The Effect of Anti-CD44 Monoclonal Antibodies on Differentiation and Proliferation of Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

References

• Screaton, G.R. et al. (1992) "Genomic structure of DNA encoding the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 reveals at least 12 alternatively spliced exons", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 12160–12164.
   Google Scholar
• Stamenkovic, I., Aruffo, A., Amiot, M. and Seed, B. (1991) "The hematopoietic and epithelial forms of CD44 are distinct polypep-tides with different adhesion potentials for hyaluronate-bearing cells", EMBO J., 10, 343–348.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz, P., Schwarzler, C. and Gunthert, U. (1995) "CD44 isoforms during differentiation and development", Bioessays, 1, 17–24. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Bloor, BK., Jelvagharan, M., White, K.N. and Odell, E.W. (2001) "Characterization of CD44 splicing patterns in normal keratino-cytes, dysplastic and squamous carcinoma cell lines", Int. J. Oncol. May, 5, 1053–1059.
   Google Scholar
• Mackay, C.R., Terpe, Hi., Stauder, R., Marston, W.L., Stark, H. and Gunthert, U. (1994) "Expression and modulation of CD44 variant isoforms in humans", J. Cell. Biol., 124, 71–82.
   Google Scholar
• Legras, S., Gunthert, U., Stauder, R., et al. (1998) "A strong expression of CD44-6v correlates with shorter survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia", Blood, 91, 3401–3413.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffari, S., Dougherty, G.J., Lansdorp, P.M., Eaves, A.C. and Eaves, C.J. (1995) "Differentiation-associated changes in CD44 isoform expressing ruding normal hematopoiesis and their altera-tion in chronic myeloid leukemia", Blood, 86, 2976–2985.
   Google Scholar
• Naor, D., Nedvetzlci, S., Golan, I., Melnik, L. and Faitelson, Y. (2002) "CD44 in cancer", Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci., 39, 527 — 579. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Peach, R.J., Hollenbaugh, D., Stamenkovic, I. and Aruffo, A. (1993) "Identification of hyaluronic acid binding sites in the extracellular domain of CD44", J. Cell. Biol., 122, 257–264.
   Google Scholar
• Stamenkovic, I. and Aruffo, A. (1994) "Hyaluronic acid recep-tors", Methods Enzymol., 245, 195–216.
   Google Scholar
• Kincade, P.W., Zheng, Z., Katoh, S. and Hanson, L. (1997) "The importance of cellular environment to function of the CD44 matrix receptor", Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 9, 635–642. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Lesley, J. and Hyman, R. (1998) "CD44 structure and function", Front Biosci., 3, D616—D630.
   Google Scholar
• Smadja-Joffe, F., Legras, S., Girard, N., Li, Y., Delpech, B., Bloget, F., et al. (1996) "CD44 and hyaluronan binding by human myeloid cells", Leuk. Lymphoma, 21, 407–420, Review.
   Google Scholar
• Ponta, H., Sherman, L. and Herrlich, PA. (2003) "CD44: from adhesion molecules to signalling regulators", Nat. Rev. Ma Cell. Biol., 4, 33–45.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, L., Wainwright, D., Ponta, H. and Herrlich, P. (1998) "A splice variant of CD44 expressed in the apical ectodermal ridge presents fibroblast growth factors to limb mesenchyme and is required for limb outgrowth", Genes Dev., 12, 1058–1071.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, D. and Sy, M.S. (1997) "Phorbol myristate acetate stimulates the dimerization of CD44 involving a cysteine in the transmem-brane domain", J. Immunol., 159, 2702–2711.
   Google Scholar
• Neame, Si., Uff, CR., Sheikh, H., Wheatley, S.C. and Isacke, CM. (1995) "CD44 exhibits a cell type dependent interaction with triton X-100 insoluble, lipid rich, plasma membrane domains", J. Cell Sci., 108, 3127–3135.
   Google Scholar
• Perschl, A., Lesley, J., English, N., Hyman, R. and Trowbridge, I.S. (1995) "Transmembrane domain of CD44 is required for its detergent insolubility in fibroblasts", J. Cell Sci., 108, 1033–1041.
