Advanced search
Publication Cover
Leukemia & Lymphoma Volume 43, 2002 - Issue 6
Submit an article Journal homepage
178
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Synergy Between Stem Cell Factor (SCF) and Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor (G-CSF): Molecular Basis and Clinical Relevance

Rafael F. Duarte The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Campus and UCL Medical School, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom; Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
&
David A. Frank Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Pages 1179-1187 | Published online: 01 Jul 2009

  • Morstyn. G., Brown. S., Gordon. M., Crawford. J., Demetri. G., Rich. W., Mc Guire, B., Foote. M. and McNiece. I (1994) "Stem cell factor is a potent synergistie factor in heinatopoiesis". Oncology 51. 205-214.
  • Huffman, R., Tong, J., Brandt, J., Traycoff, C., Bruno. E., McGuire, B.W., Gordon. M.S., McNicce. I. and Srour. E.E (1993) "The in vitro and in viva effects of stem cell factor on human hematopoiesis". Stem cells 11, 76-82.
  • Broxmeyer, U.E., Maze. R., Miyazawa. K. Carow. C. Hendrie. P.C., Cooper. S., Hangoc. G., Vadhan-Raj. S. and l.u. !., (1991) 'The kit receptor and its ligand. Steel factor, as regulators of hemopoiesis", Cancer Cells 3, 480-489.
  • Chabot. B. Stephenson. D.A., Chapman. V.M., Besnier. P. and Bernstein. A (1998) "The proto-oncogene c-kil encoding a transmembrane tyrosine kjnasc receptor maps to the mouse W locus". Nature 335. 88-89.
  • Geissler. E.N., Ryan. M.A. and Housman. D.E. (1998) "The dominant-white spotting (W) locus of the mouse encodes die c-kit pioto-oncogene", CeIl 55, 185 192.
  • Ulich, T.R., Yi. ES., Yin. S., del Castillo. J., McNiece. L., Yung. YP and Zsebo. K.M. (1993) "Hematologic effects of stem cell factor alone and in combination with G-CSF and GM-CSF i« vivn mid in vitiv in rodents". Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol 34, 215 233.
  • Ulich. T.R., del Casollo, J. McNiece, I.K., Yi. K.S., Alzona, C.P., Yin. S.M. and Zsebo. K.M. (1991) "Stem cell factor in combination with granulocyle colony-stimulating factor (CSD or granulocyte-macrophage CSF synergistically increases granulopoiesis in viv. Blood 78, 1954- 1962.
  • Molineux, G., Migdalska. A., Szmitkowski. M., Zsebo. K. and Dexter. T.M. (1991) 'The effects on hematopoiesis of recombinant stem cell factor (ligand for c-kil) administered in vivo to mice either alone or in combination with granulocyte colonystimulating factor", Blod, 961-966.
  • Alter. B.P., Knobloch. M.E., He. I.,. Gillio. A.P., O'Reilly. R.J., Reilly. L.K. and Weinberg. R.S. (1992) "Effect of stem cell factor on in vitro erythropoiesis in patients with bone marrow failure syndromes", Blood 80. 3000-3008
  • Wodnar-Filipowez. A., Ticlielii. A., Zsebo. K.M. Speck. B. and Nissen. C!. (1992) "Stem cell factor stimulates the in vilm growth of bone marrow cells from aplaslic anemia patients". Blood 79. 3196-3202
  • Broxmeyer. H.L., Lu. L., Cooper. S. Ruggieri. L., Li, Z.H. and Lyman. S.D. (1995) "Flt-.3-ligand mimulatesJco-slimulales the growth of myeloid stemJprogenitor cells". Exp. Hematol. 23. 1121-1129
  • McNicce, I.K., Langley. KE. and Zsebo. K.M. (1991) "Rceombinant human stem cell factor synergises with GM-CSF. G-CSF. I1.-3 and Epo to stimulate human progenitor cells of the rnveloid and erythroid lineages", K.tp. Hematl. 19, 226-231
  • Sui. X., Kranu. S.B., You. M. and Zhao. Z (1998) "Synergisticactivation of MAP Kinase (ERK) by erythropoietin and stem cell factor is essential for expanded erythropoiesis", Blood 92, 1142-1149.
