Assessing cancer hazards of bitumen emissions – a case study for complex petroleum substances

References

• Akkineni LK, Zeisig M, Baranczewski P, Ekström LG, Möller L. 2001. Formation of DNA adducts from oil-derived products analyzed by 32P-HPLC. Arch Toxicol. 74:720–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asphalt Institute, Eurobitume. 2015. The Bitumen Industry—a Global Perspective, Production, Chemistry, Use, Specification, and Occupational Exposure; 3:No. 230 (IS-230). http://www.asphaltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/IS230_3rdedition.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn GR, Kriech AJ, Kurek JT, Osborn LV. 1999. Detection of coal tar materials in asphalt pavements using chemical and biological methods. Transp Res Rec. 1661:41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn GR, Roy TA, Bleicher WT, Jr, Vijayaraj Reddy M, Mackerer CR. 1984. Estimation of the dermal carcinogenic activity of petroleum fractions using a modified Ames assay. Cell Biol Toxicol. 1:67–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn GR, Roy TA, Bleicher WT, Jr, Vijayaraj Reddy M, Mackerer CR. 1996. Comparison of biological and chemical predictors of dermal carcinogenicity of petroleum oils. Polycycl Aromat Comp. 11:201–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffetta P, Burstyn I, Partanen T, Kromhout H, Svane O, Langård S, Järvholm B, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kauppinen T, Stücker I, et al. 2003. Cancer mortality among European asphalt workers: an international epidemiological study. II. exposure to bitumen fume and other agents. Am J Ind Med. 43:28–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booker CD, White KL. Jr. 2005. Benzo(a)pyrene induced anemia and splenomegaly in NZB/WF1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 43:1423–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottin M, Gate L, Rihn B, Micillino JC, Nathalie M, Martin A, Nunge H, Morel G, Wrobel R, Ayi-Fanou L, et al. 2006. Genotoxic effects of bitumen fumes in Big Blue(R) transgenic rat lung. Mutat Res Fund Mol Mech Mut. 596:91–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchiel SW, Luster MI. 2001. Signathe aryl hydroling by environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human lymphocytes. Clin Immunol. 98:2–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgaz S, Erdem O, Karahalil B, Karakaya AE. 1998. Cytogenetic biomonitoring of workers exposed to bitumen fumes. Mutat Res. 419:123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallari JM, Osborn LV, Snawder JE, Kriech AJ, Olsen LD, Herrick RF, McClean MD. 2012a. Predictors of airborne exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds and total organic matter among hot-mix asphalt paving workers and influence of work conditions and practices. Ann Occup Hyg. 56:138–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallari JM, Osborn LV, Snawder JE, Kriech AJ, Olsen LD, Herrick RF, McClean MD. 2012b. Predictors of dermal exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds among hot-mix asphalt paving workers. Ann Occup Hyg. 56:125–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Bavazzano P, Cassinelli C, Frattini A, Perniconi B, Di Francesco A, Ciervo A, Rondinone B, Iavicoli S. 2006. Sister chromatid exchange and oxidative DNA damage in paving workers exposed to PAHs. Ann Occup Hyg. 50:211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik A, Yildirim S, Ekinci SV, Tasdelen B. 2013. Bio-monitoring for the genotoxic assessment in road construction workers as determined by the buccal micronucleus cytome assay. Ecotox Environ Safe. 92:265–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasey K, McKee R. 1993. Evaluation of the dermal carcinogenicity of lubricant base oils by the mouse skin painting bioassay and other proposed methods. J App Tox. 13:57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark CR, Burnett DM, Parker CM, Arp EW, Swanson MS, Minsavage GD, Kriech AJ, Osborn LV, Freeman JJ, Barter RA, et al. 2011. Asphalt fume dermal carcinogenicity potential: I. dermal carcinogenicity evaluation of asphalt (bitumen) fume condensates. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 61:9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Méo M, Genevois C, Brandt H, Laget M, Bartsch H, Castegnaro M. 1996. In vitro studies of the genotoxic effects of bitumen and coal- tar fume condensates: comparison of data obtained by mutagenicity testing and DNA adduct analysis by 32P-postlabelling. Chem Biol Interact. 101:73–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhondge A, Surendran S, Seralathan MV, Naoghare P, Krishnamurthi K, Devi SS, Chakrabarti T. 2012. Cellular alterations and modulation of protein expression in bitumen-challenged human osteoblast cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 19:4030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingsen DG, Ulvestad B, Andersson L, Barregard L. 2010. Pneumoproteins and inflammatory biomarkers in asphalt pavers. Biomarkers. 15:498–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenga C, Loreto C, Caltabiano C, Germano D. 2000. Heat shock protein 27 is overexpressed in the skin of bitumen exposed workers. Early observations. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 76:81–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman JF, Schreiner CA, Beazley S, Burnett DM, Clark CR, Mahagaokar S, Parker CM, Stewart CW, Swanson MS, Arp EW, et al. 2011. Asphalt fume dermal carcinogenicity potential: II. initiation-promotion assay of Type III built-up roofing asphalt. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 61:17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs J, Hengstler JG, Boettler G, Oesch F. 1996. Primary DNA damage in peripheral mononuclear blood cells of workers exposed to bitumen-based products. Int Arch Occup Environ Heath. 68:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhst R, Creutzenberg O, Ernst H, Hansen T, Pohlmann G, Preiss A, Rittinghausen S. 2007. 24 months inhalation carcinogenicity study of bitumen fumes in Wistar (WU) rats. J Occup Environ Hyg. 4:20–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gate L, Langlais C, Micillino JC, Nunge H, Bottin MC, Wrobel R, Binet S. 2006. Bitumen fume-induced gene expression profile in rat lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 215:83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genevois C, Brandt HCA, Bartsch H, Obrecht-pflumio S, Wild CP, Categnaro M. 1996. Formation of DNA adducts in skin, lung, and lymphocytes after skin painting of rats with undiluted bitumen or coal tar pitch fume condensates. Polycycl Aromat Compd. 8:75–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genevois C, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Boillot K, Brandt H, Castegnaroa M. 1998. Implication of cytochrome P-450 1A isoforms and the AH receptor in the genotoxicity of coal tar pitch fume condensate and bitumen fume condensates. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 5:283–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genies C, Maitre A, Lefebvre E, Jullien A, Chopard-Lallier M, Douki T. 2013. The extreme variety of genotoxic response to benzo[a] pyrene in three different human cell lines from three different organs. PLoS One. 8:e78356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman J, Lynch H. 2017. Improving the international agency for research on cancer’s consideration of mechanistic evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 319:39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halter R, Hansen T, Seidel A, Borlak J. 2007. Importance of DNA-adduct formation and gene expression profiling of disease candidate genes in rats exposed to bitumen fumes. J Occ Env Hyg. 4:44–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert R, Marcus M, Wolff MS, Perera FP, Andrews L, Godbold JH, Rivera M, Stefanidid M, Lu X-q, Landrigan PJ. 1990a. A pilot study of detection of DNA adducts in white blood cells of roofers by 32P-postlabelling. IARC Sci Publ. 104:205–214.
   Google Scholar
• Herbert R, Marcus M, Wolff MS, Perera FP, Andrews L, Godbold JH, Rivera M, Stefanidis M, Lu XQ, Landrigan PJ, et al. 1990b. Detection of adducts of deoxyribonucleic acid in white blood cells of roofers by 32P-postlabeling. Relationship of adduct levels to measures of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Scand J Work Environ Health. 16:135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMAA. 2013. The mastic asphalt industry: a global perspective. Bern: International Mastic Asphalt Association.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. 1985. IARC Monograph 35. Polynucleur Aromatic Compounds, Part 4, Bitumens Coal-tars and Derived Products Shale-oils and Soots. 1985. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. ISBN 92 832 1535 4
   Google Scholar
• IARC. 2013. Monograph 103. Bitumens and Bitumen Emissions, and Some N- and S-Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. ISBN 978 92 832 1326 0
   Google Scholar
• Järvholm B, Nordström G, Högstedt B, Levin JO, Wahlström J, Östman C, Bergendahl C. 1999. Exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and genotoxic effects on nonsmoking Swedish road pavement workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 25:131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaman A, Pirim I. 2009. Exposure to bitumen fumes and genotoxic effects on Turkish asphalt workers. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 47:321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendzia B, Pesch B, Marczynski B, Lotz A, Welge P, Rihs HP, Brüning T, Raulf-Heimsoth M. 2012. Pre- and post-shift levels of inflammatory biomarkers and DNA damage in non-bitumen exposed construction workers – subpopulation of the German human bitumen study. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 533–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimisch HJ, Andreae M, Tillmann U. 1997. A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data. Reg Tox and Pharmacol. 25:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriech A, Kurek J, Osborn L, Blackburn G, Fehsenfeld F. 1999a. Biodirected fractionation of laboratory-generated asphalt fumes: relationship between composition and carcinogenicity. Polycycl Aromat Compd. 14:189–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriech AJ, Kurek JT, Wissel HL. 1999b. Effects of mode of generation on the composition of asphalt fumes. Polycycl Aromat Compd 14/15:179–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriech AJ, Kurek JT, Wissel HL, Osborn LV, Blackburn GR. 2002. Evaluation of worker exposure to asphalt paving fumes using traditional and nontraditional techniques. Am Ind Hyg Assoc. J63:628–635.
   Google Scholar
• Kriech AJ, Osborn LV, Wissel HL, Redman AP, Smith LA, Dobbs TE. 2007. Generation of bitumen fumes using two fume generation protocols and comparison to worker industrial hygiene exposures. J Occup Environ Hyg. 4:6–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labib S. Utility of toxicogenomics tools for the toxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures - University of Ottawa Doctoral Thesis. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Labib S, Williams A, Kuo BK, White PA, Halappanavar S. 2016. A framework for the use of single chemical transcriptomics data in predicting the hazards associated with complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons submitted for publication. Arch Toxicol. 1–18. doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1891-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labib S, Williams A, Kuo BK, White PA, Halappanavar S. 2016. A framework for the use of single chemical transcriptomics data in predicting the hazards associated with complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons submitted for publication. Arch Toxicol. 1–18. doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1891-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loreto C, Rapisarda V, Carnazza ML, Musumeci G, D’Agata V, Valentino M. 2007. Bitumen products alter bax, bcl-2 and cytokeratin expression: an in vivo study of chronically exposed road pavers. J Cutan Pathol. 34:699–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotz A, Pesch B, Dettbar G, Raulf M, Welge P, Ribs HP, Breuer D, Gabriel S, Hahn JW, Brüning T, Seidel A. 2016. Metabolites of the PAH diol epoxide pathway and other urinary biomarkers of phenanthrene and pyrene in workers with and without exposure to bitumen fumes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 89:1251–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma C, Wang J, Luo J. 2003b. Exposure to asphalt fumes activates activator protein-1 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signalling pathway in mouse epidermal cells. J Biol Chem. 278:44265–44272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma JYC, Yang H-M, Barger MW, Siegel PD, Zhong BZ, Kriech AJ, Castranova V. 2002. Alteration of pulmonary cytochrome P-450 system: effects of asphalt fume condensate exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 65:1247–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma JYC, Rengasamy A, Frazer D, Barger MW, Hubbs AF, Battelli L, Tomblyn S, Stone S, Castranova V. 2003a. Inhalation exposure of rats to asphalt fumes generated at paving temperatures alter pulmonary xenobiotic metabolism pathways without lung injury. Environ Health Perspect. 111:1215–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major J, Jakab MG, Tompa A. 2001. Working condition-related improvement in genotoxicological parameters of Hungarian road pavers. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 62:319–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marczynski B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Käfferlein HU, Vosshans B, Borowitzki G, Lee EH, Bramer R, Brüning T. 2010. Detection of DNA strand breaks by comet assay in sputum leucocytes of bitumen-exposed workers: a pilot study. Hum Exp Toxicol. 29:721–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marczynski B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Preuss R, Kappler M, Schott K, Pesch B, Zoubek G, Hahn JU, Mensing T, Angerer J, et al. 2006. Assessment of DNA damage in WBCs of workers occupationally exposed to fumes and aerosols of bitumen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15:645–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marczynski B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Spickenheuer A, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Mensing T, Engelhardt B, et al. 2011. DNA adducts and strand breaks in workers exposed to vapours and aerosols of bitumen: associations between exposure and effect. Arch Toxicol. 85:S53–S64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McClean MD, Rinehart RD, Sapkota A, Cavallari JM, Herrick RF. 2007a. Dermal exposure and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene among asphalt roofing workers. J Occup Environ Hyg. 4:118–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClean MD, Wiencke JK, Kelsey KT, Varkony A, Ngo L, Eisen A, Herrick RF. 2007b. DNA adducts among asphalt paving workers. Ann Occup Hyg. 51:27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micillino J, Coulais C, Binet S, Bottin M, Keith G, Moulin D, Rihn B. 2002. Lack of genotoxicity of bitumen fumes in transgenic mouse lung. Toxicology. 170:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money C, Tomenson J, Penman M, Boogaard P, Lewis R. 2013. A systematic approach for evaluating and scoring human data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 66:241–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray E, Edwards J. 2005. Differential induction of micronuclei in peripheral lymphocytes and exfoliated urothelial cells of workers exposed to 4,4'-methylenebis-(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) and bitumen fumes. Rev Environ Health. 20:163–176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nebert DW, Roe AL, Dieter MZ, Solis WA, Yang Y, Dalton TP. 2000. Role of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor and [Ah] gene battery in the oxidative stress response, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol. 59:65–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neghab M, Derisi FZ, Hassanzadeh J, Dirin V, Heidari S. 2016. Toxic responses of different organs following occupational exposure to sub-threshold limit value levels of paving asphalt fumes. Toxicol Environ Chem. 99:331–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeier R, Thayer P, Menzies K, Von Thuna P, Moss C, Burg J. A comparison of the skin carcinogenicity of condensed roofing asphalt and coal tar pitch fumes. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Decade of Progress. Tenth International Symposium. Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1988;609–647.
   Google Scholar
• NIOSH. 2000. Hazard review: Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Asphalt. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-110. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
   Google Scholar
• OECD TG451. 7th September 2009. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 451. ISBN: 9789264071186.
   Google Scholar
• Olsson A, Kromhout H, Agostini M, Hansen J, Lassen CF, Johansen C, Kjaerheim K, Langård S, Stücker I, Ahrens W, et al. 2010. A case–control study of lung cancer nested in a cohort of European asphalt workers. Environ Health Perspect. 118:1418–1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn LV, Kurek JT, Kriech AJ, Fehsenfeld FM. 2001. Luminescence spectroscopy as a screening tool for the potential carcinogenicity of asphalt fumes. J Environ Monitor. 3:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn LV, Snawder JE, Kriech AJ, Cavallari JM, McClean MD, Herrick RF, Blackburn GR, Olsen LD. 2013. Personal breathing zone exposures among hot-mix asphalt paving workers; preliminary analysis for trends and analysis of work practices that resulted in the highest exposure concentrations. J Occup Environ Hyg. 10:663–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquini R, Monarca S, Scassellati Sforzolini G, Savino A, Bauleo FA, Angeli G. 1989. Urinary excretion of mutagens, thioethers and D-glucaric acid in workers exposed to bitumen fumes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 61:335–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesch B, Spickenheuer A, Kendzia B, Schindler BK, Welge P, Marczynski B, Ribs H-P, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Angerer J, Bruning T. 2011. Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in workers exposed to vapours and aerosols of bitumen. Arch Toxicol. 85S1:29–39.
   Google Scholar
• Pohlmann G, Preiss A, Levsen K, Koch W. 2006a. Collection, validation and generation of bitumen fumes for inhalation studies in rats Part 2: collection of bitumen fumes from storage tanks. Ann Occup Hyg. 50:805–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlmann G, Preiss A, Levsen K, Koch W, Elend M, Raabe M. 2006b. Collection, validation and generation of bitumen fumes for inhalation studies in rats Part 3: Regeneration of bitumen fumes, inhalation setup, validation. Ann Occup Hyg. 50:813–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirier M. 1997. DNA adducts as exposure biomarkers and indicators of cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect. 105:1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiss A, Koch W, Kock H, Elend M, Raabe M, Pohlmann G. 2006. Collection, validation and generation of bitumen fumes for inhalation studies in rats Part 1: workplace samples and validation criteria. Ann Occup Hyg. 50:789–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puga A, Ma C, Marlowe JL. 2009. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor cross-talks with multiple signal transduction pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 77:713–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian HW, Ong T, Nath J, Whong WZ. 1998. Induction of DNA adducts in vivo in rat lung cells by fume condensates of roofing asphalt. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 18:131–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qian HW, Ong T, Whong WZ. 1996. Induction of micronuclei in cultured mammalian cells by fume condensates of roofing asphalt. Am J Ind Med. 29:554–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian HW, Whong W, Olsen L, Nath J, Ong T. 1999. Induction of micronuclei in V79 cells by fractions of roofing asphalt fume condensate. Mutat Res. 441:163–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapisarda V, Carnazza ML, Caltabiano C, Loreto C, Musumeci G, Valentino M, Martinez G. 2009. Bitumen products induce skin cell apoptosis in chronically exposed road pavers. J Cutan Pathol. 36:781–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raulf-Heimsoth M, Angerer J, Pesch B, Marczynski B, Hahn JU, Spickenheuer A, Preuss R, Rühl R, Rode P, Brüning T. 2008. Biological monitoring as a useful tool for the detection of a coal-tar contamination in bitumen-exposed workers. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 71:746–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raulf-Heimsoth M, Marczynski B, Spickenheuer A, Pesch B, Welge P, Rühl R, Bramer R. 2011a. Bitumen workers handling mastic versus rolled asphalt in a tunnel: assessment of exposure and biomarkers of irritation and genotoxicity. Arch Toxicol. 85:S81–S87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raulf-Heimsoth M, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Spickenheuer A, Bramer R, Marczynski B, Merget R, Brüning T. 2011b. Irritative effects of vapours and aerosols of bitumen on the airways assessed by non-invasive methods. Arch Toxicol. 85:S41–S52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinke G, Swanson M, Paustenbach D, Beach J. 2000. Chemical and mutagenic properties of asphalt fume condensates generated under laboratory and field conditions. Mutat Res. 469:41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhomberg LR, Mayfield DB, Goodman JE, Butler EL, Nascarella MA, Williams DR. 2015. Quantitative cancer risk assessment for occupational exposure to asphalt fumes during built-up roofing asphalt (BURA) operations. Crit Rev Toxicol. 45:873–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rühl R, Musanke U, Kolmsee K, Pries R, Zoubek G, Bruer D. 2006. Vapours and aerosols of Bitumen: exposure data obtained by the German Bitumen Forum. Ann Occup Hyg. 50:459–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiner CA. 2011. Review of mechanistic studies relevant to the potential carcinogenicity of asphalts. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 59:270–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serdar B, Brindley S, Dooley G, Volckens J, Juarez-Colunga E, Gan R. 2016. Short-term markers of DNA damage among roofers who work with hot asphalt. Environ Health. 15:99–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serdar B, Lee D, Dou Z. 2012. Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and DNA damage: a cross-sectional pilot study among roofers in South Florida. BMJ Open. 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singaravelu SR, Sellappa S. 2015. Increased cytogenetic abnormalities in exfoliated oral mucosal cells in South Indian foundry workers. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 22:2721–272S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivak A,K, Menzies K. Assessment of the cocarcinogenic/promoting activity of asphalt fumes. 1989;200-83-2612,254 Washington, DC GPO: NIOSH.
   Google Scholar
• Sivak A, Niemeier R, Lynch D, Beltis K, Simon S, Salomon R, Latta R, Belinky B, Menziese K, Lunsford A, et al. 1997. Skin carcinogenicity of condensed asphalt roofing fumes and their fractions following dermal application to mice. Cancer Lett. 117:113–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer PS, Menzies KT, von Thuna PC. 1981. Roofing asphalts, pitch and UVL carcinogenesis. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science 1981;NIOSH No. 210-78-0035.
   Google Scholar
• Tompa A, Jakab MG, Biro A, Magyar B, Major J. 2007. Health, genotoxicology, and immune status of road pavers in Hungary. J Occup Environ Hyg. 4:154–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toraason M, Bohrman JS, Elmore E, Wyatt G, McGregor D, Willington SE, Zajac W. 1991. Inhibition of intercellular communication in Chinese hamster V79 cells by fractionated asphalt fume condensates. J Toxicol Environ Health. 34:95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toraason M, Hayden C, Marlow D, Rinehart R, Mathias P, Werren D, Debord DG, Reid TM. 2001. DNA strand breaks, oxidative damage, and 1-OH pyrene in roofers with coal-tar pitch dust and/or asphalt fume exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 74:396–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbore D, Osborn LV, Johnson KA, Fayerweather WE. 2015. Airborne exposures to polycyclic aromatic compounds among workers in asphalt roofing manufacturing facilities. J Occup Environ Hyg. 12:564–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. 2007. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Med. 4:e296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Marshall WD, Frazer DG, Law B, Lewis DM. 2003. Characterization of DNA adducts from lung tissue of asphalt fume-exposed mice by nanoflow liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem. 322:79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welge P, Marczynski B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Spickenheuer A, Kendzia B, Heinze E, Angerer J, Käfferlein HU, Pesch B, Brüning T. 2011. Assessment of micronuclei in lymphocytes from workers exposed to vapours and aerosols of bitumen. Arch Toxicol. 85:S65–S71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wey HE, Breitenstein MJ, Toraason MA. 1992. Inhibition of intercellular communication in human keratinocytes by fractionated asphalt fume condensates. Carcinogenesis. 13:1047–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiencke JK. 2002. DNA adduct burden and tobacco carcinogenesis. Oncogene. 21:7376–7391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi K, Near RI, Matulka RA, Shneider A, Toselli P, Trombino AF, Sherr DH. 1997. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/transcription factor and bone marrow stromal cell-dependent preB cell apoptosis. J Immunol. 158:2165–2173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz OH, Bal C, Neselioglu S, Büyükşekerci M, Gündüzöz M, Eren F, Tutkun L, Yilmaz FM. 2016. Thiol/disulfide homeostasis in asphalt workers. Arch Environ Occup Health. 71:268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao H, Yin XJ, Frazer D, Barger MW, Siegel PD, Millecchia L, Zhong BZ, Tomblyn S, Stone S, Ma JK, et al. 2004. Effects of paving asphalt fume exposure on genotoxic and mutagenic activities in the rat lung. Mutat Res. 557:137–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar