Exposure to PFOA and PFOS and fetal growth: a critical merging of toxicological and epidemiological data

References

• Abbott BD. 2009. Review of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPAR alpha), beta (PPAR beta), and gamma (PPAR gamma) in rodent and human development. Reprod Toxicol. 27:246–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott BD, Wolf CJ, Schmid JE, Das KP, Zehr RD, Helfant L, Nakayama S, Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Lau C. 2007. Perfluorooctanoic acid induced developmental toxicity in the mouse is dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha. Toxicol Sci. 98:571–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adami HO, Berry CL, Breckenridge CB, Smith LL, Swenberg JA, Trichopoulos D, Weiss NS, Pastoor TP. 2011. Toxicology and epidemiology: improving the science with a framework for combining toxicological and epidemiological evidence to establish causal inference. Toxicol Sci. 122:223–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht PP, Torsell NE, Krishnan P, Ehresman DJ, Frame SR, Chang SC, Butenhoff JL, Kennedy GL, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. 2013. A species difference in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-dependent response to the developmental effects of perfluorooctanoic acid. Toxicol Sci. 131:568–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen CS, Fei C, Gamborg M, Nohr EA, Sorensen TI, Olsen J. 2010. Prenatal exposures to perfluorinated chemicals and anthropometric measures in infancy. Am J Epidemiol. 172:1230–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antignac JP, Veyrand B, Kadar H, Marchand P, Oleko A, Bizec BL, Vandentorren S. 2013. Occurrence of perfluorinated alkylated substances in breast milk of French women and relation with socio-demographical and clinical parameters: results of the ELFE pilot study. Chemosphere. 91:802–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apelberg BJ, Witter FR, Herbstman JB, Calafat AM, Halden RU, Needham LL, Goldman LR. 2007. Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth. Environ Health Perspect. 115:1670–1676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle TE, Kubwabo C, Walker M, Davis K, Lalonde K, Kosarac I, Wen SW, Arnold DL. 2013. Umbilical cord blood levels of perfluoroalkyl acids and polybrominated flame retardants. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 216:184–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach CC, Bech BH, Brix N, Nohr EA, Bonde JP, Henriksen TB. 2015. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and human fetal growth: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol. 45:53–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach CC, Bech BH, Nohr EA, Olsen J, Matthiesen NB, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Bossi R, Henriksen TB. 2016. Perfluoroalkyl acids in maternal serum and indices of fetal growth: the Aarhus birth cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 124:848–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg CB, Mazumdar M. 1994. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 50:1088–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boas M, Main KM, Feldt-Rasmussen U. 2009. Environmental chemicals and thyroid function: an update. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 16:385–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brantsaeter AL, Whitworth KW, Ydersbond TA, Haug LS, Haugen M, Knutsen HK, Thomsen C, Meltzer HM, Becher G, Sabaredzovic A, et al. 2013. Determinants of plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in pregnant Norwegian women. Environ Int. 54:74–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brede E, Wilhelm M, Goen T, Muller J, Rauchfuss K, Kraft M, Holzer J. 2010. Two-year follow-up biomonitoring pilot study of residents' and controls' PFC plasma levels after PFOA reduction in public water system in Arnsberg, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 213:217–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck RC, Franklin J, Berger U, Conder JM, Cousins IT, de Voogt P, Jensen AA, Kannan K, Mabury SA, van Leeuwen SP. 2011. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 7:513–541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang SC, Thibodeaux JR, Eastvold ML, Ehresman DJ, Bjork JA, Froehlich JW, Lau CS, Singh RJ, Wallace KB, Butenhoff JL. 2007. Negative bias from analog methods used in the analysis of free thyroxine in rat serum containing perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Toxicology. 234:21–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MH, Ha EH, Wen TW, Su YN, Lien GW, Chen CY, Chen PC, Hsieh WS. 2012a. Perfluorinated compounds in umbilical cord blood and adverse birth outcomes. PLoS One. 7:e42474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen T, Zhang L, Yue JQ, Lv ZQ, Xia W, Wan YJ, Li YY, Xu SQ. 2012b. Prenatal PFOS exposure induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in the lung of rat off-spring. Reprod Toxicol. 33:538–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa G, Sartori S, Consonni D. 2009. Thirty years of medical surveillance in perfluooctanoic acid production workers. J Occup Environ Med. 51:364–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darrow LA, Stein CR, Steenland K. 2013. Serum perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in relation to birth outcomes in the Mid-Ohio Valley, 2005–2010. Environ Health Perspect. 121:1207–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerSimonian R, Laird N. 1986. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 7:177–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolle ME, Kuiper RV, Roodbergen M, Robinson J, de Vlugt S, Wijnhoven SW, Beems RB, de la Fonteyne L, de With P, van der Pluijm I, et al. 2011. Broad segmental progeroid changes in short-lived Ercc1(-/Delta7) mice. Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis. 1:7219.