  • Horie. M. and Broxmeyer, H.E. (1995) "The combination of Steel factor and CM-CSF blocks apoptosis induced by retinoic acid and uprcgulates AP-I in a human growth factor-dependent cell line". Exp. Hematol. 23, 168-173.
  • Hendrie. P.C. Miyazawa, K., Yang. Y.C., Langefeld. C.D. and Broxmeyer. H.E. (1991) "Mast cell growth factor (c-kit ligand) enhances cytokine stimulation of proliferation of the human factor-dependent cell line, MO7e", Exp. Hematol. 19,1031 -1037.
  • Keller, J.R., Ortiz, M. and Ruscetti. F. W. (1995) "Steel factor (c-kit ligand) promotes the survival of hematopoietic stemJprogenitor cells in the absence of cell division". Blood 86, 1757-1764.
  • Gehling. U.M., Ryder, J.W., Hogan, C.J., Hami, L., McNiece. I., Franklin, W., Williams. S., Helm, K-. King. J. and Shpall. F.,J. (1997) "Ex vivo expansion of megakaryocyte progenitors: effect of various growth factor combinations on CD34 -I- progenitor cells from bone marrow and G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood". Exp. Hematol. 25, 1125-1139.
  • Fehniger. T.A., Carson. W.E., Mrozek, E. and Caligiuri. M.A. (1997) "Stem cell factor enhances interleukin-2-mediated expansion of murine natural killer cells in vivo". Blood 90. 3647-3653.
  • Uittenbogaart, C.H., Schmide, I., Kiertscher. S., Shau, H., Anisman, D.J., Zsebo. K.M. and Clement, L.T. (1996) "Human thymocyte responsiveness to stem cell factor: synergy with interleukin-2 for the generation of NKJLAK cytotoxicity", lmmunol. Lett. 52, 45-52.
  • Avraham. H., Vannier. E., Cowley, S., Jiang. S.X., Chi, S., Dinarello. C.A., Zsebo. K.M. and Groopman, J.E. (1992) "Effects of the stem cell factor, c-kil ligand, on human megakaryocytic cells", Blood 79. 365-371.
  • Wang. T., Alam. R., Langley. K.E. and Kumpel. C.,R. (2000) "Stem cell factor and IL-2 act synergistically in inducing intraepithelial lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production: upregulation of the IL-2 receptor gamma-chain and signaling via JAK-3". Cell lmmunol. 205, 62-71.
  • Duarte. R.F. and Frank. D.A. (2000) "SCF and G-CSF lead to the synergistic induction of proliferation and gene expression through complementary signaling pathways". Blood 96, 3422-3430.
  • Nishi. N., Ishikawa. R., Inoue. H., Nishikawa, M., Kakeda, M., Yonega, T., Tsumura, H., Ohashi. H., Yamaguchi, Y., Motoki, K., Sudo. T. and Mori, K.J. (1996) "Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor are the crucial factors in long-term culture of human primitive hematopoietic cells supported by a murine stromal cell line". Exp. Hematol. 24, 1312-1321.
  • Fibbe. W.E., Noort. W.A., Schipper, F. and Willemze, R. (2001) "Et vivo expansion and engraftment potential of cord bloodderived CD34 -1- cells in NODJSC1D mice". Ana. NY Acad. Sci. 938, 9-17.
  • Douay. L. (2001) "Experimental culture conditions are critical for ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells". J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 10, 341-346.
  • N'akahata. T. (2001) "Ex vivo expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells", Int. J. Hematol. 73, 6-13.
  • Pecora. A.L. (2001) "Progress in clinical application of use of progenitor cells expanded with hematopoietic growth factors", Curr. Opin. Hematol. 8, 142-148.
  • Durand, B., Eddleman, K., Migliaccio. AR., Migliaccio. G. and Adamson, J.W. (1993) "Long-term generation of colony-forming cells (CFC) from CD34 4- human umbilical cord blood cells". Leak. Lymphoma 11, 263-273.
