoffmann H (2004). Sensitivity of the FPG protein towards alkylation damage in the comet assay. Toxicol Lett 146: 151–158.
  • Stepanov I, Hecht S S (2009). Mitochondrial DNA adducts in the lung and liver of F344 rats chronically treated with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and (S)-4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Chem Res Toxicol 22: 406–414.
  • Stiborová M, Mikšanová M, šulc M, Rýdlová H, Schmeiser H H, Frei E (2005). Identification of a genotoxic mechanism for the carcinogenicity of the environmental pollutant and suspected human carcinogen o-anisidine. Int J Cancer 116: 667–678.
  • Stone J G, Jones N J, MacGregor A D, Waters R (1995). Development of a human biomonitoring assay using buccal mucosa: comparison of smoking-related DNA adducts in mucosa versus biopsies. Cancer Res 55: 1267–1270.
  • Swenberg JA, Fryar-Tita E, Jeong YC, Boysen G, Starr T, Walker VE, Albertini RJ (2008). Biomarkers in toxicology and risk assessment: Informing critical dose-response relationships. Chem Res Toxicol 21: 253–265.
  • Thomson N M, Kenney P M, Peterson L A (2003). The pyridyloxobutyl DNA adduct O6-[4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butyl]guanine is detected in tissues from 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-treated A/J mice. Chem Res Toxicol 16: 1–6.
  • Tompkins E M, Farmer P B, Lamb J H, Jukes R, Dingley K, Ubick E, Turteltaub K W, Martin E A, Brown K (2006). A novel 14C-postlabeling assay using accelerator mass spectrometry for the detection of O6-methyldeoxy-guanosine adducts. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20: 883–891.
  • Tuo J, Muftuoglu M, Chen C, Jaruga P, Selzer R R, Brosh R M, Jr, Rodriguez, H, Dizdaroglu M, Bohr V A (2001). The cockayne syndrome group b gene product is involved in general genome base excision repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA. J Biol Chem 276: 45772–45779.
  • Turteltaub K W, Dingley K H (1998). Application of accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) in DNA adduct quantification and identification. Toxicol Lett 102–103: 435–439.
  • Turteltaub K W, Vogel J S, Frantz C E, Fultz E (1993). Studies on DNA adduction with heterocyclic amines by accelerator mass spectrometry: A new technique for tracing isotope-labelled DNA adduction. In: Phillips DH, Castegnaro M, Bartsch H, eds. Postlabelling Methods for Detection of DNA Damage. Lyon, France: IARC, 293–301.
  • Van Duuren B L (1988). Direct-acting alkylating and acylating agents DNA adduct formation structure-activity and carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 534: 620–634.
  • Van Sittert N J, Boogaard P J, Natarajan A T, Tates A D, Ehrenberg L G, Törnqvist M A (2000). Formation of DNA adducts and induction of mutagenic effects in rats following 4 weeks inhalation exposure to ethylene oxide as a basis for cancer risk assessment. Mutat Res 447: 27–48.
  • Vermeulen R, Talaska G, Schumann B, Bos R P, Rothman N, Kromhout H (2002). Urothelial cell DNA adducts in rubber workers. Environ Mol Mutagen 39: 306–313.
  • Weston A, Rowe M L, Manchester D K, Farmer P B, Mann D L, Harris C C (1989). Fluorescence and mass spectral evidence for the formation of benzo[a]pyrene anti-diol-epoxide-DNA and -hemoglobin adducts in humans. Carcinogenesis 10: 251–257.
  • White I N, Brown K (2004). Techniques: The application of accelerator mass spectrometry to pharmacology and toxicology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25: 442–447.
  • Winnik WM, Kitchina KT (2008). Measurement of oxidative stress parameters using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (LC–MS/MS). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 233: 100–106.
  • Wu K Y, Scheller N, Ranasinghe A, Yen T Y, Sangaiah R, Giese R, Swenberg J A (1999). A gas chromatography/electron capture/negative chemical ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry method for analysis of endogenous and exogenous N7-(2-hydroxyethyl) guanine in rodents and its potential for human biological monitoring. Chem Res Toxicol 12: 722–729.
  • Wyatt MD, Pittman DL (2006). Methylating agents and DNA repair responses: Methylating bases and sources of strand breaks. Chem Res Toxicol 19: 1580–1594.
  • Zhang F, Bartels M J, Pottenger L H, Gollapudi B B, Schisler M R (2005). Quantitation of DNA adduct of thymidylyl(3’-5’) thymidine methyl phosphotriester by liquid chromatography/negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 19: 2767–2772.
  • Zhang F, Bartels M J, Pottenger L H, Gollapudi B B, Schisler M R (2007). Quantitation of lower levels of the DNA adduct of thymidylyl(3’-5’)thymidine methyl phosphotriester by liquid chromatography/negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21: 1043–1048.
  • Zhu J, Chang P, Bondy M L, Sahin A A, Singletary S E, Takahashi S, Shirai T, Li, D (2003). Detection of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimadazo[4, 5-b]-pyridine- DNA adducts in normal breast tissues and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12: 830–837.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.