   Google Scholar
• Ilangumaran, S., Borisch, B. and Hoessli, D.C. (1999) "Signal transduction via CD44: role of plasma membrane microdomains", Leuk. Lymphoma, 35, 455–469.
   Google Scholar
• Lokeshwar, V.B. and Bourguignon, L.Y. (1992) "The lymphoma transmembrane glycoprotein GP85 (CD44) is a novel guanine nucleotide-binding protein which regulates GP85 (CD44)-ankyrin interaction", J. Biol. Chem., 267, 22073–22078.
   Google Scholar
• Legg, J.W. and Isacke, CM. (1998) "Identification and functional analysis of the ezrin-binding site in the hyaluronan receptor, CD44", Curr. Biol., 8, 705–708.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, H., et al. (2001) "The NF2 tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, mediates contact inhibition of growth through interactions with CD44", Genes Dev., 15, 968–980.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, W.H., Woessner, J.F. Jr, McNeish, J.D. and Stamenkovic, I. (2002) "CD44 anchors the assembly of matrilysin/MMP-7 with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor and ErbB4 and regulates female reproductive organ remodeling", Genes Dev., 16, 307–323.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Q. and Stamenkovic, I. (2000) "Cell surface-localized matrix metalloproteinase-9 proteolytically activates TGF-/3 and promotes tumor invasion and angiogenesis", Genes Dev., 14, 163— 176.
   Google Scholar
• Orian-Rousseau, V., Chen, L., Sleeman, J.P., Herrlich, P. and Ponta, H. (2002) "CD44 is required for two consecutive steps in HGF/c-Met signalling", Genes Dev., 16, 3074— 3086.
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, G., etal. (1998) "Engineered mutants of HGF/SF with reduced binding to heparan sulphate proteoglycans, decreased clearance and enhanced activity in vivo", Curr. Biol., 8, 125 —134; erratum in 8, R739.
   Google Scholar
• Bourguignon, L.Y., etal. (1997) "Interaction between the adhesion receptor, CD44, and the oncogene product, p185HER2, promotes human ovarian tumor cell activation", J. Biol. Chem., 272, 27913 — 27918.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, L.S., Rizvi, T.A., Karyala, S. and Ratner, N. (2000) "CD44 enhances neuregulin signalling by Schwann cells", J. Cell Biol., 150, 1071 — 1084.
   Google Scholar
• Ilangumaran, S., Briol, A. and Hoessli, D.C. (1998) "CD44 selectively associates with active Src family protein tyrosine lcinases Lek and Fyn in glycosphingolipid-rich plasma membrane domains of human peripheral blood lymphocytes", Blood, 91, 3901 — 3908.
   Google Scholar
• Taher, T.E., Smit, L., Griffioen, A.W., Schilder-Tol, E.J., Borst, J. and Pals, S.T. (1996) "Signalling through CD44 is mediated by tyrosine lcinases. Association with p561ck in T lymphocytes", J. Biol. Chem., 271, 2863–2867.
   Google Scholar
• Ilangumaran, S., Borisch, B. and Hoessli, D.C. (1999) "Signal transduction via CD44: role of plasma membrane microdomains", Leuk. Lymphoma, 35, 455–469. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Rozsnyay, Z. (1999) "Signalling complex formation of CD44 with src-related lcinases", Immunol. Lett., 68, 101–108.
   Google Scholar
• Trochon, V., et al. (1996) "Evidence of involvement of CD44 in endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in vitro", Int. J. Cancer, 66, 664–668.
   Google Scholar
• Hamman, K.J., Dowling, T.L., Neeley, S.P., Grant, J.A. and Leff, A.R. (1995) "Hyaluronic acid enhances cell proliferation during eosinopoiesis through the CD44 surface antigen", J. Immunol., 154, 4073.
   Google Scholar
• Huet, S., et al. (1989) "CD44 contributes to T cell activation", J. Immunol., 142, 798–801.
   Google Scholar
• Denning, S.M., Le, P.T., Singer, K.H. and Haynes, B.F. (1990) "Antibodies against the CD44 p80, lymphocyte homing receptor molecule augment human peripheral blood T cell activation", J. ImmunoL, 144, 7–15.