   Google Scholar
• EFSA. 2008. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J. 653:1–131.
   Google Scholar
• Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. 1997. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 315:629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehresman DJ, Froehlich JW, Olsen GW, Chang SC, Butenhoff JL. 2007. Comparison of human whole blood, plasma, and serum matrices for the determination of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and other fluorochemicals. Environ Res. 103:176–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elcombe CR, Elcombe BM, Foster JR, Farrar DG, Jung R, Chang SC, Kennedy GL, Butenhoff JL. 2010. Hepatocellular hypertrophy and cell proliferation in Sprague–Dawley rats following dietary exposure to ammonium perfluorooctanoate occurs through increased activation of the xenosensor nuclear receptors PPARα and CAR/PXR. Arch Toxicol. 84:787–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Tarone RE, Olsen J. 2007. Perfluorinated chemicals and fetal growth: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 115:1677–1682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromme H, Mosch C, Morovitz M, Alba-Alejandre I, Boehmer S, Kiranoglu M, Faber F, Hannibal I, Genzel-Boroviczeny O, Koletzko B, et al. 2010. Pre- and postnatal exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Environ Sci Technol. 44:7123–7129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes S, Colomina MT, Rodriguez J, Vicens P, Domingo JL. 2006. Interactions in developmental toxicology: concurrent exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and stress in pregnant mice. Toxicol Lett. 164:81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes S, Colomina MT, Vicens P, Domingo JL. 2007. Influence of maternal restraint stress on the long-lasting effects induced by prenatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in mice. Toxicol Lett. 171:162–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn A, Berger U, Bignert A, Ullah S, Aune M, Lignell S, Darnerud PO. 2012. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in blood serum from primiparous women in Sweden: serial sampling during pregnancy and nursing, and temporal trends 1996–2010. Environ Sci Technol. 46:9071–9079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez FJ, Shah YM. 2008. PPARalpha: mechanism of species differences and hepatocarcinogenesis of peroxisome proliferators. Toxicology. 246:2–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasty RC, Grey BE, Lau CS, Rogers JM. 2003. Prenatal window of susceptibility to perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced neonatal mortality in the Sprague–Dawley rat. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 68:465–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grice MM, Alexander BH, Hoffbeck R, Kampa DM. 2007. Self-reported medical conditions in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. J Occup Environ Med. 49:722–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm MP, Cherry NM, Chan E, Martin JW, Burstyn I. 2010. Maternal exposure to perfluorinated acids and fetal growth. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 20:589–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, Nabb DL, Russell MH, Kennedy GL, Rickard RW. 2012. Renal elimination of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs). Chem Res Toxicol. 25:35–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovic J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA, et al. 2011. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 343:d5928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Thompson SG. 2002. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 21:1539–1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines EP, White SS, Stanko JP, Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Lau C, Fenton SE. 2009. Phenotypic dichotomy following developmental exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in female CD-1 mice: low doses induce elevated serum leptin and insulin, and overweight in mid-life. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 304:97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue K, Okada F, Ito R, Kato S, Sasaki S, Nakajima S, Uno A, Saijo Y, Sata F, Yoshimura Y, et al. 2004. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 112:1204–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PI, Sutton P, Atchley DS, Koustas E, Lam J, Sen S, Robinson KA, Axelrad DA, Woodruff TJ. 2014. The Navigation Guide – evidence-based medicine meets environmental health: systematic review of human evidence for PFOA effects on fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 122:1028–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato K, Wong LY, Chen A, Dunbar C, Webster GM, Lanphear BP, Calafat AM. 2014. Changes in serum concentrations of maternal poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances over the course of pregnancy and predictors of exposure in a multiethnic cohort of Cincinnati, Ohio pregnant women during 2003–2006. Environ Sci Technol. 48:9600–9608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper RA, Jepson GW. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of perfluorooctanoic acid in male and female rats. Toxicologist. 72:148.
