83
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Search for Optimal Treatment in Relapsed and Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia

&
Pages 281-291 | Published online: 01 Jul 2009

  • Bishop, J.F. (1997) "The treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia", Semin. Oncol. 24, 57-69.
  • Burnett, A. K. and Eden, O.B. (1997) 'The treatment of acute leukaemia", Lancet 349, 270-275.
  • Lechner, K., Geissler, K., Jager, U., Greinix, H. and Kalhs, P. (1999) "Treatment of acute leukemia", Ann. Oncol. 10(Suppl. 6), 45-51.
  • Edenfield, W.J. and Gore, S.D. (1999) "Stage-specific application of allogeneic and autologous marrow transplantation in the management of acute myeloid leukemia", Semin. Oncol. 26, 21-34.
  • Rowe, J.M. and Liesveld, J.L. (1996) "Treatment and prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukaemia", Bailliers Clin Haematol. 9, 87-105.
  • Estey, K.H. (2001) "Prognostic factors in acute myclogenous leukemia", Leukemia 15, 670-672.
  • Mrozek, K., Heinonen, K., de la Chapelle, A. and Bloomfield, C.D.(1997) "Clinical significance of cytogenetics in acute myeloid leukemia", Semin. Oncol. 24, 17-31.
  • Bloomfield, C.D., Lawrence, D., Byrd, J.C. Carroll, A., Pettenati, M.J., Tantravahi, R., Patil, S.R., Davey, F.R., Berg, D.T., Schiffer, C.A., Arthur, D.C. and Meyer, R.J. (1998) "Frequency of prolonged remission duration after high-dose cytarabine intensification in acute myeloid leukemia varies by cytogenetic subtype", Cancer Res, 58, 4173-4179.
  • Jahns-Streubel, G., Braess, J., Schoch, C., Fonatsch, C., Haase, D., Binder, C., Wormann, B., Buchner, T. and Hiddemann, W. (2001) "Cytogenetic subgroups in acute myeloid leukemia differ in proliferative activity and response to GM-CSF', Leukemia 15, 377-384.
  • Schoch, C., Haferlach, T., Haase, D., Fonatsch, C., Loffler, H., Schlegerberger, B., Staib, P., Sauerland, M.C., Heinecke, A., Bijchner, T. and Hiddemann, W. (2001) "Patients with denovo acute myeloid leukaemia and complex karyotype aberrations show a poor prognosis despite intensive treatment: a study of 90 patients", Br. Haematol. 112, 118-126.
  • Schlenk, R.F., Benner, A., Hartmann. F., Dohner, K., dell Valle, F., Fischer, J., Th., Gunzer, U., Pezzutto, A., Weber, W., Girimminger, W., Preish, J., Frohling. S., Ho, A.D. and Haas, R., Dohner, H., (2000) "Autologous and allogeneic transplantation in cytogenetically defined high risk acute myeloid leukemia evaluated in a prospective multicenter study", Bone Marrow Transplant. 25(Suppl.1), S6, (Abstr. No. 12).
  • Van den Heuvel-Eibrink, M.M., Wiemer, E.A., de Boevere, M.J., Slater. R.M., Smit, E.M., van Noesel, M.M., van der Holt, B., Schoester, M., Pieters, R. and Sonneveld, P. (2001) "MDR1 expression in poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia with partial or complete monosomy 7", Leukemia 15, 398-405.
  • Grimwade, D., Walker, H., Oliver, F., Whealley, K., Harrison, C., Harrison, G., Rees, J., Hann, I., Stevens, R., Burnett, A. and Goldstone, A. (1998) "The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: Analysis of 1612 patients entered into the MRC AML-10 trial. The Medical Research Council Adult and Children Leukaemia Working Parties", Blood 92, 2322-2333.
  • Lowenberg, B., Suciu, S., Archimbaud, E., Haak, H., Stryckmans, P., De Cataldo, R., Dekker, A.W., Bememan, Z.V., Thyss, A., Van der Lelie, J., Sonneveld, P., Visani, G., Fillet, G., Hayet, M., Hapermeijer, A., Solbu, G. and Zittoun, R. (1998) "Mitoxantrone versus daunorubicin in induction-consolidation chemotherapy. The value of low-dose cytarabine for maintenance of remission, and an assessment of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: final report of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative HOVON Group. Randomized phase III study AML-9", Clin. Oncol. 16, 872-881.