   Google Scholar
• Charrad, R.S., Gadhoum, Z., Qi, J., Glachant, A., Allouche, M., Jasmin, C., et al. (2002) "Effects of anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies on differentiation and apoptosis of human myeloid leukemia cell lines", Blood, Jan 1; 99(1), 290–299.
   Google Scholar
• Gadhoum, Z., Leibovitch, M.P., Qi, J., Dumenil, D., Durand, L., Leibovitch, S., et al. (2003) "CD44: a new means to inhibit acute myeloid leukemia cell proliferation via P271(i1'l", Blood, 103, 1059 — 1068.
   Google Scholar
• Rothman, B.C., Blue, M.L., Kelley, K.A., Wunderlich, D., Mierz, V. and Aune, T.M. (1991) "Human T cell activation by OKT3 is inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to CD44", J. ImmunoL, 147, 2493— 2499.
   Google Scholar
• Sugiyama, K., Komada, Y., Deguchi, T., Zhang, X.L., Azuma, E., Ido, M., et al. (1999) "CD3-mediated T cell activation is inhibited by anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies directed to the hyaluronan-binding region", ImmunoL Invest., 28, 185–200.
   Google Scholar
• Miyake, K., Medina, K.L., Hayashi, S.I., Ono, S., Hamaoka, T. and Kincade, P.W. (1989) "Monoclonal antibodies to Pgp-1/CD44 block lymphohematopoiesis in long-term bone-marrow cultures", J. Exp. Med., 171, 477.
   Google Scholar
• Gunji, Y.H., et al. (1992) "Expression and function of adhesion molecules on human hematopoietic stem cells: CD34 + LFA-1-cells are more primitive than CD34 LFA-1 ", Blood, 80, 429 — 436.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffari, S., Dougherty, G.J., Eaves, A.C. and Eaves, C.J. (1997) "Diverse effects of anti-CD44 antibodies on the stromal cell-mediated support of normal but not leukaemic (CML) haemopoi-esis in vitro", Br. J. Haematol., 97, 22.
   Google Scholar
• Khaldoyanidi, S., Karakhanova, S., Sleeman, J., Herrlich, P. and Ponta, H. (2002) "CD44 variant-specific antibodies trigger hemopoiesis by selective release of cytolcines from bone marrow macrophages", Blood, 99, 3955–3961.
   Google Scholar
• Moll, J., Khaldoyanidi, S., Sleeman, J.P., Achtnich, M., Preuss, I., Ponta, H. et al. (1998) "Two different functions for CD44 proteins in human myelopoiesis", J. Clin. Invest., 102, 1024–1034.
   Google Scholar
• Rossbach, H.C., Krizanac-Bengez, L., Santos, E.B., Gooley, T.A. and Sandmaier, B.M. (1996) "An antibody to CD44 enhances hematopoiesis in long-term marrow cultures", Exp. Hematol., 24, 221–227.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffari, S., Smadja-Joffe, F., Oostendorp, R., Levesque, J.P., Dougherty, G., Eaves, A. and Eaves, C. (1999) "CD44 isoforms in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis", Exp. HematoL, 27, 978 — 993. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Muller-Sieburg, C.E., Deryugina, E., Khaldoyanidi, S. and O'Rourke, A. (2000) "Tissue- and epitope-specific mechanisms account for the diverse effects of anti-CD44 antibodies on the maintenance of primitive hematopoietic progenitors in vitro", Blood Cells MoL Dis., 26, 291 — 302.
   Google Scholar
• Lammich, S., Okochi, M., Takeda, M., Kaether, C., Capell, A., Zimmer, A.K., et al. (2002) "Presenilin-dependent intramembrane proteolysis of CD44 leads to the liberation of its intracellular domain and the secretion of an Abeta-like peptide", J. Biol. Chem., 22, 44754–44759.
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto, I., Kawano, Y., Murakami, D., Sasayama, T., Aralci, N., Miki, T., et al. (2001) "Proteolytic release of CD44 intracellular domain and its role in the CD44 signalling pathway", J. Cell. Biol., 26, 155(5):755–762.
   Google Scholar
• Cichy, J. and Pure, E. (2003) "The liberation of CD44", J. Cell. Biol., 9, 839–843. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Kansas, G.S., Miurhead, M.J. and Dailey, M.O. (1990) "Expres-sion of the CD11/CD18, leukocyte adhesion molecule, and CD44 adhesion molecules during normal myeloid and erythroid differ-entiation in humans", Blood, 76, 2483.
   Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn, D.M., Nagler, A., Ginzton, N., Greenberg, P. and Butcher, E.C. (1990) "Hematopoietic progenitor cell expression of the H-CAM (CD44) homing-associated adhesion molecule", Blood, 75, 589.
   Google Scholar
• Culty, M., O'Mara, T.E., Underhill, C.B., Yeager, H. and Swartz, R.P. (1994) "Hyaluronan receptor (CD44) expression and function in human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages", J. Leukoc. Biol., 56, 605.
   Google Scholar
• Lund-Johansen, F. and Terstappen, L.W.M.M. (1993) "Differ-ential surface expression of cell adhesion molecules during granulocyte maturation", J. Leukoc. Biol., 54, 47.
   Google Scholar
• Kuijpers, T.W., Tool, A.T.J., van der Schoot, C.E., Ginsel, L.A., Onderwater, J.J.M., Roos, D., et al. (1991) "Membrane surface antigen expression on neutrophils: A reappraisal of the use of surface markers for neutrophil activation", Blood, 78, 1105.
   Google Scholar
• Gunthert, V., Schwarzler, C., Wittig, B., Laman, J., Ruiz, P., Stauder, R., et al. (1998) "Functional involvement of CD44, a family of cell adhesion molecules, in immune responses, tumor progression and haematopoiesis", Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 451, 43 — 49.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffari, S., Dougherty, G.J., Eaves, A.C. and Eaves, C.J. (1996) "Altered patterns of CD44 epitope expression in human chronic and acute myeloid leukemia", Leukemia, 10, 1773 — 1781.
   Google Scholar
• Dexter, T.M. (1979) "Haemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures", Acta HaematoL, 62, 299–305. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Niu, C., Ye, L., et al. (2003) "Identification of the haematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size", Nature, 425, 836–841.
   Google Scholar
• Naor, D. and Nedvetzlci, S. (2003) "CD44 in rheumatoid arthritis", Arthritis Res. Ther., 5, 105–115.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, L., Slavin, S., Reich, S., Cohen, P., Shuster, S., Stern, R., et al. (2000) "Induction of resistance to diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice by targeting CD44 with a specific monoclonal antibody", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 4, 285–290.
   Google Scholar
• Verel, I., Heider, K.H., Siegmund, M., Ostermann, E., Patzelt, E., Sproll, M., et al. (2002) "Tumor targeting properties of mono-clonal antibodies with different affinity for target antigen CD44V6 in nude mice bearing head-and-neck cancer xenografts", Int. J. Cancer, 20, 396–402.
   Google Scholar
• Gunia, S., Hussein, S., Radu, D.L., Putz, K.M., Breyer, R., Hecker, H., et al. (1999) "CD44s-targeted treatment with mono-clonal antibody blocks intracerebral invasion and growth of 9L gliosarcoma", Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 17, 221— 230.
   Google Scholar
• Brocke, S., Piercy, C., Steinman, L., Weissman, I.L. and Veromaa, T. (1999) "Antibodies to CD44 and integrin alpha4, but not L-selectin, prevent central nervous system inflammation and experi-mental encephalomyelitis by blocking secondary leukocyte recruit-ment", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 6896–6901.
   Google Scholar
• Wiranowska, M., Tresser, N. and Saporta, S. (1998) "The effect of interferon and anti-CD44 antibody on mouse glioma invasiveness in vitro", Anticancer Res., 18, 3331–3338.
   Google Scholar
• Wittig, B., Schwarzler, C., Fohr, N., Gunthert, U. and Zoller, M. (1998) "Curative treatment of an experimentally induced colitis by a CD44 variant V7-specific antibody", J. ImmunoL, 1;161(3), 1069 — 1073.
   Google Scholar
• Zawadzlci, V., Perschl, A., Rosel, M., Hekele, A. and Zoller, M. (1998) "Blockade of metastasis formation by CD44-receptor globulin", Int. J. Cancer, 16, 919 —924.