   Google Scholar
• Kim S, Choi K, Ji K, Seo J, Kho Y, Park J, Kim S, Park S, Hwang I, Jeon J, et al. 2011. Trans-placental transfer of thirteen perfluorinated compounds and relations with fetal thyroid hormones. Environ Sci Technol. 45:7465–7472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishi R, Nakajima T, Goudarzi H, Kobayashi S, Sasaki S, Okada E, Miyashita C, Itoh S, Araki A, Ikeno T, et al. 2015. The association of prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals with maternal essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy and the birth weight of their offspring: the Hokkaido study. Environ Health Perspect. 123:1038–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimisch HJ, Andreae M, Tillmann U. 1997. A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 25:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam J, Koustas E, Sutton P, Johnson PI, Atchley DS, Sen S, Robinson KA, Axelrad DA, Woodruff TJ. 2014. The Navigation Guide – evidence-based medicine meets environmental health: integration of animal and human evidence for PFOA effects on fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 122:1040–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau C, Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Narotsky MG, Rogers JM, Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ. 2006. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy in the mouse. Toxicol Sci. 90:510–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau C, Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Rogers JM, Grey BE, Stanton ME, Butenhoff JL, Stevenson LA. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. II: postnatal evaluation. Toxicol Sci. 74:382–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee ES, Han S, Oh JE. 2016. Association between perfluorinated compound concentrations in cord serum and birth weight using multiple regression models. Reprod Toxicol. 59:53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YJ, Kim MK, Bae J, Yang JH. 2013. Concentrations of perfluoroalkyl compounds in maternal and umbilical cord sera and birth outcomes in Korea. Chemosphere. 90:1603–1609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenters V, Portengen L, Rignell-Hydbom A, Jonsson BA, Lindh CH, Piersma AH, Toft G, Bonde JP, Heederik D, Rylander L, et al. 2016. Prenatal phthalate, perfluoroalkyl acid, and organochlorine exposures and term birth weight in three birth cohorts: multi-pollutant models based on elastic net regression. Environ Health Perspect. 124:365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. 2009. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 62:e1–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew Z, Ritz B, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Henriksen TB, Nohr EA, Bech BH, Fei C, Bossi R, von Ehrenstein OS, Streja E, et al. 2014. Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and the risk of congenital cerebral palsy in children. Am J Epidemiol. 180:574–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou I, Wambaugh JF, Lau C, Hanson RG, Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Zehr RD, Setzer RW, Barton HA. 2009. Modeling single and repeated dose pharmacokinetics of PFOA in mice. Toxicol Sci. 107:331–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luebker DJ, Case MT, York RG, Moore JA, Hansen KJ, Butenhoff JL. 2005a. Two-generation reproduction and cross-foster studies of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in rats. Toxicology. 215:126–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luebker DJ, York RG, Hansen KJ, Moore JA, Butenhoff JL. 2005b. Neonatal mortality from in utero exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in Sprague–Dawley rats: dose–response, and biochemical and pharamacokinetic parameters. Toxicology. 215:149–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macon MB, Villanueva LR, Tatum-Gibbs K, Zehr RD, Strynar MJ, Stanko JP, White SS, Helfant L, Fenton SE. 2011. Prenatal perfluorooctanoic acid exposure in CD-1 mice: low-dose developmental effects and internal dosimetry. Toxicol Sci. 122:134–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisonet M, Terrell ML, McGeehin MA, Christensen KY, Holmes A, Calafat AM, Marcus M. 2012. Maternal concentrations of polyfluoroalkyl compounds during pregnancy and fetal and postnatal growth in British girls. Environ Health Perspect. 120:26–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroy R, Morrison K, Teo K, Atkinson S, Kubwabo C, Stewart B, Foster WG. 2008. Serum levels of perfluoroalkyl compounds in human maternal and umbilical cord blood samples. Environ Res. 108:56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo HT, Hetland RB, Sabaredzovic A, Haug LS, Steffensen IL. 2014. In utero exposure to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) did not increase body weight or intestinal tumorigenesis in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min/+) mice. Environ Res. 132:251–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan LA, Nolan JM, Shofer FS, Rodway NV, Emmett EA. 2009. The relationship between birth weight, gestational age and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-contaminated public drinking water. Reprod Toxicol. 