  • Briddell. R.A., Hartley, C.A., Smith, K.A. and McNiece. I.K. (1993) "Recombinant rat stem cell factor synergises with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in vivo in mice to mobilize peripheral blood progenitor cells that have enhanced repopulating potential". Blood 82, 1720-1723.
  • Andrews. R.G., Briddell, RA., Knitter, G.H., Rowley, S.D., Appelbaum. F.R. and McNiece. I.K. (1995) "Rapid engraftment by peripheral blood progenitor cells mobilized by recombinant human stem cell factor and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in nonhuman primates". Blood 85. 15-20.
  • de Revel, T., Appelbaum. F.R., Storb, R., Schuening, F, Nash. R., Deeg, J., McNiece. I., Andrews, R. and Graham. T. (1994) "Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and stem cell factor, alone and in combination, on die mobilization of peripheral blood cells that engraft lethally irradiated dogs". Blood 83, 3795-3799.
  • McNiece. I.K., Briddell. R.A., Hartley. C.A., Smith, K.A. and Andrews. R.G. (1993) "Stem cell factor enhances in viva effects of granulocyte colony stimulating factor for stimulating mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells", Stem Cells ll(Suppl. 2). 36-41.
  • Van. X.Q., Briddell. R., Hartley. C., Stoncy. G., Samal. B. and McNiece. 1. (1994) "Mobilization of long-term hemaiopoietic reconstituting cells in mice by the combination of stem cell factor plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor". Blood 84, 795-799.
  • Van. X.Q., Hartley. C.,' McElroy, P., Chang, A., McCrea, C. and McNiece, 1 (1995) "Peripheral blood progenitor cells mobilized by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor plus rccombinam rat stem cell factor contain long-term engrafting cells capable of cellular proliferation for more than two years as. shown by serial transplantation in mice", Blood, 2303-2307.
  • Hammond, W.P., Boone. T.C., Donahue. R.E., Souzu. L.M. and Dale, D.C. (1990) "A comparison of treatment of canine cyclic hematopoiesis with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF intcrleukin-3. and canine G-CSF'. Blood 76, 523-532.
  • Schuening, F.G., Appelbaum. F.R., Deeg. HJ., Sullivan-Pepe, M., Graham, T.C., Hackman. R., Zsebo, K.M. and Storb, R. (1993) "Effects of recombinant canine stem cell factor, a c-kit ligand. and recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on hematopoietic recovery after otherwise lethal total body irradiation". Blood 81. 20-26.
  • Andrews, R.G., Briddell. R.A., Knitter. G.H., Opie. T., Bronsden, M., Myerson. D., Appelbaum, F.R. and McNiece. I.K. (1994) "In vivo synergy between recombinant human stem cell factor and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in baboons enhanced circulation of progenitor cells". Blood 84. 800-810.
  • Moskowitz, C.H., Stiff. P., Gordon. M.S., McNiece. I., Ho. A.D., Costa. J.J., Broun. E.R., Bayer. R.A., Wyres, M., Hill. J., JelacaMaxwell. K., Nichols, C.R., Brown, S.L., Nimer. S.D and Gabrilove. J. (1997) "Recombinant methionyl human stem cell factor and filgrastim for peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization and transplantation in uon-Hodgkin's lyrnphoniu patients-results of a phase lJII trial". Blood 89, 3136-3147.
  • Stiff. P., Gingrich, R., Luger. S, Wyres, M.R., Brown. R.A., LeMaistre. C.F., Perry. J., Schenkein. O.P., List. A., Mason. J.R., Bensinger. W., Wheeler. C., Freter. C. Parker. W.R.L. and Emmanouilides. C. (2000) "A randomized phase 2 study of PBPC mobilization by stem cell factor and Qlgraslim in heavily pretreated patients with Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma". Bone Marrow Transplant. 26, 471-481.
  • Glaspy. J.A., Shpall. FJ., LeMaistre. C.F., Briddell, R.A., Menchaca, D.M., Turner. S.A., LiIl, M., Chap. L., Jones. R., Wiers. M.D., Sheridan, W.P. and McNiece, I.K. (1997) "Peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization using stem cell factor in combination with rilgrastim in breast cancer patients". Blood 90. 2939-2951.
  • Shpall. K.J., Wheeler. C.A, Turner, S.A., Yanovich, S., Brown. R.A., Pecora, A.L., Shea, T.C., Mangan. K.F., Williams. S.K, LeMaistre. C.F., Long, G.D., Jones, R., Davis. M.W., MurphyFilkins, R., Parker. W.R. and Glaspy, J.A. (1999) "A randomized phase 3 study of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization with stem cell factor and filgrastim in high-risk breast cancer patients". Blood 93. 2491 2501.
  • Horsfall. M.J., Hui, C.H., To. L.B., Beglcy. C.G., Basser. RI. and Simmons. PJ. (2000) "Combination of stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilizes the highest number of primitive haemopoienc progenitors as shown by precolony-forming unit (pre-CFU) assay", Br. J. Haematol. 109. 751-758.
  • Facon, T., Harousseau. J.L., Maloisel. F., Attal, M., Odriozola. J., Alegre, A., Schroyens, W., Hulin. C., Schots. R., Marin. P. Guilhot. K. Granena, A., DeWaele, M., Pigneaux. A., Meresse, V., Clark. P., Reiffers, J. and The SCF-Multiple Myeloma Study Group (1999) "Stem cell factor in combination with filgrastim after chemotherapy improves peripheral blood progenitor cell yield and reduces apheresis requirements in multiple myeloma patients: a randomized, controlled trial". Blood94, 1218- 1225.
  • Franklin. W.A., Glaspy. J., Pflaumer. S.M., Jones. R.B. Hami. L., Martinez, C., Murphy. J.R. and Shpall. E.J. (1999) "Incidence of tumor-cell contamination in Ieukophcresis products of breast cancer patients mobilized with stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factr (G-CSF) or with G-CSF1' alone", Blood 94, 340-347.
  • Hartung. G., Uharck. I.,. Zeis, M., Glass. B., Steinmann. J., Dreger. P., Kronke. M. and Schmilz. N. (1998) "Superior antileukemic activity of inurine peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) grafts mobilized by G-CSH and stem cell factor (SCF) as compared to G-CSF alone". Bone Marrw Transplant. 21(Suppl. 3). S16 -S20.
  • Ostendrp. R.A. and Donner. H. (1997) "VLA-4-mediated interactions between normal human hemalopoielic progenitors and stromal cells". Leuk. Lymphma 24, 423-435.
  • Torensma, R., Raymakers. R.A., van Kooyk. Y. and Figdor. C.G. (1996) "Induction of LFA-1 on pluripotent CD34 I bone marrow cells docs not affect lineage commitment". Blood Vl, 4120-4128.
  • Mohle. R., Haas. R. and Hunstein. W. (1993) "Expression of adhesion molecules and c-kil on CD34 + hematopoicuc progenitor cells: comparison of cytokine-mobilized blood stem cells with normal bone marrow and peripheral blood". J. Hematotlter. 2. 483 489.
  • Mohle. R., Murea. S., Kirsch. M. and Haas. R. (1995) "Differential expiession of L-selectin. VLA-4, and LFA-I on CD34 progenitor cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood during G-CSF-enhanced recovery". Exp. Hematol. 23, 1535-1542.
  • Lund-Johansen. K and Terstappen. L.W. (1993) "Differential surface expression of cell adhesion molecules during granulocyte maturation". J. Leukoc Hint. 54, 47-55.
  • Gimji. Y., Nakamura. M., Hagiwara. T. Hayakawa. K., Matsushita. H., Osawa. H., Nagayoshi. K., Nakauchi. H., Yanagisawa. M., Miura. Y., et al., (1992) "Expression and function of adhesion molecules on human hematopoietic stem cells: CD34 -I- LFA-1-cells are more primitive than CD34 + LFA-I + cells". BlooilW, 429 436.
  • Teixido, J., Hemler, M.Ii., Greenherger. JS and Anklesaria. P (1992) "Role of beta I and beta 2 integrins in the adhesion of human CD34hi stem cells to bone marrow stroma". J. Clin. Investig. 90, 358- 367
  • Miyake. K., Weissman. I.L., Greenberger. J.S. and Kincade. P.W. (1991) "Evidence for a role of the integrin VLA-4 in lymphohemopoiesis". J. Exp. Med. 173, 599-607.