   Google Scholar
• Heider, K.H., Sproll, M., Susani, S., Patzelt, E., Beaumier, P., Ostermann, E., et al. (1996) "Characterization of a high-affinity monoclonal antibody specific for CD44v6 as candidate for immunotherapy of squamous cell carcinomas", Cancer ImmunoL Immunother., 43, 245–253.
   Google Scholar
• Verdrengh, M., Holmdahl, R. and Tarkowslci, A. (1995) "Admin-istration of antibodies to hyaluronanreceptor (CD44) delays the start and ameliorates the severity of collagen II arthritis", Scand. J. ImmunoL, 42, 353–358.
   Google Scholar
• Mikecz, K., Brennan, FR., Kim, J.H. and Giant, T.T. (1995) "Anti-CD44 treatment abrogates tissue oedema and leukocyte infiltration in murine arthritis", Nat. Med., 1(6), 558 — 563.
   Google Scholar
• Zeidler, A., Brauer, R., Thoss, K., Bahnsen, J., Heinrichs, V., Jablonski-Westrich, D., et al. (1995) "Therapeutic effects of antibodies against adhesion molecules in murine collagen type II-induced arthritis", Autoimmunity, 21(4), 245–252.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., Ma, J., Wang, J., Che, X., Narula, J., Bigby, M., et al. (1994) "Inhibition of human melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo by anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody", Cancer Res., 54(6), 1561–1565. Erratum in: Cancer Res. (1994); 54(8), 2284.
   Google Scholar
• Seiter, S., Arch, R., Reber, S., Komitowslci, D., Hofmann, M., Ponta, H., et al. (1993) "Prevention of tumor metastasis formation by anti-variant CD44", J. Exp. Med., Feb 1; 177(2), 443–455.
   Google Scholar
• Reber, S., Matzku, S., Gunthert, U., Ponta, H., Herrlich, P. and Zoller, M. (1990) "Retardation of metastatic tumor growth after immunization with metastasis-specific monoclonal antibodies", Int. J. Cancer, 46(5), 919–927.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, J.M., Catovsky, D. and Daniel, M.T. (1985) "Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. A report of the French-British-American Cooperative Group", Ann. Intern. Med., 103, 620–625.
   Google Scholar
• Lapidot, T., Sirard, C., Vormoor, J., Murdoch, B., Hoang, T., Caceres-Cortes, J., et al. (1994) "A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice", Nature, 367(6464), 645— 648.
   Google Scholar
• Bonnet, D. and Dick, J.E. (1997) "Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell", Nat. Med., 3(7), 730–737.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, C.T. (2002) "Unique molecular and cellular features of acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells", Leukemia, 16(4), 559 — 562.
   Google Scholar
• Kamel-Reid, S. and Dick, J.E. (1988) "Engraftment of immune-deficient mice with human hematopoietic stem cells", Science, 242, 1706— 1709.
   Google Scholar
• Charrad, R.S., Li, Y., Delpech, B., et al. (1999) "Ligation of the CD44 adhesion molecule reverses blockage of differentiation in human acute myeloid leukemia", Nat. Med., 5, 669–676.
   Google Scholar
• Delaunay, J., Qi, J., Durand, L., Gadhoum, Z. and Smadja-Joffe, F. (2003) A differentiative approach in Acute Monoblastic leukemia (AML-M5) American Society of Hematology 45th Annual Meeting December 6–9, 2003, Abstract 2242.
   Google Scholar
• Pagano, M., Tam, SM., Theodoras, A.M., et al. (1995) "Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulating abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27", Science, 269, 682–685.
   Google Scholar
• McArthur, G.A., Foley, K.P., Fero, M.L., et al. (2002) "MAD1 and p27(KIP1) cooperate to promote terminal differentiation of granulocytes and to inhibit Myc expression and cyclin E-CDK2 activity", MoL Cell. Biol., 22, 3014— 3023.
   Google Scholar
• Xaus, J., Comalada, M., Cardo, M., Valledor, A.F. and Celada, A. (2001) "Decorin inhibits macrophage colony-stimulating factor proliferation of macrophages and enhances cell survival through induction of p27(Kipl) and p21(Waf1)", Blood, 98, 2124–2133.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, T., Rodrigues, N., Dombkowslci, D., Stier, S. and Scadden, D.T. (2000) "Stem cell repopulation efficiency but not pool size is governed by p27(lcip 1)", Nat. Med., 6, 1235–1240.
   Google Scholar
• Fero, M., Rivkin, M., Tasch, M., et al. (1996) "A syndrome of multi-organ hyperplasia with features of gigantism, tumorigenesis and female sterility in p271(1l-deficient mice", Cell, 85, 733–744.
   Google Scholar
• Kiyokawa, H., Kineman, M., Manova-Todorova, V., et al. (1996) "Enhanced growth of mice lacking the cyclin-dependent lcinase inhibitor function of p27(lcip 1)", Cell, 85, 721–732.
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama, K., Ishida, N., Shirane, M., et al. (1996) "Mice lacking p27 display increased body size, multiple organ hyperplasia, retinal dysplasia, and pituitary tumors", Cell, 85, 707–720.
   Google Scholar
• Yokozawa, T., Towatari, M., Iida, H., et al. (2000) "Prognostic significance of the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip 1 in acute myeloid leukemia", Leukemia, 14, 28— 33.
   Google Scholar
• Radosevic, N., Delmer, A., Tang, R., Marie, J.P. and Ajchen-baum-Cymbalista, F. (2001) "Cell cycle regulatory protein expres-sion in fresh acute myeloid leukemia cells and after drug exposure", Leukemia, 4, 559 — 566.
   Google Scholar
• Barata, J.T., Cardoso, A.A., Nadler, L.M. and Boussiotis, V.A. (2001) "Forced expression of p271cip 1 in T-ALL cells not only prevented cell cycle progression but also reversed IL-7—mediated up-regulation of bc1-2 and promotion of viability", Blood, 98, 1524–1531.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, T.D., Chen, G.Q., Wang, Z.G., Wang, Z.Y., Chen, Si. and Chen, Z. (2001) "Arsenic trioxide, a therapeutic agent for APL", Oncogene, 20, 7146–7153. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Jing, Y., Wang, L., Xia, L., Chen, G.Q., Chen, Z., Miller, W.H. and Waxman, S. (2001) "Combined effect of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo", Blood, 97, 264–269.
   Google Scholar
• Waxman, S. (2000) "Differentiation therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia (non-APL)", Leukemia, 14, 491–496. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Fenaux, P., Chastang, C., Chevret, S., et al. (1999) "A randomized comparison of all transretinoic acid (ATRA) followed by chemotherapy and ATRA plus chemotherapy and the role of maintenance therapy in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. The European APL Group", Blood, 94, 1192–1200.
   Google Scholar
• Gorin, N.C., Estey, E., Jones, R.J., Levitsky, HI., Borrello, I. and Slavin, S. (2000) New Developments in the Therapy of Acute Myelocytic Leukemia.Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Pro-gram), 69–89.
   Google Scholar
• Dombret, H. (1998) "Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in combination with intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia", Leuk. Res., 22, 1137–1142.
   Google Scholar
• Liqing, J., Hope, K.J., Dick, J.E. and Smadja-Joffe, F. (2003) Selective eradication of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells using an antibody that ligates the CD44 adhesion molecule American Society of Hematology 45th Annual Meeting December 6–9, Abstract 2291.
   Google Scholar
• Frankel, A.E., Schuster, M.W. and Jurcic, J.G. (2001) "Novel therapeutics for chemotherapy-resistant acute myeloid leukaemia", BioD rugs, 15, 55–71. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Z.B., Minden, M.D. and McCulloch, E.A. (1995) "Direct evidence for the participation of bc1-2 in the regulation by retinoic acid of the Ara-C sensitivity of leukemic stem cells", Leukemia, 10, 1667 — 1673.
   Google Scholar
• Newland, A. (2002) "Progress in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia in adults", Int. J. HematoL, 76\(Suppl 1), 253 —258. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Maslak, P. and Scheinberg, D. (2000) "Targeted therapies for the myeloid leukaemias", Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 9(6), 1197 — 1205.
   Google Scholar
• Mulford, D.A. and Jurcic, J.G. (2004) "Antibody-based treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia", Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 4(1), 95 — 105.
   Google Scholar