27:231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen GW, Burris JM, Burlew MM, Mandel JH. 2003. Epidemiologic assessment of worker serum perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations and medical surveillance examinations. J Occup Environ Med. 45:260–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen GW, Butenhoff JL, Zobel LR. 2009. Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and human fetal development: an epidemiologic review with clinical and toxicological perspectives. Reprod Toxicol. 27:212–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen GW, Zobel LR. 2007. Assessment of lipid, hepatic, and thyroid parameters with serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) concentrations in fluorochemical production workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 81:231–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymer JH, Michael LC, Studabaker WB, Olsen GW, Sloan CS, Wilcosky T, Walmer DK. 2012. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and their associations with human semen quality measurements. Reprod Toxicol. 33:419–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robledo CA, Yeung E, Mendola P, Sundaram R, Maisog J, Sweeney AM, Barr DB, Louis GM. 2015. Preconception maternal and paternal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and birth size: the LIFE study. Environ Health Perspect. 123:88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen MB, Abbott BD, Wolf DC, Corton JC, Wood CR, Schmid JE, Das KP, Zehr RD, Blair ET, Lau C. 2008a. Gene profiling in the livers of wild-type and PPARalpha-null mice exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid. Toxicol Pathol. 36:592–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen MB, Lee JS, Ren H, Vallanat B, Liu J, Waalkes MP, Abbott BD, Lau C, Corton JC. 2008b. Toxicogenomic dissection of the perfluorooctanoic acid transcript profile in mouse liver: evidence for the involvement of nuclear receptors PPAR alpha and CAR. Toxicol Sci. 103:46–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross J, Plummer SM, Rode A, Scheer N, Bower CC, Vogel O, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Elcombe CR. 2010. Human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) support the hypertrophic but not the hyperplastic response to the murine nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens phenobarbital and chlordane in vivo. Toxicol Sci. 116:452–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz DA, Stein CR, Bartell SM, Elston B, Gong J, Shin HM, Wellenius GA. 2012a. Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and pregnancy outcome in a highly exposed community. Epidemiology. 23:386–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz DA, Stein CR, Elston B, Wellenius GA, Bartell SM, Shin HM, Vieira VM, Fletcher T. 2012b. Relationship of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure to pregnancy outcome based on birth records in the mid-Ohio valley. Environ Health Perspect. 120:1201–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzer G. 2015. Meta: General Package for Meta-Analysis. R package version 4.1-0. Available from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=meta.
   Google Scholar
• Seacat AM, Thomford PJ, Hansen KJ, Clemen LA, Eldridge SR, Elcombe CR, Butenhoff JL. 2003. Sub-chronic dietary toxicity of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in rats. Toxicology. 183:117–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seals R, Bartell SM, Steenland K. 2011. Accumulation and clearance of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in current and former residents of an exposed community. Environ Health Perspect. 119:119–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Son HY, Kim SH, Shin HI, Bae HI, Yang JH. 2008. Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced hepatic toxicity following 21-day oral exposure in mice. Arch Toxicol. 82:239–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein CR, Savitz DA, Dougan M. 2009. Serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol. 170:837–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne JA, Egger M. 2001. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. J Clin Epidemiol. 54:1046–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB. 2000. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 283:2008–2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh CH, Cho NK, Lee CK, Lee CH, Kim DH, Kim JH, Son BC, Lee JT. 2011. Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced inhibition of placental prolactin-family hormone and fetal growth retardation in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 337:7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibodeaux JR, Hanson RG, Rogers JM, Grey BE, Barbee BD, Richards JH, Butenhoff JL, Stevenson LA, Lau C. 2003. Exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate during pregnancy in rat and mouse. I: maternal and prenatal evaluations. Toxicol Sci. 74:369–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPAa. 2003. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), fluorinated telomers; request for comment, solicitation of interested parties for enforceable consent agreement development, and notice of public meeting.