  • Leith, C.P., Kopecky, K.J., Godwin, J., McConnell, T., Slovak, M.L., Chen, I.M., Head, D.R., Appelbaum, E.R. and Willman, C.(1997) "Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly in Assessment of multidrug resistance (MDR 1) and cytogenetics distinguishes biologic subgroups with remarkably distinct responses to standard chemotherapy. A Southwest Oncology Group Study", Blood 89, 3323-3329.
  • Kern, W., Schoch, C., Haferlach, T., Braess, J., Unterhalt, M., Wormann, B., Pruchner, T. and Hiddemann, W. (2000)"Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in patients with refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia undergoing sequential high-dose cytosine arabinoside and mitoxantrone (SHAM) salvage therapy: relevance of cytogenetic abnormalities", Leukemia 14, 226-231.
  • Archimbaud, E., Leblond, V., Fenaux, P., Dombret, H., Cordonuier, C. and Dreyfus, F. (1996) "Timed sequential chemotherapy for advanced acute myeloid leukemia", Hematol. Cell. Ther. 38, 161-167.
  • [18| Webb, D.K.H. (1999) "Management of relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia", Br. J. Haematol. 106, 851-859.
  • Stahnke, K., Boos, J., Bender-Gotze, C., Ritter, J., Zimmermann, M. and Creutzig, U. (1998) "Duration of first remission predicts remission rates and long term survival in children with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia", Leukemia 12, 1534-1538.
  • Lee, S., Tallman, M.S., Oken, M.M., Cassileth, P.A., Bennett, J.M., Wiernik, P.H. and Rowe, J.M. (2000) "Duration of second complete remission compared with first complete remission in patients with acute myeloid leukemia", Leukemia 14, 1345-1348.
  • Estey, E. (1996) "Treatment of refractory AML", Leukemia 10, 932-936.
  • Campana, D. and Pui, C.H. (1995) "Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia: methodologic advances and clinical significance", Blood 85, 1416-1434.
  • Carlo-Stella, C., Mangoni, L., Dotti, G.P. and Rizzoli, V. (1995) "Techniques for detection of minimal residual disease", Leuk. Lymphoma 18(Suppl.1), 75-80.
  • San Miguel, J.F., Martinez, A., Macedo, A., Vidriales, M.B., Lopez-Berges, C., Gonzalez, M., Caballero, D., Garcia-Marcos, M.A., Ramos, F., Calmuntia, M.J., Diaz-Mediavilla, J. and Orfao, A. (1997) "Immunophenotyping investigation of minimal residual disease is a useful approach for predicting relapse in acute myeloid leukemia patients", Blood 90, 2465-2470.
  • Diverio, D., Rossi, V., Awisata, G., De-Santis, S., Pistilli, H., Fane, T., Saglio, G., Martinelli, S., Petti, M.O., Pelicca, H., Mandelli, T., Piondl, A. and Lo-Coco, L. (1998) "Early detection of relapse by prospective reverse transcriptase-polymerasc chain reaction analysis of the PMl/RAR alpha fusion gene in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia enrolled in the GIEMEMA-AIEOP multicenter "AIDA" trial", Blood 92, 784-789.
  • Vossebeld, P.J. and Sonneveld, P. (1999) "Reversal of multidrug resistance in hematological malignancies", Blood Rev. 13, 67-78.
  • Leith, C. (1998) "Multidrug resistance in leukemia", Curr. Opin. Hematol. 5, 287-291.
  • List, A.F. (1996) 'The role of multidrug resistance and its pharmacological modulation in acute myeloid leukemia", Leukemia 10(Suppl. 1), S36-S38.
  • Leith, C.P., Kopecky, K.J., Ming Chen, I., Eijdems, L., Slovak, M.L., McCannell, T.S., Head, D.R., Weick, J., Grever, M.R., Appelhaun, F.R. and William, C.L. (1999) "Frequency and clinical significance of the expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MDRl/P-glycoprotein, MRP1. and LRP in acute myeloid leukemia. A South West Ocnology Group Study", Blood 94, 1086-1099.
  • Schaich, M., Ritter, M., Illmer, T., Lisske, P., Thiede, C., Schakel, U., Mohr, B., Ehninser, G. and Neubauer, A. (2001) "Mutations in ras proto-oncogenes are associated with lower mdr1 gene expression in adult acute myeloid leukaemia", Br. Haematol. 112, 300-307.
  • [31| Filipits, M., Suchomel, R.W., Zochbaruer, S., Brunner, R., Lechner, K. and Pirker, R. (1997) "Multidrug resistance-associated protein in acute myeloid leukemia: No impact on treatment outcome", Clin. Cancer. Res. 3, 1419-1425.
  • Hunault, M., Zhou, D., Delmer, A., Ramond, S., Vigure, T., Cadiou, M., Perroi, J.Y., Levy, V, Klo, S., Cymbalista, T., Zittoun, N. and Marie, D.P. (1997) "Multidrug resistance gene expression in acute myleoid leukemia: major prognosis significance for in vivo drug resistance to induction treatment", Ann. Hematol 74, 65-71.
  • Scheffer, G.L., Wijngaard, P.L., Flens, M.J., Izquierod, M.A., Slovak. P., Pinedo, M., Meijer, C., Lievers, M.C. and Scheper, P. (1995) "The drug resistance related protein LRP is the human major vault protein", Nat. Med. 1, 578-582.
  • List, A.F., Spier, C.S., Grogan, T.M., Jonnson, C., Roe, D., Greer, J.P., Brostenman, H.J., Scherret, G.L., Scneper, K.J. and Dalton, W.S. (1996) "Overexpression of the major vault transporter protein lung-resistance protein predicts treatment outcome in acute myeloid leukemia", Blood 87, 2464-2469.
  • Sonneveld. P. (1966) "Multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia", Baillere's Clin. Haematol. 9, 185-203.
  • Dahl, G.V., Lacayo, N.J., Brophy, N., Dunussi-Joannopoulos, K., Weinstein, M.J., Chang, M., Sikic, B.J. and Arceci, R.J. (2000) "Mitoxantrone, etoposide and cyclosporine therapy in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory acute myeloid leukemia", J. Clin. Oncol. 18, 1867-1875.
  • Tallman, M.S., Lee, S., Sikic, B., Paietta, E., Wiernik, P.H., Bennet, J.M. and Rowe, J.M. (1999) "Mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine plus cyclosporine for patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group pilot study", Cancer 85, 358-367.
  • Kornblau, S.M., Estey, E., Madden, T., Tarr, M.I., Lonson, U., Sancher-Williams, G., Kantarjian, H., Keating, M. and Phase, I. (1997) "Study of mitoxantrone plus etoposide with multidrug blockade by SDZ PSC 833 in relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia", J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 1796-1802.
  • Solary, E., Caillot, D., Chauffert, B. and Dumas, M. (1992) "Feasibility of using quinine, a potential multidrug resistance-reversing agent, in combination with mitoxantrone and cytarabine for the treatment of acute leukemia", J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 1730-1736.
  • Liu Yin, J.A., Wheatley. K., Rees, J. and Burnett, A. (1998) "Comparison of two chemotherapy regimens, with or without cyclosporin A, in relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukaemia: results of the UK Medical Research Council AML-R trial", Blood 92(Suppl. 1), 231a (Abstr. No 946).
  • Smeets, M., Raymakers, R., Muus, P., Vierwinden, G., Linssen, P., Masereeuw, R. and de Witte, T. (2001) "Cyclosporin increases cellular idarubicin and idarubicinol concentrations in relapsed or refractory AML mainly due to reduced systemic clearance", Leukemia 15, 80-88.
  • Dorr, R., Karanes, C., Spier, C., Grogan, T., Greer, J., Moore, J., Weinberger, B., Schiller, G., Pearce, T. Litchman, M., Dalton, W., Roe, D. and List, A.F. (2001) "Phase I/II study of the P-glycoprotein modulator PSC 833 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia", J. Clin. Oncol. 19. 1589-1599.
  • Advani, R., Saba, H.J., Tallman, N.S., Rowe, J.M., Wiernik, H., Ramer, R., Dugan, K., Lum, S., Villena, J., Davis, E., Palesta, E., Lichtman, M. and Sikie, B. (1999) 'Treatment of refractory and relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia with combination chemotherapy plus multidrug resistance modulator PSC 833 (Valspodar)", Blood 93, 787-795.
  • Chauncey, T.R., Rankin, C., Anderson, J.E., Chen, I., Kopecky, K.J., Godwin, J.E., Kalaycio, M.E., Moore, D.F., Snurafa, M.S., Peterson, S.H., Kraut, E.H., Leitin, C.P., Head, D.R., Luthardt, F.W., Willman, C.E. and Appelbauim, F.R. (2000) "A phase I study of induction chemotherapy for older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) using mitoxantrone, etoposide, and the MDR modulator PSC 833: a Southwest Oncology Group Study 9617", Leuk. Res. 24, 567-574.
  • Karp, J.E. (2001) "MDR modulation in acute myelogenous leukemia: is it dead?, Leukemia 15(4), 666-667.
  • Gandhi, V., Estey, E., Keating, M.J., Chucrallah, A. and Plunkett, W. (1996) "Chlorodeoxyadenosine and arabinosylcytosine in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and molecular interactions", Blood 87, 256-264.
  • Szmigielska, A., Córa-Tybor, J. and Robak, T. (1996) "Influence of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine alone and in combination with cytosine arabinoside on murine leukemias L1210 and P388", Cancer J. 9, 319-322.
  • Kornblau, S.M., Gandhi. V., Andreeff, H.M., Beran, K., Kantarjian, H.M., Koller, C.A., O'Brien, S., Plunkett, N. and Estey, E. (1996) "Clinical and laboratory studies of 2-chlorodeox-yadenosine/cytosine arabinoside for relapsed or refractory acute myelogenous leukemia in adults", Leukemia 10, 1563-1569.
  • Robak, T., Wrzesien-Kus, A., Lech-Maranda, E., Kowal, M. and Dmoszynska, A. (2000) "Combination regimen of cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine), cytarabine and G-CSF (CLAG) as induction therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia", Leuk. Lymphoma 39, 121-129.
  • Visani, G., Tosi, P. and Zinzani. P.L. (1994) "FLAG (Fludarabine+high-dose cytarabine+G-CSF): an effective and tolerable protocol for the treatment of poor risk acute myeloid leukemias", Leukemia 8, 1842-1846.
  • Jackson, G., Taylor, P., Smith, G.M., Marcus, R., Smith, A., Chu, P., Littlewood, T.J., Duncombe, A., Hutchinson, M., Mehta, A.B., Johnson, S.A., Carey, P., Mackie, M.J., Ganly, P.S., Turner, G.E., Deane, M., Schey, S., Brookes, J., Tollerfield, S.M. and Wilson, M.P. (2001) "A multicentre, open, non-comparative phase II study of a combination of fludarabine phosphate, cytarabine and granulocyte colony stimulating factor in relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukaemia and de novo refractory anaemia with excess of blasts in transformation", Br. J. Haematol. 112, 127-137.
  • Clavio, M., Carrara, P., Miglino, M. and Gandhi, V. (1996) "High efficacy of fludarabine containing therapy (FLAG/FLANG) in poor risk acute myeloid leukemia", Haematologica 81, 513-520.
  • Plunkett, W., Huang, P., Searcy, C.E. and Gandhi, V. (1996) "Germcitabine: preclinical pharmacology and mechanism of action", Semin. Oncol. 23(Suppl. 10), 3-15.
  • Maranda, E., Szmigielska, A. and Robak, T. (1999) "Additive action of gemcitabine (2,2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine on murine leukemias L1210 and P388", Cancer Invest. 17, 95-101.
  • Lech-Maranda, E., Korycka, A. and Robak, T. (2000) "Influence of gemcitabine (2,2'-difluorodeoxycytidine) and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine on growth of normal and leukemic cells in vitro", Eur. J. Haematol, 65, 317-321.
  • Lech-Maranda, E., Korycka, A. and Robak, T. (2000) "The interaction of gemcitabine and cytarabinc on murine leukemias L1210 or P388 and on human normal and leukemic cell growth in vitro", Haematologica 85, 588-594.
  • [57| Nitsu, N., Hayashi, Y., Sugita, K. and Honma, Y. (2001) "Sensitization by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytydinc of leukaemia cells with MLL abnormalities to induction of differentiation by all-trans retinoic acid and 1a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3", Br. J. Haematol. 112, 315-326.
  • Wilhelm, M., O'Brien, S., Rios, M B. Estey, E., Keating, M.J., Peunkett, W., Sorenson, M. and Kantarjian, H. (1999) "Phase I study of arabinosyl-5-azacytidine (fazarabine) in adult acute leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic phase", Leuk. Lymphoma 34, 511-518.
  • Estey, E.H. (1998) "New agents for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: focus on topotecan and retinoids", Leukemia 12(Suppl. 1). S13-S15.
  • Cortes, J., Estey, E., Beran, M., O'Brien, S., Gices, F., Koller, C., Keating, M. and Kantarjian, H. (2000) "Cyclophosphamide, Ara-C and topotecan (CAT) for patients with refractor or relapsed acute leukemia", Leuk. Lymphoma 36, 479-484.
  • Alien, T.M (1998) "Liposomal drug formulations. Rationale for development and what we can expect for the future", Drags 56, 747-756.
  • Fenaux, P. and Degos, L. (1997) "Differentiation therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia", New Engl. J. Med. 337, 1076-1077.
  • ATRAGEN Study Group, Douer, D., Estey, E., Santillana, S., Bennett, J.M., Lopez-Bemstein, G., Boehm, K. and Williams, T. (2001) "Treatment of newly diagnosed and relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia with intravenous liposomal all-trana retinoic acid", Blood 97, 73-80.
  • Shen, Z.X., Cheu, G.Q., Ni, J.H., Li, X.S., Xiang, S.M., Aiu, Q.Y., Zhu, J., Fang, W., Sun, G.L., Yang, K.Q., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z.W., Wang, Y.T., Ma, J., Zhang, P., Zhang, T.D., Chen, S.J., Chen, Z. and Wang, Z.Y. (1997) "Use of arsenic trioxide (As 203) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). II Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics in relapsed patients", Blood 89, 3354-3360.
  • Soignet, S.L., Maslak, P., Wang, Z.G., Jhanwar, S., Calleja, E., Dardashtid, J., Covso, D., De Blasio, A., Gabrilove, J., Scheinberg, D.A., Pandolfi, P.P. and Warreli, Jr, R.P. (1998) "Complete remission after treatment of acute promyclocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide", New Engl. J. Med. 339, 1341-1348.
  • Buchdunger, E., Zimmermann, J., Men, H., Meyer, T., Muller, M., Druker, B.J. and Lydon, N.B. (1996) "Inhibition of the Abl protein-tyrosine kinase in vivo and in viva by a 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative", Cancer Res. 56, 100-104.
  • Druker, B., Talpaz, M., Resta, D.J., Peng, B., Buchdunger, E., Ford, J.M., Lydon, N.B., Kantarjian, H., Capdeville, R., Ohno-Jones, S. and Sawyers, C.L. (2001) "Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the RCR A tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia", New Engl. J. Med. 344. 1031-1037.
  • Druker, B.J., Sawyers, C.L., Kantarjian, H., Resta, D.J., Reese, S.F., Ford, J.M., Cupdeville, R. and Tulpaz, M. (2001) "Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome", New Engl. J. Med. 344, 1038-1042
  • Seappini, B., Onida, F. Kantarjian, H., Dong, L., Keating, M.J. and Beran, M. (2000) "Effects of STI 571 on acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells in vitro", Blood 96(No 11 pt. 1). 492a, (Abstr. No. 492).
  • Lancet, J., Roseublatt, J.L., Liesveld, D., End, I., Iiovak, I., Ange, K., Rosell, K., Petronio, S., Smith, A. and Karp, I., (2000) "Use of farnesyl transferase inhibitor R11577 in relapsed and refractory acute leukemia: preliminary results of a phase I trial", Proceedings of ASCO 19, 3a, (Ahstr. No 5B).
  • Beaupre, D.M. and Kurzrock, R. (1999) "RAS and leukemia: from basic mechanisms to gene-directed therapy", J. clin. Oncol. 17, 1071-1079.
  • Reuter, C.H.W.M., Morgan, M. and Bergmannm, L. (2000) "Targeting the Ras signaling pathway: a rational, mechanism-based treatment for hematologic malignancies", Blood 96, 655-1669.
  • Willman, C.L. (2001) "Targeted A.M.L. therapy: new biologic paradigms and therapeutic opportunities", Leukemia 15, 690-694.
  • Moasser, M.M., Sepp-Lorenzino, L., Kohl, N.E., Oliff, A., Balog, A. and Su, D.S. (1998) "Farnesyl transferase inhibitors cause enhanced mitotic sensitivity to taxol and epothilones", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 1369-1374.
  • Sievers, E.L., Appelbaum, F.R., Spielberger, R.T., Forman, S.J., Flowers, D., Smith, F.O., Shannon-Dorcy Berger, M.S. and Bernstein, I. (1999) "Selective ablation of acute myeloid leukemia using antibody-targeted chemotherapy: a phase I study of an anti-CD33 calicheamicin immunoconjugate", Blood 93, 3678-3684.
  • Stadtmaner, A., Erba, H.P., Roy, D.C.C., Tarantolo, S., Spidberger, R., Berger, M.R., Eten, C., Mauley, L., Stone, A., Bernstein, I. and Appelbaum, F.R. (1999) "Efficacy and safety of CMA-676 in patients with AML in first relapse", Blood 94(Suppl. 1, part 1), 696a, (Abstr. No. 3079).
  • Jurac, J.G., De Blasio, T., Dumont, L., Yao, T.J. and Scheinberg, D.A. (2000) "Molecular remission induction with retinoic acid and anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody Hu M 195 in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 372-380.
  • Matthews, D.C., Appelbaum, F.R., Eary, J.F., Fisher, D.R., Durack, L.D., Hui, T.E., Martin, P.J., Mitchell, D., Press, O.W., Storb, R. and Bernstein, I.D. (1999) "Phase I study of (131)I- anti-CD45 antibody plus cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation for advanced acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome", Blood 94, 1237-1247.
  • Dunussi-Joannopoulos, K. (2000) "Gene therapy vaccines in acute myeloid leukemia: a need for clinical evaluation", Hematology 5, 103-115.
  • Claxton, D. and Choudhury, A. (2001) "Potential for therapy with AML-derived dendritic cells", Leukemia 15, 668-669.
  • Woiciechowsky, A., Regn S., Kolb, H.-J. and Roskrow, M. (2001) "Leukemic dendritic cells generated in the presence of FLT3 ligand have the capacity to stimulate an autologous leukemia-specific cytotoxic T-cell response from patients with acute myeloid leukemia", Leukemia 15, 246-255.
  • Borrello, I., Sotomayor, E.M., Cooke, S. and Levitsky, H.I. (1999) "A universal granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factorproducing bystander cell line for use in the formulation of autologous tumor cell-based vaccines", Hum. Gene. Ther. 10, 1983-1991.
  • Padro, T., Ruiz, S., Bieker, R., Burgor, H., Steins, M., Kienast, J., Buchner, T., Berdel, W.E. and Mesters, R.M. (2000) "Increased angiogenesis in the bone marrow of patients with acute myeloid leukemia", Blood 95, 2637-2644.
  • Aguayo, A., Kantarjian, H., Manshouri, T., Gidel, C., Estey, E., Thomas, D., Koller, C., Estrov, Z., O'Brien, S., Keating, M., Freireich, E. and Albitar, M. (2000) "Angiogenesis in acute and chronic leukemias and myelodysplstic syndromes", Blood 96, 2240-2245.
  • Roboz, G.J., Dias, S., Lam, G., Lane, W.J., Soignet, S.L., Warrell, R.P. and Rafii, S. (2000) "Arsenic trioxide induces dose- and time-dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis", Blood 96, 1525-1530.
  • Hussong, J.W., Rodgers, G.M. and Shami, P.J. (2000) "Evidence of increased angiogenesis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia", Blood 95, 309-313.
  • Smolich, B.D., Yuen, H.A., West, K.A., Giles, F.J., Albitar, M. and Cherrington, J.M. (2001) "The antiangiogenic protein kinase inhibitors SU5416 and SU6668 inhibit the SCF receptor (c-kit) in a human myeloid leukemia cell line and in acute myeloid leukemia blasts", Blood 97, 1413-1421.
  • Bennett, J.M., Letendre, L., Wiernik, P.H., O'Connell, M.J. and Cassileth, P.A. (2000) "Low-dose cytarabine maintenance therapy vs observation after remission induction in advanced myeloid leukemia: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial (E5483)''. Leukemia 14, 1349-1353.
  • Burnett, A.K., Goldstone, A.H., Stevens, R.M.F., Hann, I.M., Rees, J.K.H., Gray, R.G. and Wheatley, K. (1998) "Randomised comparison of addition of autologous bone-marrow transplantation to intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia in first remission: results of MRC AML trial, UK Medical Research Council Adult and Children's Leukaemia Working Parties", Lancet 351, 700-708.
  • Gorin, N.C., Labopin, M., Fouillard. L., et al. (1996) "Retrospective evaluation of autologous bone marrow transplantation vs allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA identical related donor in acute myelocytic leukemia. A study of the European Cooperative Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)", Bone Marrow Transplant. 18, 111-117.
  • Gorin, N.C. (1998) "Autologous stem cell transplantation in acute myelocytic leukemia", Blood 92, 1073-1090.
  • Reiffers, J., Labopin, M., Sanz, M., Korbling, M., Blaise. D., De La Rubia, J. and Gorin, N.C. (2000) "Autologous blood cell vs marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in complete remission: au EBMT retrospective analysis", Bone Marrow Transplant. 25, 1115-1119.
  • Miller, C.B., Smith, B.D., Horowitz, M.M., Lazarus, H.M. and Jones, R.J. (1999)."4HC-purged autologous stern cell transplant in acute myelogenous leukemia after relapse", Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, Arlington, Texas, 3-8 pp.
  • Ball, E.D., Wilson, J., Phelps, V. and Neudorf. S. (2000) "Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia in remission or in first relapse using monoclonal antibody-purged marrow: results of phase II studies with long term follow-up", Bone Marrow Transplant. 25, 823-829
  • Grimwade, D., Walker, H., Oliver, F., Whealtey, K., Clack, R., Burnett, A. and Goldstone, A. (1997) "What happens subsequently in AML when cytogenetics abnormalities persist at bone marrow harvest? Results of the 10th UK MRC AML Trial. Medical Research Council Leukaemia Working Parties", Bone Marrow Transplant. 19, 1117-1123.
  • Frassoni. F., Labopin, M., Gluckman, E., Prentice, HG., Gahrton, G., Mandelli, F., Carella, M., Heve, P., Grothwol, A. and Goldman, L.J. (1994) "Are patients with acute leukemia alive and well 2 years post bone marrow transplantation cured? A European survey. For the Acute Leukaemia Working Party of the European Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)", Leukemia 8, 924-928.
  • Lioure, B., Witz, F., Deconninck, E., Delain, M., Solary, E., Berthon, C., Audhug, B., Francois, S., Gnyotat, D., Saddoun, A., Pignon, B., Harousseau, J.L. and Oberling, F. (1997) "Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) represents the best consolidation therapy for acute myelogenous lekemia (AML) in second complete remission (CR): a retrospective study of the GOELAMS group", Blood 90(Suppl. 1). 384a, (Abstr. No. 1710).
  • Gorin, N.C., Labopin, M. and Pichard, P. (2000) "Higher dose of peripheral blood stem cells is critical to improve the outcome of patients over 60 years of age autografted for acute myelocytic leukemia. Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation", Bone Maraow Transplant. 25(Suppl. 1), S6, (Abstr. No. 14).
  • Stein, A.S., Slovak, M.L., Sniecinski, I et al. (I999). "Immunotherapy with IL-2 after autologous stem cell transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia in first remisssion", Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, Arlington, Texas. 46-53 pp.
  • Linomide in AML in Europe Study Group, Simonsson, B., Totterman, T., Hokland, P., Lauria, F., Carella, A.M., Fernandez, M.N., Rozman, C., Ferrant, A., de Witte, T., Zander, A.R., Meier, K., Hansson, F. and Nilsson, B.I. (2000) "Roquinimex (Linomide) vs placebo in AML after autologous bone marrow transplantation", Bone Marrow Transplant. 25, 1121-1127.
  • Acute Leukaemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), Ringden, O., Labopin, M., Gorin, N.C., Meloni, G., Blaise, D., Reiffers, J., Carlson, K., Fouillard, L. and Frassoni, F. (2000) "The dismal outcome in patients with acute leukaemia who relapse after an autograft is improved if a second autograft or a matched allograft is performed", Bone Marrow Transplant. 25, 1053-1058.
  • Biggs, J.C., Horowitz, M.M., Gale, R.P., Ash, R.C., Atkinson, K., Helbig, W., Jacobsen, N., Phillips, G.L., Rimm, A.A., Ringden, O.,Rozman, C., Sobocinski, K.A., Veum, J.A. and Bortin, M.M. (1992) "Bone marrow transplants may cure patients with acute leukemia never achieving remission with chemotherapy", Blood 80, 1090-1093.
  • Appelbaum, F.R. (2001) "Who should be transplanted for AML?", Leukemia 15, 680-682.
  • Sakellari, I., Anagostopoulos, A., Gagos, E., Vassou, A., Sinias, C, Saloum, R. and Fassas, A. (2000) "Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with primary refractory AML", Bone Marrow Transplant. 25(Suppl. 1), S90, (Abstr. No. P241).
  • Bensinger, W.I., Martin, P., Storer, B., Clift, R., Forman, S.J. and Negrin, R. (2001) "A prospective, randomized trial of transplantation of marrow versus peripheral blood cells from HLA-identical siblings in patients treated for hematologic malignancies", New Engl. J. Med. 344, 175-181.
  • Forman, S.J. (2001) "Marrow vs peripheral blood: impact on transplant outcome", Leukemia 15, 686-687.
  • Zirtoun, R.A., Mandelli. F., Willemze, R., de Witte, T., Labar, B., Resegotti, L., Leoni, F., Damasio, E., Visani, G. and Papa, G. (1995) "Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation compared with intensive chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. For the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell' Adulto (GIMEMA) Leukemia Cooperative Groups", New Engl. J. Med. 332, 217-223.
  • Kalhs, P., Reiter, E., Keil, F., Schuleaburg, A., Rosenmayr, A., Fischer, G., Dieckmann, K., Kurz, M., Schwarzinger, I., Lechner, K. and Greinx, H.T. (1997) "Low transplant related mortality (TRM) in unrelated donor (UD) marrow graft recipients with advanced hematological malignancy", Blood 90(Suppl. 1, part 2), 396b, (Absu. No. 4530).
  • Bortin, M.M., Horowitz, M.M. and Rowlings, P.A. (1993) "Progress report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry Advisory Committee of the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry", Bone Marrow Transplant. 12, 97-104.
  • Szydlo, R., Goldman. J.M., Klein, J.P., Gale, R.P., Ash, R.C., Bach, F.H., Bradley, B.A., Casper, I.T., Flomenberg, N., Gajewski, J.L., Gluckman, E., Henslee-Dovney, P.J., Hows, J.M., Jacobsen, N., Kolb. H.J., Lowenberg, B., Masaoka, T., Rowlings, P.A., Sondel, P.M., van Bekkum, D.W., van Rood, JJ, Vowels, M.R., Zhang, M.J. and Horowitz, M.M. (1997) "Results of allogeneic bone marrow transplants for leukemia using donors other than HLA-identical siblings", J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 1767-1777.
  • Sierra, J., Storer, B., Hansen, J.A., Martin, P.J., Petersdorf, E.W., Woolfrey, A., Matthews, D., Sanders, J.E., Storb, R., Appelbaum, F.R. and Anasetti, C. (2000) "Unrelated donor marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: an update of the Seattle experience", Bone Marrow Transplant. 26, 397-404.
  • Schlenk, R.F., Hartmann, F., Vosom, M.T., Jung, W. Liebisch, R., Weber. M.T., Nordt, R., Gaber, A., Moos, M., Ho, A., Tramper, L. and Drohner, H. (2000) "Less intense conditioning with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, idarubicin and etoposide followed by allogeneic peripheral stem cell transplantation in patients with leukemia", Bone Marrow Transplant. 25(Suppl. 1), S132.
  • Storb, R. (2001) "Nonmyeloablative preparative regimens: how relevant for acute myelogenous leukemia?", Leukemia 15, 662-663.
  • Collins, Jr, R.H., Spilberg, O., Drobyski, W.R., Porter. D.L., Giralt, S., Champlin, R., Goodman, S.A., Wolff, S.N., Hu, W., Verfaillie, C., List, A., Dalton, W, Ognoski, N., Cheirit, A., Antin, J.H. and Nemunsitis, J. (1997) "Donor leukocyte infusions in 140 patients with relapsed malignancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation", J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 433-444.
  • Keil, F., Haas, O.A., Fritsch, G., Kahls, P., Lechner, K., Mannhalter, C., Reiter, E., Niederwieser, D., Hoecker, P. and Greinix, H.T. (1997) "Donor leukocyte infusion for leukemic relapse after allogeneic marrow transplantation: lack of residual donor hematopoiesis predicts aplasia", Blood 89, 3113-3117.
  • Keil, F., Prinz, E., Kahls, P., Lechner, K., Moser, K., Schwarzinger, I., Jager, U., Fonatsch, C., Worel, N., Mannhalter, C., Rabilsch, W., Loidoll, H., Schulenburg, A., Mitterbauer, R., Hocker, P. and Greinix, H.T. (2001) "Treatment of leukemic relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with cytotoreductive chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy or second transplants", leukemia 15, 355-361.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.