  • Bellucci. R., De Propris. M.S., Buccisano. F., Lisci. A., Leone. G. Tabilio. A. and de Fabrilis. P. (1999) "Modulation of VLA-4 and L-seleclin expression on normal CD34 + cells during mobiliz ation with G-OSF'. Bone Marrow Transplant. 23, 1-8.
  • Papayanuopoulou. T., Priestley. G and Nakarnoto. B. (1998) "Anti-VI.A4JVCAM-l-induced mobilization requires cooperative signaling through the kitJmkil ligand pathway". Blood 91, 2231-2239.
  • Janowska-Wieczorek. A., Marquez. L.A., Nabholu. J.M., Cabuhat. M.I.,. Monumo. J., Chang, H., Rozmus, J., Russell. I.A., Edwards. D.R. and Turner. A.R. (1999) "Growth factors and cytokines upregulate gelatinase expression in bone marrow CD34H-) cells and theii transmigration through reconstituted basement membrane". Blood 93, 3379-3390.
  • Kalo. J.Y., Matsuoka. M., Polyak. K., Massague. J. and Sherr. C.J. (1994) "Cyclic AMP-induced Gl phase arrest mediated by an inhibitor (p27Kipl ) of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 activation". Cell 79, 487-496.
  • Peter. M. and Herskowitz. 1. (1994) "Joining the complex: cyclindepcndcnt kinase inhibitory proteins and the cell cycle". Cell 79. 181 184.
  • Ohlsubo. M. and Roberts. J.M. (1993) "Cyclin-dependent regulation of GI in mammalian libroblasts". Science 259. 1908-1912.
  • Chen. P.L., Scully. P., Shew. J.Y., Wang. JY and Lee. W.H. (1989) "Phosphorylation of the relinoblastoma gene product is modulated during the cell cycle and cellular differentiation". Cell 58. 1193-1198.
  • Buchkovich. K., Dyson. N., Whyte. P. and Harlow. E. (1989) The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle". Cell 58, 1097-1105.
  • Rivera. V.M. and Greenberg. M.F., (1990) "Growth factor-induced gene expression: the ups and downs of c-fos regulation". New Biol. 2, 751-758.
  • ltakura. A., Miura, Y., Hjkasa. Y., Kiso. Y. and Matsuda. H. (2001) "Interleukin-3 and stem cell factor modulate cell cycle regulatory factors in mast cells: negative regulalion of p27Kipl in proliferation of mast cells induced by inlerleukm-3 but not stem cell factor". Exp. Hematol. 29, 803 811.
  • Tamil. A., Pelrocelli. T., Sieller, K., Chu. W., Howard. J., Croix. B.S., Slingerland. J. and Ben-David. Y. (2000) -Stem cell factor inhibits crythroid differentiation by modulating the activity of GI -cyclin-dcpendent kinase complexes: a role for p27 in erylhroid differentiation coupled Gl arrest", Cell Growth Differ. 11. 269-277.
  • Mantel. C., Luo. Z., Canfield. J., Braun. S. Deng, C. and Broxmeyer, H.H. (1996) "Involvement of p21 cip-1 and p27kip-l in the molecular mechanisms of Steel factor-induced proliferalive synergy in vitm and of p21cip-l in the maintenance of stemJprogenitor cells in viva". Blood 88, 3710- 4719.
  • Darnell, J.ii. h., Kerr. l.M and Stark, G.R. (1994) "Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFN^ and other extracellular signaling proteins". Science 264. 1415-1421
  • Leonard. WJ. and O'Shea. JJ. (1998) "Jaks and STATs: biological implications". Anna. Rev Immunol. 16, 293-322.
  • Frank. D. (1999) "STAT signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer". Mol. Med 5, 432-456.
  • Ward. A.C., Touw. I and Yoshimura, A. (2000) "The Jak-Slat pathway in normal and perturbed hemalopoicsis". Blood 95. 19-29."
  • Duarte, R.F. and Frank. D.A. (2000) "The JAK -STAT signaling pathway and its role in oncogenesis, immunomodulation and development", Med. Clin. 'Bare) 114, 227-234
  • Kaplan. M.H., Daniel, C., Schindler. U. and Grusby. M.J. (1998) "Stat proteins control lymphocyte proliferation by regulating p27kipl expression". Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 196-2003.
  • Aronica. S.M and Broxmeyer, HF., (1996) "Advances in understanding the posueceplor mechanisms of action of GMCSF. G-CSF and Steel factor". Curr: Opin. Hematol. 3. 185 190.
  • Gotoh, A., Takahira. H., Mantel, C.,. Litn-Jackson. S., Boswell. U.S. and Broxmeyer. H.E. (1996) "Steel factor induce.,: serine phosphorylation of Stat3 in human growth factor-dependent myeloid cell lines". Blood 88. 138 145.
  • Deberry. C., Mou. S. and Linnekin. D. (1997) "Stall associates with c-kit and is activated in response to stem cell factor". Bichem. 1. 327, 73-80.
  • Brizzi, M.F., Dentelli. P., Rosso. A., Yarden. Y. and Pegoraro. !.,(1999) "STAT protein recruitment and activation in c-kil deletionmutants". J Biol. Chem. 274, 16965-16972.
  • Yip-Schneider. M.T., Horic. M. and Broxmeyer. H.E. (1995)"Transcriptional induction of pirn-1 protein kinasc geneexpression by interfcron gamma and posttraascriptional effectson costimulation with Steel factor". Blood 85, 3494-3502.
  • Wen. Z., Zhong, 2. and Darnell. Jr., J.E. (1995) "Mammalactivation of transcription by Stall and Stat3 requires both lyrosineand serine phosphorylation". Cell 82, 241-250.
  • de Koning. J.P., Soede-Bobok. A.A. Ward. A.C., Schelen. A.M.,Antonisscn. C., van Leeuwen. D., Lowenberg. B. and Touw. I.P.(2000) "STAT3 mediated differentiation and survival and of myeloid cells in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: role for the eye I in-dependent kinasc inhibitor p27(Kipl)". OncoRem 19.3290-3298.
  • Shimozaki. K., Nakajima. K., Hirano, T. and Nagala. S. (1997) "Involvement of STAT3 in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced differentiation of myeloid cells". J. Biol. Cheat. 272.25184-25189.
  • Ward, A.C., Smith. L., de Koning, JP., van Aesch. Y. and Toow. LP. (1999) "MuItiple signals mediate proliferation, differentiation, and survival from the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor in myeloid 32D cells".,J. Biol. Chem. 274, 14956-14962.
  • Nicholson. S.E., Novak, U., Ziegler, S.F. and Layton. J-K. (1995) "Distinct regions of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor are required for tyrosine phosphorylation of the signaling molecules JAK2. Stat3. and p42. p44MAPK". Blood 86. 3698-3704.
  • Grishin. A. Sinha, S., Roginskaya, V., Boyer. M.J., GomezCamhronero, J., Zuo. S. Kurosaki. T, Ronicro, G. and Corey. S.J. (2000) "Involvement of She and CbI-PI 3-kinase in Lyn-dependenl proliferalive signaling pathways lor G-CSF'. Onengene 19. 97-105.
  • Ning. Z.Q., Li. J. and Arceci. R.J. (2001) "Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation is required for Asp(816) mutant c-kit-medialed cytokine-independenl survival and proliferation in human leukemia cells". Blood 97. 3559-3567.
  • Kalina, U., Kauschat, D., Koyama. N., Nuernberger. H., Ballas. K., Koschraieder. S., Bug. G, Hofmann, W.K., Hoelzer, andOltinann. O.G. (2000) "IL-IS activates STAT3 in the natural killer cell line 92. augments cytotoxic activity, and mediates IFN-gamma production by the stress ltinase p38 and by the extracellular regulated kinases p44erk-l and p42erk-21". J. Immunol. 165. 1307 1313.
  • Link, D. and Liu, R (1998) "Stau activation is not required for granulocytic differentiation". Blood 94, 2009.
  • McLemore. ML., Grewal. S., Liu. F. Archambault. A., PoursineLaurent. J., Haug, J. and Link, D.C. (2001) "STAT-3 activation is required for normal G-CSF-depcndcnt proliferation and granulocylic differentiation". Immunity 14, 193-204.
  • Frank, D.A., Mahajan. S. and RiIz, J. (1997) "B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia contain signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) I and STAT3 constitutively phosphorylated on serine residues", J. Clin. Invesiig. 100.3140-3148.
  • Turkson, J., Bowman. T., Adnane, J., Zang. Y., Djeu. J.Y., Sckharam. M., Frank. D.A., Holzman. L.B., Wu. J., Scbti. S. and Jove. R. (1999) "Requirement for RasJRac 1-mediated p38 and C-JuB N'-terminal ldnase signaling in Stat3 transcriptional activity induced by the Src oncoprotein". Mol. Cell. Biol 19, 7519 -7528.
  • Bromberg, J.F., Horvath, C.M., Besser, D., Lathem, W.W. and Damell. Jr., J.E (1998) "Stat3 activation is required for cellular transformation by v-Src". Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 2553-2558.
  • Jain, N., Zhang, T. Fong, S.L., Lim. C.P. and Cao. X. (1998) "Repression of Stat3 activity by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)", Oncogene 17, 3157-3167.
  • Clark-Lewis, 1., Sanghera. J.S. and Pelech, S.L. (1991) "Definition of a consensus sequence for peptide substrate recognition by p44mpk. the meiosis-activated myelin basic protein kinase", J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15180-15184.
  • Gonzalez, FA., Raden, D.L. and Davis, R.J. (1991) "Identification of substrate recognition determinants; for human ERK1 and ERK2 protein kinases", J. Biol. Chem. 266, 22159-22163.
  • Decker, T. and Kovarik. P. (2000) "Serine phosphorylation of STATs". Oncogene 19, 2628-2637.
  • Lafont, V. Decker, T. and Cantreli. D. (2000) "Amigen receptor signal transduction: activating and inhibitory antigen receptors regulate STATl serine phosphorylanon". Ear. J. lmmunal. 30. 1851-1860.
  • Cbian. R., Young, S., Danilkovitch-Miagkova, A., Konnstrand. L., Leonard, E., Ferrao. P., Ashman, L. and Linnekan, D. (2001) "Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase contributes to the transformation of hemmopoieric cells by the DH16V c-kit mutant". Blood 98, 1365-1373.
  • Lee. Y. and Broxmeyer. H.K. (2001) "Synergistic activation of RSK correlates with c-fos induction in MO7e cells stimulated with GM-CSF plus Steel factor", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 281. 897-901.
  • Dolei. S., Pellegrim, M., Di Agostino. S., Geremia, R. and Rossi. P. (2001) "Signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase is required for spcrmatogonial proliferative response to stem cell factor". J. Biol. Chem. 13, 13.
  • Dong, F., Gutkind. J.S. and Lamer, A.C. (2001) "Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces ERK5 activation, which is differentially regulated by protein-tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C. Regulation of cell proliferation and survival", J. Biol. Chem. 276, 10811-10816.
  • Simon. AR., Vikis, H.G., Slewan, S., Fanburg, B.L., Cochran. B.H. and Guan, K.L. (2000) "Regulation of STAT3 by direct binding to the Rac 1 GT Pase". Science 290, 144-147.
  • Mowen, K.A., Tang, J., Zhu, W., Schurter B.T., Shuai. K., Herschman, H.R. and David, M. (2001) "Arginine methylation of STATI modulates IFNalphaJbeta-induced transcription". Cell 104. 731-741.
  • Woetmann. A., Nielsen, M., Chrtstensen. S.T., Brockdorff. J., Kaltoft. K., Engel, A.M., Skov, S., Brender, C:., Geisler, C., Svejgaard, A., Rygaard. J., Leick. V. aud Odum. N. (1999) "Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A induces scrineJthreonine phosphorylation. subcellular redistribution, and functional inhibition of STAT3", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10620-10625.
  • Dutta, A. and BeIl. S.P. (1997) "Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells". Anna. Rev. CeIl Dev Biol. 13, 293-332.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.