   Google Scholar
• van Esterik JC, Bastos Sales L, Dolle ME, Hakansson H, Herlin M, Legler J, van der Ven LT. 2016. Programming of metabolic effects in C57BL/6JxFVB mice by in utero and lactational exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. Arch Toxicol. 90:701–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verner MA, Loccisano AE, Morken NH, Yoon M, Wu H, McDougall R, Maisonet M, Marcus M, Kishi R, Miyashita C, et al. 2015. Associations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with lower birth weight: an evaluation of potential confounding by glomerular filtration rate using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK). Environ Health Perspect. 123:1317–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washino N, Saijo Y, Sasaki S, Kato S, Ban S, Konishi K, Ito R, Nakata A, Iwasaki Y, Saito K, et al. 2009. Correlations between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and reduced fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect. 117:660–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver YM, Ehresman DJ, Butenhoff JL, Hagenbuch B. 2010. Roles of rat renal organic anion transporters in transporting perfluorinated carboxylates with different chain lengths. Toxicol Sci. 113:305–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells GA, S B, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. 2000. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2000. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.htm
   Google Scholar
• White SS, Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Villanueva L, Zehr RD, Helfant L, Strynar MJ, Lindstrom AB, Thibodeaux JR, Wood C, et al. 2007. Gestational PFOA exposure of mice is associated with altered mammary gland development in dams and female offspring. Toxicol Sci. 96:133–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SS, Fenton SE, Hines EP. 2011a. Endocrine disrupting properties of perfluorooctanoic acid. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 127:16–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SS, Kato K, Jia LT, Basden BJ, Calafat AM, Hines EP, Stanko JP, Wolf CJ, Abbott BD, Fenton SE. 2009. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid on mouse mammary gland development and differentiation resulting from cross-foster and restricted gestational exposures. Reprod Toxicol. 27:289–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SS, Stanko JP, Kato K, Calafat AM, Hines EP, Fenton SE. 2011b. Gestational and chronic low-dose PFOA exposures and mammary gland growth and differentiation in three generations of CD-1 mice. Environ Health Perspect. 119:1070–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitworth KW, Haug LS, Baird DD, Becher G, Hoppin JA, Skjaerven R, Thomsen C, Eggesbo M, Travlos G, Wilson R, et al. 2012. Perfluorinated compounds in relation to birth weight in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 175:1209–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf CJ, Fenton SE, Schmid JE, Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Bryant XA, Thibodeaux J, Das KP, White SS, Lau CS, et al. 2007. Developmental toxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid in the CD-1 mouse after cross-foster and restricted gestational exposures. Toxicol Sci. 95:462–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff TJ, Sutton P. 2014. The Navigation Guide systematic review methodology: a rigorous and transparent method for translating environmental health science into better health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 122:1007–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Xu X, Peng L, Liu J, Guo Y, Huo X. 2012. Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes. Environ Int. 48:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahia D, El-Nasser MA, Abedel-Latif M, Tsukuba C, Yoshida M, Sato I, Tsuda S. 2010. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure to pregnant mice on reproduction. J Toxicol Sci. 35:527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahia D, Tsukuba C, Yoshida M, Sato I, Tsuda S. 2008. Neonatal death of mice treated with perfluorooctane sulfonate. J Toxicol Sci. 33:219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu CF, Whiteley L, Carryl O, Basson MD. 2001. Differential dietary effects on colonic and small bowel neoplasia in C57BL/6J Apc Min/+ mice. Dig Dis Sci. 46:1367–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar